DRYING METHODS AND QUALITY OF SHRIMP DRIED IN A JET-SPOUTED BED DRYER

The objective of this study was to experimentally investigate the effects of various parameters, i.e., size of shrimp, level and pattern of inlet drying air temperature, on the drying kinetics and various quality attributes of dried shrimp viz. shrinkage, rehydration ability, texture and color during drying in a jet‐spouted bed dryer. It was found that the use of a constant inlet air temperature of 100C yielded dried shrimp of the best quality in terms of low percentage of shrinkage, high percentage of rehydration, low maximum shear force and high value of redness compared to shrimp dried using other conditions. A simple mathematical model that enables prediction of the drying behavior of shrimp in a jet‐spouted bed dryer has also been developed.     

The thermal disinfestation of wheat in a spouted bed

Batches of wheat infested with all stages of Rhyzopertha dominica were heated in a 300 mm dia spouted bed fitted with a draft-tube to control grain and air flow paths. This apparatus combines features of pneumatic and packed bed systems. For a 16 kg batch of wheat spouted with 0.07 kg s⁻¹ of air the time to achieve 99.9% mortality (LT_99.9) decreased from 13.6 to 2.6 min as inlet air temperature was increased from 80 to 180°C. LT_99.9 increased with increase in bed mass and decrease in air flow rate, and was sensitive to the type and axial position of the draft-tube. Bed temperatures corresponding to LT_99.9 were in the range of 60–66°C depending on operating conditions. Some mechanical kill was also detected. Thermal contact efficiencies varied from 45 to 80% and were sensitive to operating and design parameters. The practical considerations for the scale-up of spouted bed disinfestors are discussed.     

THIN LAYER METHOD ANALYSIS OF SPOUTED BED DRIED MALAYSIAN PADDY – CHARACTERISTIC DRYING CURVES

A lab‐scale spouted bed dryer was used for the drying of paddy. The Malaysian grown paddy is a sample of Geldart's Group D particle. Drying was carried out in the dryer at two different internal configurations, namely with or without the installation of a draft tube, and at several drying temperatures (60–90C), air flow rates (1.14–1.45 m/s) and bed heights (30–45 cm). Drying kinetics of paddy in spouted bed showed only induction and falling rate periods, without constant drying rate period. Thin layer method analysis shows characteristic drying rate curves of linear and exponential functions for the first and second falling rate period, respectively, in conventional spouted bed drying. A single power function was observed in spouted bed drying with a draft tube, mainly as a result of a better tempering effect that gave a lower drying rate gradient.     

Conical spouted bed drying of Baker's yeast: Experimentation and multi-modeling

Baker's yeast drying experiments in a conical spouted bed are used to characterize the effects of operating conditions on drying behavior. A novel multiscale model, describing Baker's yeast drying in a conical spouted bed, is presented; it is based on an intrinsic drying model developed for a single pellet, combined with a gas–solid flow model developed for a conical spouted bed. The resulting phenomenological model, which has only one adjustable parameter, is in good agreement with the experimental results. The model is capable of adequately predicting the drying rate of Baker's yeast pellets during the entire drying period in a conical spouted bed: from the beginning, where the water removal rate is limited by the air saturation with vapor during its residence time in the bed; to the end, where the water removal rate is dictated by internal resistance within the yeast pellets.The quality of dried Baker's yeast was characterized by measuring the gassing power in bread dough. This parameter was monitored during the conical spouted bed drying experiments. It was found that yeast degradation is linked to intracellular water removal (type D, end of the drying below a moisture content of around 0.5 (d.b.)) and it is mostly the rate of this water removal that controls the final quality of the product. Intercellular water removal (type E, beginning of the drying) was found to have no significant influence on yeast degradation. In all the cases, degradation is amplified when solid temperature is higher than 40 °C.     

Drying kinetics and quality of okara dried in a jet spouted bed of sorbent particles

Okara or soy residue is a byproduct of soymilk and tofu production process. Okara has high protein content and can be used as an ingredient in many food products or can be used as animal feed. However, okara deteriorates rapidly; hence raw okara must be dried as early as possible under appropriate conditions. Drying could also help eliminating undesirable antinutritional factors in okara. The present study investigated the feasibility of drying okara using a combined convection-sorption drying, i.e., the use of a jet spouted bed of sorbent particles. The effects of various parameters such as drying air temperature and velocity, mass ratio of sorbent particles to okara, and initial bed height of okara on the drying kinetics were investigated. Also, various quality attributes of okara viz. color, oxidation level, rehydration ability, urease activity and protein solubility as well as the specific energy consumption during drying were investigated in both low- and high-temperature ranges.     

