Effect of preliminary and culinary processing on amino acid content and protein quality in frozen French beans

The aim of the study was to evaluate the content of amino acids and protein quality of French bean pods. The investigated material consisted of the raw vegetable, fresh pods cooked to consumption consistency, and two kinds of frozen products stored for 12 months at ?20 °C and then prepared for consumption: frozen beans obtained using the traditional method (blanching before freezing) and frozen products of the ready‐to‐eat type (cooking before freezing). A comparison of the amino acid content in the product prepared for consumption showed that the lowest quantities were found in French beans obtained using the traditional method; products obtained using the modified technology and beans cooked directly after harvest had similar levels of most amino acids. The content of amino acids in 16 g N was less varied than in 100 g of the product. The protein in all the three products prepared for consumption as well as that in fresh bean pods hardly differs, as confirmed by the values in the essential amino acid index (EAA). The first limiting amino acid was methionine with cystine and the second was lysine.     

Effect of farm and industrial processing on the amino acid profile of cocoa beans

An investigation into the amino acid profiles of unfermented and fermented cocoa nibs, as well as process-line cocoa nibs (P-LCN) and processed cocoa cake samples (PCCS) was carried out. In the unfermented cocoa nibs, Glu (128 mg/g crude protein i.e. 128 mg/gcp) was the most abundant amino acid whilst the most concentrated essential amino acid in the same sample was Leu (72.2 mg/g crude protein); in the fermented cocoa nibs, a similar trend was observed, with respective values of Glu (153 mg/gcp) and Leu (62.4 mg/gcp). Lys (181 mg/gcp) was most abundant amino acid in P-LCN and Ile (63.3 mg/gcp) was the second most abundant; also, in PCCS, Lys (52.7 mg/gcp) was the most abundant amino acid but Asp (43.7 mg/gcp) was the second most abundant. The total amino acid content was (mg/gcp), 641 (unfermented nibs), 708 (fermented nibs), 635 (P-LCN) and 368 (PCCS), with corresponding essential amino acids of 300, 287, 478 and 185 (all with His), respectively. Based on whole hen’s egg, the limiting amino acids for the samples were: Ser (unfermented nibs), Met (fermented nibs), Ala (P-LCN) and Val (PCCS), whereas under provisional amino acid scoring pattern, they were: Met + Cys (unfermented nibs), Met + Cys (fermented nibs), Thr (P-LCN) and Val (PCCS). Prolonged and high heat treatments appeared to have reduced the essential amino acids of the PCCS as compared to the P-LCN. Significant differences existed between contents of essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids at p < 0.05 in unfermented cocoa nibs, fermented cocoa nibs and P-LCN.     

Effect of cooking method on the fatty acid profile of New Zealand King Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Farmed New Zealand King Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) was prepared according to common consumer techniques; raw, poached, steamed, microwaved, pan fried (no added oil), oven baked (no added oil) and deep fried (in sunflower oil). The fatty acid profile was investigated to determine the optimal preparation techniques to achieve both optimal sensory and nutritional qualities, in particular the levels of long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids. The modified Bligh and Dyer method was used for lipid extraction and the Hartman and Lago method for FAMES preparation. Fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. There were moisture and lipid losses during cooking amongst the different methods. The fatty acid profile showed only minor differences between the methods apart from an increase in PUFA in the deep fried salmon due to linoleic acid uptake from the frying oil. In all the cooking methods the omega-3 fatty acids were well preserved. However, deep fried showed the lowest amounts of omega-3 fatty acids. As the results showed good preservation of omega-3 fatty acids regardless of cooking method, there may be possible “internal protection” of omega-3 fatty acids in King Salmon that warrants future research.     