Protein quality of dried enzymatic hydrolysate from anchovy produced in a spouted bed of inert particles

The anchovy (Engraulis anchoita) is a pelagic fish and due to its abundance in South America shows a sustainable exploitation. The enzymatic hydrolysis of anchovy protein associated to the drying technique in spouted bed was analysed in order to obtain products with the best characteristics. The drying conditions were inlet air temperature, concentration and flow rate of suspension. The degree of hydrolysis of the anchovy suspension was of 3.8%, and its available lysine and specific antioxidant activity were of 86 g kg^?1_protein and 4.31 mm _DPPH kg^?1 min^?1, respectively. In spouted bed drying, the lowest reduction in available lysine (9%) and loss of specific antioxidant activity (8%) were found at 90 °C, and suspension concentration and flow rate of 65 g L^?1 and 200 mL h^?1, respectively. The dried product was characterised as a protein source of high biological value due to the essential amino acids profile.     

Image analysis and quality attributes of malting barley grain dried with infrared radiation and in a spouted bed

The impact of drying two spring barley cultivars (Mauritia and Prestige) in a spouted‐bed and in infrared radiation (IR) dryers on grain dimensions, colour, pigment content, vitality and malt quality was investigated. The results indicate that the investigated drying methods led to kernel dimension changes. Kernel shrinkage was typical of spouted bed drying, while kernel expansion was observed after IR drying at the intensity of 900 W m^?2. An increase in the intensity of yellowness (b*) on the surface of dried grain and a decrease in the yellowness intensity of kernel cross‐section were also observed. The aforementioned changes were associated with the decomposition of carotenoids (endosperm colour) and reduction of soluble proanthocyanidin and total phenolic compounds (surface colour). The drying processes also lowered germination energy and capacity, in addition to susceptibility to moisture diffusion into the endosperm. These adverse results were cultivar dependent and affected the quality of malt and wort only to a limited extent. The main changes were an increase in the Kolbach index in malt from Mauritia cv., and a fluctuation of the diastatic power of malt that did not exceed ±3%. Generally, drying of barley grain in spouted bed should be conducted at an inlet air temperature of 40 °C and using an IR drier at a radiation intensity of 600 W m^?2.     

Spray drying of low‐phenylalanine skim milk: optimisation of process conditions for improving solubility and particle size

The optimisation of the spray drying process for low‐phenylalanine skim milk as a dietary supplement for phenylketonurics was studied. The effects of basic parameters including the inlet air temperature (100, 150 and 200 °C), feed flow rate (5, 10 and 15 mL min^?1) and air flow rate (400, 600 and 800 L h^?1) on the solubility and particle size of the low‐phenylalanine skim milk powder were determined using response surface methodology. The optimum conditions have been obtained with inlet air temperature of 133 °C, feed flow rate of 5 mL min^?1, and air flow rate of 800 L h^?1. With the optimum parameters, the predicted values for the solubility and mean diameter were 95.33% and 5.34 μm, respectively, and experimentally were 94.36 ± 1.62% and 5.50 ± 0.44 μm, respectively. The experimental and predictive values were closely related showing predictive accuracy of the models.     

Physical properties of parboiled wheat and bulgur produced using spouted bed and microwave assisted spouted bed drying

The main objective of this study was to compare the spouted bed and microwave assisted spouted bed drying on affecting physical properties of parboiled wheat and bulgur. Drying was performed at different temperatures (50 °C, 70 °C, 90 °C) and microwave powers (288 W, 624 W). Bulk and apparent density, bulk and apparent porosity, sphericity, color, microstructure and pore size distribution of parboiled wheat were investigated after drying. Yield and water absorption capacity were determined in bulgur samples. The effect of air temperature on physical properties of product except color was not significant in spouted bed drying. More porous structure was observed in wheat samples dried in microwave assisted spouted bed compared to air dried ones. Sphericity and bulk density were higher when high temperature was combined with high microwave power. In microwave assisted spouted bed drying, similar yield value but lower water absorption capacity of bulgur were observed as compared to spouted bed drying.     

响应面试验优化喷雾干燥制备核桃分心木速溶粉及其冲调性分析

以核桃分心木为原料,从分心木速溶粉冲调性的角度出发,采用单因素试验研究喷雾干燥进风口温度、进料流量及热风流量对核桃分心木速溶粉润湿性、分散性、水分含量及颗粒大小的影响,并选择进风口温度、进料速率、热风流量3 个因素,以润湿时间及分散时间为响应值进行响应面优化试验。喷雾干燥制备核桃分心木速溶粉的最优参数为进风口温度170 ℃、进料流量1.8 L/h、热风流量35 m3/h。采用上述实际操作参数重新制作核桃分心木速溶粉样品进行实验,实际测得润湿时间为13.2 s,分散时间为5.8 s,与模型预测值相符。     

响应面试验优化漂白紫胶流化床干燥工艺

采用流化床干燥漂白紫胶,以期对漂白紫胶在较低温度条件下进行快速干燥。通过单因素试验,考察进气温度及空气流量2个主要因素对漂白紫胶颜色指数及干燥时间的影响,用响应面法设计试验并建立了流化床干燥条件下的回归模型。结果表明:预测值和实测值的一致性较好,误差为1.12%,所建立的数学模型(颜色指数R2为0.949 1,干燥时间R2为0.937 7)可以用于描述和预测漂白紫胶流化床干燥。得到的较优操作条件为进气温度36℃、空气流量45 m3/h条件下干燥28 min,可以得到颜色指数为0.90的漂白紫胶,其指标符合国家精制漂白紫胶1级标准。     

基于响应面分析法的小球藻藻粉喷雾干燥工艺优化

以小球藻藻粉得率为主要目标,选取进料浓度、进风温度和进料速度三个因素进行中心组合实验(Box-Benhnken),通过响应面分析法对小球藻藻粉干燥工艺进行优化研究。利用Design Expert软件,得到了小球藻粉最佳的喷雾干燥条件:进风温度200℃,进料浓度77.8g/L,进料速度100mL/h。在此工艺条件下,喷雾干燥所得的藻粉得率最高,其最大得率理论值为48.18%,与实测值47.20%基本一致。     

Optimisation of a pilot‐scale spray drying process for probiotic yoghurt,using response surface methodology

The influence of drying air temperatures, drying air flow rate and feed flow rate on percentage survival rate (% SR) of starter and probiotic bacteria, moisture content, water activity and colour of probiotic yoghurt powder produced using a pilot‐scale spray dryer was investigated. Optimisation of spray drying conditions was achieved based on the desirability value. Results showed that inlet air temperature, drying air flow rate, feed flow rate and outlet air temperature of 150 °C, 478 m³/h, 2 L/h and 63.3 °C, respectively, were optimal conditions to produce powder that meets quality specifications and with a satisfactory% SR.     

Evaluation of drying models of apple (var. McIntosh) dried in a convective dryer

Drying behaviour of apple particles was investigated in a laboratory type dryer. The effect of drying air temperature, airflow velocity, initial height of layer, particles shape and size on the dehydration characteristics of apples was investigated. Increase in drying air temperature and increase in the airflow velocity caused a decrease in the drying time and an increase in drying rate. Increase in initial height of layer and increase in the sample thickness caused an increase in the drying time and decrease in drying rate. Drying time of the cubes was shorter and their drying rate was higher than for slices. The experimental dehydration data of apple particles obtained were fitted to the semi‐theoretical, empirical and theoretical models. The accuracies of the models were measured using the correlation coefficient (R), mean bias error (MBE), root mean square error (RMSE), reduced chi‐square (χ²), and t‐statistic method. All models described the drying characteristics of apple particles satisfactorily (R > 0.9792). The Logarythmic model can be considered as the most appropriate (R > 0.9976, MBE = ?10^?11?4.5 × 10^?6, RMSE = 0.00287–0.01746, χ² = 8.5 × 10^?6?3.1 × 10^?4, t‐stat = 7.3 × 10^?9?1.2 × 10^?3). The effect of drying air temperature, airflow velocity, characteristic dimension of the particle and initial height of layer on the drying models parameters were also determined.     

响应面试验优化甘薯渣流化床干燥工艺

甘薯渣在传统干燥时,易发生黏结、结块的现象,为了改善这种状态,本研究以甘薯渣为原料,采用Box-Behnken优化试验研究流化床甘薯渣单位面积加载量、床层温度、空气流量3个因素对甘薯渣干燥时间和甘薯渣粒度综合评分的影响,并对流化床干燥甘薯渣的工艺条件进行了优化。结果表明:对流化床干燥甘薯渣综合评分的影响大小顺序为单位面积加载量空气流量床层温度,从回归模型中得到最佳工艺参数为单位面积加载量5 264 g/m~2、空气流量52.73 m~3/h、床层温度51.33℃,此条件下综合评分预测值为0.790,验证实验结果预测精度为93.60%。与传统干燥方式相比,干燥时间缩短,流化床干燥制得的样品20目过筛率82.3%,堆积密度为0.446g/mL,密度明显提高25.8%;硬度485.382 g,且硬度明显减小;扫描电镜中颗粒内部空隙增大,样品松散,可减小粉碎成本。本研究结果为工业化干燥、延长保存时间及其深加工生产提供理论依据。     

CFD Modeling and Simulation of Maltodextrin Solutions Spray Drying to Control Stickiness

Particle stickiness during spray drying can lead to operational problems or be used to perform agglomeration inside the chamber. A simplified computational fluid dynamics approach is proposed to simulate the spray drying of 40% w/w aqueous solutions of maltodextrin DE12 and DE21 in a pilot cocurrent spray dryer equipped with rotary atomizer. Drying was simulated at steady state considering the geometry of the equipment (drying chamber, air inlet, atomizer) and the close relation between drying air and product properties. To take into account the lower drying rate of liquid solutions compared to pure water, the water vapor pressure of the drying particles was decreased with a coefficient determined from experimental data on air temperatures and humidities measured in the chamber. The evolution of particle temperature and water content was simulated. From these values and glass transition temperatures of the considered materials, it was possible to determine zones and operating conditions for which particles could be sticky inside the chamber. Maltodextrin DE12 was quickly dried close to the atomizer reaching a stable nonsticky state below glass transition temperatures Tg, while maltodextrin DE21 with lower Tg could exhibit a sticky behavior in a wider part of the chamber, depending on the liquid flow rate. This approach provides a methodology to evaluate possible stickiness to avoid fouling of the plant or to optimize powder insertion position for agglomeration.     

Drying of chitosan in a spouted bed: The influences of temperature and equipment geometry in powder quality

The influence of temperature and spouted bed geometry in drying chitosan with relation to powder quality (molecular weight, deacetylation degree, particle size, color) and operation characteristics (product recovery and mass accumulated) were investigated. Chitosan paste was obtained from shrimp wastes and dried in a spouted bed (slot-rectangular and conical-cylindrical geometries) with different inlet air temperatures (90, 100 and 110 °C). Thermogravimetric curves, infra-red analysis and scanning electron microscopy were carried out in order to verify powder quality. Chitosan paste used in drying experiments showed solid content 4%, molecular weight 140 kDa and deacetylation degree 85%. In all drying experiments deacetylation degree was not modified and final moisture content was in the commercial range (10%). Temperature increase caused an increase in molecular weight, powder darkening and increased particle size. The best powder quality was obtained in slot-rectangular spouted bed at 90 °C. In this condition product recovery was 65%, accumulated mass was 20% and the powder presented faint yellow coloration, high thermal stability and porous heterogeneous surface.     

Microwave Finish Drying of Diced Apples in a Spouted Bed

The combination of a spouted bed with microwave heating to improve heating uniformity was evaluated. Experiments were performed on a laboratory system in which evaporated diced apples of about 24% moisture were dried to about 5% at 70°C air temperature using four levels of microwave power density (0 to 6.1 W/g). With the combination method, temperature uniformity in diced apples was greatly improved as compared to that with a stationary bed during microwave drying. Products had less discoloration and higher rehydration rates as compared to conventional hot air drying or spouted bed (SB) drying. Drying time could be reduced by >80% compared with SB drying without microwave heating.     

喷雾干燥速溶红枣粉工艺优化及其冲调性分析

以红枣为原料,通过单因素试验探究喷雾干燥进风温度、雾化器转速、进料流量对速溶红枣粉的分散性、润湿性、水分含量及颗粒粒度的影响,确定进风温度、雾化器转速、进料流量3个因素为自变量,分散时间和润湿时间为响应值进行响应面优化试验。结果表明喷雾干燥制备速溶红枣粉的最优参数为:进风温度170℃、进料流量1.3 L/h、雾化器转速400 r/s,在此条件下测得润湿时间为3.86 s,分散时间为2.27 s,与模型预测值相符。