Effect of technological processing and preservation method on amino acid content and protein quality in kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) leaves

BACKGROUND: The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the level of amino acids and quality of protein in raw and processed kale leaves. RESULTS: In all samples the dominant amino acids in g kg^?1 raw matter were glutamic acid, aspartic acid and proline. In raw kale leaves the limiting amino acids were lysine, isoleucine and cystine with methionine, and in the remaining products also valine and leucine. Blanched kale leaves contained 88% of the amino acid content in raw leaves, 76% in cooked leaves, and 69–77% and 71–72% of initial levels in frozen and canned products, respectively. In raw, blanched and cooked leaves essential amino acids comprised 44%, 44% and 47%, respectively, of total amino acids; in frozen and canned leaves the proportions were 46% and 44%, respectively. The essential amino acid index was 97 for canned products, 100–109 for frozen leaves, and 117 for raw kale leaves. CONCLUSION: Raw and processed (blanched or cooked) kale leaves are a good source of amino acids. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of treatment with electrolyzed NaCl solutions and essential oil compounds on the proximate composition,amino acid and fatty acid composition of carp fillets

This investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effect of treatment with electrolyzed NaCl solutions and 1% essential oil (0.5% carvacrol + 0.5% thymol) on the proximate composition and nutritional components (amino acids and fatty acids) of carp fillets at room temperature (25 °C). Carp fillet samples were treated with anodic electrolyzed NaCl solution [EW (+)], cathodic electrolyzed NaCl solution [EW (−)] followed by EW (+) [EW (−)/EW (+)], 1% essential oil (0.5% carvacrol + 0.5% thymol) [1% (Cv + Ty)], EW (+) followed by 1% (Cv + Ty) [EW (+)/1% (Cv + Ty)] and EW (−) followed by EW (+) and finally with 1% (Cv + Ty) [EW (−)/EW (+)/1% (Cv + Ty)]. Proximate composition, SDS–PAGE, amino acid composition, digestibility and fatty acid composition were used to determine the changes in carp fillet composition. Moisture, total lipid, total protein, ash and carbohydrate contents of the carp fillets were approximately 76%, 3.9%, 17.5%, 1.0% and 0.40%, respectively. The dominant amino acid was glutamic acid, and the composition ranged from 14.2 to 14.5 mol%. Protein digestibility of the carp fillets was approximately 85%. Oleic acid was the major monounsaturated acid in the carp fillets (41.0–41.9%). These results show that our method of fish preservation, using electrolyzed NaCl solutions and 1% (Cv + Ty), did not affect the quality (nutritional components) of carp fillets, and could be a good alternative to synthetic preservatives routinely used in the food industry.     

Effect of amino acid,pH and mineral salts on glass transition and flow behaviour of soy protein concentrate

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of proline, mineral salts (NaCl and Na₂SO₄) and pH combined with moisture content on the glass transition temperature (T_g) and flow‐starting temperature (T_f) of soy protein concentrate (SPC). Initial screening of the variables based on fractional factorial design showed insignificant effect of NaCl on T_g and T_f. The design was extended to a face‐centred central composite design (CCD) excluding NaCl and data evaluated by use of response surface methodology. The established model for T_g (R² = 0.824) shows significant negative first‐order effects of moisture, proline and Na₂SO₄, and a positive interaction effect of moisture and Na₂SO₄. The T_f model (R² = 0.937) shows significant negative first‐order effects of moisture and proline, a positive first‐order and negative square effect of pH, and a negative interaction effect of moisture and proline. The main effect on T_g and T_f was 2.2 and 1.3 times higher, respectively, for moisture compared to proline. The study confirms that proline (or other free amino acids) can replace moisture as protein plasticiser in the extrusion process. Minor effects can also be obtained by reduction in pH.     

超声波处理对咸海鲶鱼游离氨基酸含量的影响

目的研究超声波对咸海鲶鱼游离氨基酸含量的影响。方法采用氨基酸自动分析仪测定了咸海鲶鱼游离氨基酸含量。结果咸海鲶鱼中含有较多的游离氨基酸,其中丙氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸和丝氨酸最为丰富;超声波对氨基酸总量影响较小,在超声时间为10 min时含量最低,为15.45μmol/g鱼肉,超声波处理能造成丙氨酸、丝氨酸、酪氨酸损失,但能增加甘氨酸含量,超声波处理也会减少腥味氨基酸含量。结论在超声波处理方式和处理时间时应根据处理的目的不同谨慎选择。     

Effect of local processing methods (boiling,frying and roasting) on the amino acid composition of four marine fishes commonly consumed in Nigeria

The effects of different processing methods on the amino acid contents of four marine fishes commonly consumed in Nigeria: Clupea harengus, Scomber scombrus, Trachurus trachurus and Urophycis tenuis were investigated. The samples were boiled, roasted over hot charcoal, or fried in any of four different oil types (palm oil, soybean oil, vegetable oil and groundnut oil). The total amino acids for all the fish samples ranged from 76.72 to 98.01 g/100 g protein and the total essential amino acids from 28.95 to 44.73 g/100 g protein. Frying reduced the total amino acid contents, with the lowest values obtained in samples fried in palm oil. Boiling and roasting increased the total amino acid contents, with the values higher in roasted than boiled samples. The percentage of essential amino acids reduced with processing in almost all samples, but the reduction was more pronounced in the fried samples. The raw, boiled and roasted samples had amino acid scores greater than 100%, while for the fried samples, the limiting amino acids were either leucine or threonine. The results showed that roasting and boiling had more desirable effects on the amino acid content of the fish samples.     

Content of amino acids in raw and frozen broad beans (Vicia faba var. major) seeds at milk maturity stage,depending on the processing method

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the amino acid content in products obtained from broad bean seeds, at the milk maturity stage, and the quality of the protein in broad beans. The investigation included raw seeds, fresh seeds cooked to consumption consistency and two kinds of frozen products prepared for consumption: which were obtained using the traditional method (blanching the seeds before freezing) and the ready-to-eat type (cooking the seeds before freezing). Compared with the raw material, a similar (α = 0.01) content of amino acids in 100 g of the product was found in cooked fresh seeds. The seeds obtained from the ready-to-eat frozen product prepared for consumption contained higher amounts of all the amino acids than the traditional frozen product, and contained higher levels of some amino acids than were found in the product cooked from fresh seeds. Expressing the results per 16 g of N, the differences in the content of amino acids were much smaller. The limiting amino acid was cysteine with methionine (CS 74-86), the EAA index varying within the range 109–118.     

一种蛋白质游离氨基含量测定方法—三硝基苯磺酸法的探究

三硝基苯磺酸(trinitrobrnzen sulfonic acid,TNBS)法是测定蛋白质中游离氨基含量的方法。该文比较了该方法的2种终止反应条件及分析方法,探究了该方法对不同蛋白质(牛血清蛋白、胰蛋白酶、溶菌酶)的适用性。结果表明,碱性条件下的响应值显著高于酸性(P<0.01);紫外可见分光光度计和酶标仪2种测定方法对蛋白质游离氨基含量的测定结果在一定范围内没有显著差异(P>0.05),紫外可见分光光度计测定结果精确度较高,对浓度变化的响应更灵敏。蛋白质种类不仅影响到该方法的取样浓度,而且蛋白质中的巯基含量会干扰该方法的准确性。     

Effect of forage species on fatty acid content and performance of pasture-finished steers

Consumers are increasingly concerned with the form and quantity of fat present in the foods they consume. This is leading to a shift in the way food is produced. In particular the animal industry is increasing the number of organic and naturally finished meat animals rather than finishing them on grains. The objective of this study was to determine if different pasture compositions (i.e. grass only or grass legume mixtures) would impact the fatty acid (FA) meat composition of beef steers (Bos taurus L.). The pasture treatments were tall fescue [Lollium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbysh] only, or tall fescue combined with either red clover (Trifolium pretense L.) or alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ssp. sativa L.). Beef steers (n = 9–10 per treatment) rotationally grazed each pasture treatment. Forage from treatments were different for crude protein (CP), in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and the FA myristric (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), and total FA. Steers grazing mixtures with either red clover (RC) or alfalfa (ALF) had greater average daily gains (ADG) than tall fescue only. Additionally, RC treatment steers had larger ribeye areas (REA) and greater finishing weights than those in the ALF treatment. However, the differences found between pasture treatments in FA concentration did not translate to any differences in the FA concentration of meat harvested from steers. Thus, it is concluded that although the pastures contained different FA concentrations, with the levels of legumes present, this does not influence the FA composition of beef.     

茶饼病侵染对茶树游离氨基酸组分及含量的影响

为揭示茶饼病菌对茶树叶片中游离氨基酸组分及其含量的影响,以3个不同抗性品种茶树的病、健叶为试验材料,利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测不同抗性品种茶树未感病和感病后鲜叶中氨基酸的组分和含量。结果表明:不同抗性品种未感病叶片中游离氨基酸的的种类和含量有差异,茶氨酸含量最高,其次是γ-氨基丁酸、蛋氨酸、胱氨酸;感病后氨基酸总量上升,高抗品种紫娟叶片中游离氨基酸的种类减少,含量下降,仅γ-氨基丁酸含量增加;中抗品种云抗10号叶片中游离氨基酸的种类增加,含量均增加;感病品种佛香1号叶片中游离氨基酸的种类不变,γ-氨基丁酸、茶氨酸、赖氨酸、色氨酸、精氨酸5种游离氨基酸的含量增加,其余氨基酸的含量下降,因而可以以此分析氨基酸与茶树抗病性的关系。本研究结果可为从生理生化角度探讨茶饼病致病机理提供基础数据。     

Effect of processing methods and starter culture (Staphylococcus xylosus and Pediococcus pentosaceus) on proteolytic changes in Turkish sausages (sucuk) during ripening and storage

Proteolytic changes in Turkish sausages (sucuk) produced by two methods (heat processing and traditional) were determined during processing and storage for 90 days. The sausages were produced with or without starter culture in both methods. A mixture of Staphylococcus xylosus and Pediococcus pentosaceus was used as starter culture for their acidic and proteolytic characteristics.The major changes in proteolytic characteristics of sucuk took place during the fermentation stage, with an increase in non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and a decrease in protein solubility. Proteolytic activity was observed in both starter-inoculated and non-inoculated (control) sausages during processing. Moreover, a slight increase in proteolytic activity was detected during storage in both starter-inoculated and control traditional sausages, and also in heat-processed sausages due to some heat-resistant proteolytic enzymes. Protein solubility was significantly affected by processing time and heat treatment. Sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins were also affected by starter addition, fermentation, drying and heat processing. During fermentation, starter-inoculated and control sausages showed intense proteolysis in both the traditional and heat processing methods. After heating, intensive degradation of both sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins due to denaturation was observed in heat-processed samples.     

Effect of potassium,magnesium and sulphur applied in different forms of fertilisers on free amino acid content in leaves of tea (Camellia sinensisL)

Free amino acids in tea leaves are important chemical constituents that considerably influence the quality of tea, especially that of green tea. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of the nutrients potassium, magnesium and sulphur on biomass production and amino acid accumulation in tea leaves in pot and field experiments. The results show that biomass production and the free amino acid contents in tea leaves increased considerably following the application of potassium and magnesium. Combined application of both nutrients produced the highest increment in free amino acids. The increased free amino acid content in tea leaves was accompanied by enhanced nitrate reductase activity. This indicates that potassium and magnesium application improved the nitrogen metabolism, leading to an increased synthesis of amino acids. A comparison between K₂CO₃ vs K₂SO₄ and MgO vs MgSO₄ revealed significantly higher amino acid contents in tea leaves when both potassium and magnesium were applied in the sulphate form, indicating that not only potassium and magnesium but also sulphur plays an important role in the accumulation of amino acids in tea leaves. A pot experiment using KCl and K₂SO₄ was carried out in order to compare the two commercially available potassium fertiliser forms in their effect on biomass production and the content of free amino acids in tea leaves. The results showed no difference on biomass production between the two fertiliser forms. However, whereas KCl tentatively depressed nitrate reductase activity and hence the accumulation of free amino acids, K₂SO₄ significantly increased the contents of these quality promoting constituents of tea leaves. The role of fertiliser composition, detrimental effects of accompanying anions, eg Cl⁻ and differences in nutrient availability (eg oxide≪sulphate form) and possible impact on soil chemistry as main reasons for the observations, being crucial aspects with regard to fertilisation of tea for good quality are discussed. © 1998 SCI.     

罗汉果发酵乳冰淇淋的开发研究

以罗汉果汁为主要原料,利用正交试验对罗汉果发酵乳冰淇淋的生产工艺进行了研究。结果表明,罗汉果发酵乳冰淇淋的最佳配方为罗汉果汁25%,复合稳定剂0.4%,赤藓糖醇14%,发酵乳30%,以此得到营养价值高,结合了酸奶和冰淇淋的双重特点和风味独特的冰淇淋制品。     

Amino acid and total protein content of the edible mushroom Cantharellus cibarius (Fries)

It is difficult to determine total protein content in fungi, mainly because chitin and other nitrogenous compounds interfere with total nitrogen analysis (eg Kjeldahl analysis) which is commonly used. Therefore, a few different methods have been compared, and total amino acid concentration and composition in the edible mushroom Cantharellus cibarius (Fries) have been analysed using one sophisticated and one rough method based on acid hydrolysis and ninhydrin. For fungal material, it is better to analyse total amino acids. Only 99 g kg^?1 dry weight of C cibarius was protein which implies that former values based on total N analysis given in literature are 70–200% too high. The nutritional value of mushrooms should therefore not be over emphasised, even though the protein content is higher than that of most vegetables.     

煎炸时间对植物油脂中脂肪酸含量的影响

目的探讨不同煎炸时间对大豆油、花生油和芝麻油3种植物油脂脂肪酸含量变化的影响。方法选取煎炸温度为350℃,煎炸时间分别为0.5、1、3、5、7、25 h,用氢氧化钾-甲醇溶液进行甲酯化,并采用气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry)对脂肪酸甲酯化溶液进行定量分析。结果随着煎炸时间的延长,油脂中总脂肪酸含量呈现递减趋势。其中,油脂中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)的总含量均呈递增趋势,而不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)的总含量均呈递减趋势。结论煎炸25 h后的大豆油、花生油和芝麻油的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量分别由19.03%、14.68%、17.54%增至33.01%、23.24%、27.41%,变化率分别为58.45%、34.43%、56.34%,从饱和脂肪酸的变化率来看,花生油相对更稳定。而其不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)分别由80.84%、85.21%、82.39%减少到59.67%、68.97%、69.41%,变化率分别为19.06%、26.18%、15.75%,从不饱和脂肪酸来看,芝麻油更具稳定性。     

狮子头加工过程中脂肪及脂肪酸组分的变化

对狮子头加工过程中原料、凝胶、成型、炖煮等不同阶段的样品以及成品的粗脂肪含量、硫代巴比妥酸(TBARS)值及脂肪酸含量进行了测定。研究结果表明:狮子头在加工过程中脂肪含量显著下降(P0.05);从整体变化趋势上看,TBARS值逐渐增大,在加工过程中变化显著(P0.05);检测得出棕榈酸(C16:0)、硬脂酸(C18:0)、油酸(C18:1)以及亚油酸(C18:2)为主要脂肪酸组分。不同炖煮时间,狮子头所含饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量变化显著(P0.05),单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量显著上升(P0.05),而多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量显著下降(P0.05)。在不同加工条件下,随着炖煮时间的延长,狮子头中脂肪含量呈减低趋势,因炖煮时间和温度及添加物的影响,狮子头中脂肪发生一定程度的氧化,其中脂肪酸组分含量也发生了一定的变化。     

Study of the effect of using different levels of tahinah (sesame butter) on the protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) of chickpea dip

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of using different proportions of tahinah (0–25%) on the protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) of chickpea dip and to evaluate this parameter when chickpea dip is consumed with wheat bread. Protein quality was evaluated using the methods of amino acid score and true protein digestibility in weanling Sprague–Dawley rats. The levels of tahinah that provided the best true protein digestibility and protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid score were 20 and 25%. Values of true protein digestibility were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than for the other types of chickpea dip (0.87 and 0.88 respectively). The consumption of wheat bread with chickpea dip led to a marked improvement in the true protein digestibility of the protein mixture (0.90); however, the protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid score did not change in the same manner owing to the relatively low amino acid score. It can be concluded that the addition of tahinah to chickpea led to an increase in the protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid score of chickpea dip (based on laboratory rat requirements for essential amino acids) and that the consumption of chickpea dip with bread led to an improvement in the protein digestibility of chickpea dip but not in the protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid score. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry