Effect of plant extracts on lipid oxidation during frozen storage of minced fish muscle

The aim of the study is to determine the effect of pomegranate seed extract (PSE) and grape seed extract (GSE) addition to chub mackerel minced muscle on lipid oxidation during frozen storage. Each extract was added to minced fish muscle at 2% concentration and then stored at ?18 °C for 3 months. The effect of plant dietary fibres to control lipid oxidation was compared with untreated samples (control). Formation of lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) was significantly inhibited by PSE and GSE addition when compared with control. Both extracts significantly retarded lipid oxidation according to the results of TBARS. A significant reduction of L* (lightness), a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values was detected during frozen storage. GSE added samples had the highest redness and the lowest lightness and yellowness. However, samples with PSE showed the lowest redness and highest yellowness and h° (hue angle) values. The results from this study suggest GSE is a very effective inhibitor of primary and secondary oxidation products in minced fish muscle and have a potential as a natural antioxidant to control lipid oxidation during frozen storage of fatty fish.     

冻藏对水产品脂质氧化影响研究进展

文章综述了水产品冻藏过程中脂质氧化的危害、影响脂质氧化的内源促氧化因子与外源促氧化因子,并总结了当前延缓脂质氧化的方法,如添加抗氧化剂、改进包装和新型技术的辅助等,指出既能控制冻藏过程中水产品脂质氧化,又能实现产业化推广的技术是水产品冻藏急需解决的问题。     

液氮冻结温度对冻藏黄鳝脂质氧化和气味变化的影响

目的 探讨液氮冻结温度对冻藏黄鳝脂质氧化和气味变化的影响。方法 测定液氮冻结(?50、?80、?110℃)和?20℃冰柜冻结(对照)的冻藏黄鳝的脂质和游离脂肪酸(free fatty acids, FFAs)含量、过氧化值(peroxide value, POV)、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARs)、脂肪酸组成、挥发性气味物质, 并进行感官评价。结果 随着冻藏时间的延长, 整体上4种温度条件下黄鳝的脂质、单不饱和脂肪酸(monounsaturated fatty acids, MUFAs)和多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFAs)含量显著下降(P<0.05), FFAs、POV、TBARs值及饱和脂肪酸(saturated fatty acids, SFAs)含量显著上升(P<0.05)。液氮冻结黄鳝的脂质、MUFAs、PUFAs含量和感官评分高于对照, ?80℃和?110℃液氮冻结黄鳝的FFAs、SFAs含量显著低于?50℃液氮冻结和对照(P<0.05); ?80℃和?110℃液氮冻结黄鳝的脂质氧化差异基本上不显著(P>0.05)。气相色谱-离子迁移谱法检测出25种挥发性气味物质。此外, 液氮冻结温度越低, 冻藏黄鳝的正己醛和正丙醛相对含量越低。结论 降低液氮冻结温度能够显著抑制冻藏黄鳝的脂质氧化和气味变化, 有效保护黄鳝的品质。     

抹茶对贮藏期间薏仁米脂质氧化的影响

目的：利用天然物质抹茶延长薏仁米货架期。方法：以新鲜薏仁米为原料,经过不同剂量抹茶茶粉处理,测定贮藏期间薏仁米的水分含量、脂肪酸值、过氧化值、丙二醛含量等各项指标及菌落总数和脂质氧化关键酶的变化。结果：经不同剂量抹茶茶粉处理均会抑制薏仁米贮藏期间脂肪酸值、过氧化值、丙二醛含量以及脂肪酶和脂肪氧化酶活性的上升,减少水分的消耗及微生物的生长繁殖。抹茶对薏仁米的保藏效果存在一定程度的剂量依赖性,但添加质量分数为0.05%和0.08%的抹茶茶粉处理的保藏效果差异较小。贮藏4个月后,与自封袋组相比,添加质量分数为0.05%的抹茶茶粉处理组中薏仁米的脂肪酸值、过氧化值和丙二醛含量分别降低了31.60%,30.77%,44.83%,脂肪酶和脂肪氧化酶活性分别降低了23.05%,28.74%,且游离脂肪酸组成和含量与新鲜薏仁米更相似。结论：抹茶能有效抑制薏仁米贮藏期间脂质氧化,延长其货架期。     

Effect of lipid oxidation and frozen storage on muscle proteins of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus)

The effect of storage on the lipids and proteins in Atlantic mackerel stored for up to 24 months at ?20 and ?30 °C was studied. Traditional methods including the peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) and a reverse phase HPLC method were used to determine the primary and secondary lipid oxidation products. All tests showed an increase in lipid oxidation products with storage time and at a higher storage temperature of ?20 °C compared with samples stored at ?30 °C. Antioxidants had a significant effect (P < 0.01) on the inhibition of lipid oxidation, as shown by the reduction in peroxide value and hydroxides, and malondialdehyde formation. Similarly, deterioration of protein structure and functionality in mackerel stored for 3, 6, 12 and 24 months was greater at ?20 than ?30 °C. ATPase activity in the myosin extract of Atlantic mackerel showed a significant decrease (P < 0.01) with progressive frozen storage. Protein solubility in high salt concentration (0.6 M NaCl) decreased (P < 0.01) during storage at both ?20 and ?30 °C but was greater at ?20 °C. Interestingly, antioxidants BHT, vitamin C and vitamin E protected the proteins against complete loss of ATPase activity and protein solubility to a significant level (P < 0.01) for up to 1 year at ?20 °C compared with samples stored without antioxidants. This study confirms the deleterious effect of lipid oxidation products on protein structure and function in frozen fatty fish. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Glazing herring (Clupea harengus) fillets with herring muscle press juice: effect on lipid oxidation development during frozen storage

In this study, fish muscle press juice, PJ, was evaluated as an antioxidative liquid for glazing of fish fillets prior to frozen storage. PJ has in previous studies efficiently protected fish mince lipids against haemoglobin‐mediated oxidation. Frozen herring fillet were glazed with water, PJ or 50 mm phosphate buffer of the same pH as herring PJ (6.5). Over 52 weeks, peroxide value (PV), TBA‐reactive substances (TBARS), rancid odour and colour were monitored. From 26 to 52 weeks, water‐glazed fillets were significantly (P < 0.05) more oxidised compared to fillets glazed with PJ or buffer, most clearly shown by PV and TBARS data. The protective effects of both PJ and buffer compared to water could indicate a role, for example, of the physiological ionic strength. The finding that PV became elevated in PJ which was frozen stored alone in a thin layer indicates that PJ stripped from, for example, trace lipids and haemoglobin would provide better protection.     

抗氧化剂处理对微冻贮藏泥鳅品质及脂肪氧化的影响

研究丁香提取物、油菜粉提取物、植酸、VE及2,6-二叔丁基对甲苯酚(BHT)处理对微冻(-2.5℃)贮藏泥鳅品质及脂肪氧化的影响。结果显示,不同处理组泥鳅的感官综合得分逐渐降低;pH值先下降后上升;汁液流失率呈增加趋势;剪切力不断降低(P0.05);挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)值呈增加趋势,且所有处理组在24d时均小于最大限量(20mg/100g),处于可接受范围;硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS)、过氧化值(POV)均呈上升趋势(P0.05);饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量整体升高,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量相对下降。以上所有处理组的变化趋势均优于对照组。综合上述分析,对照组在微冻条件下的货架期为8～12d,而添加抗氧化剂组货架期均达到20～24d,其中植酸、BHT以及VE抗氧化能力更强,能够更有效地抑制不饱和脂肪酸氧化,维持样品的食用品质和加工性能。     

葡萄籽提取物对火腿发酵成熟过程脂质氧化的影响

脂质分解氧化是干腌火腿工艺过程中一个主要的生化反应过程,对干腌火腿风味形成具有十分重要的作用,但脂质过度氧化对火腿品质安全也会产生重大影响。本文采用天然抗氧化剂-葡萄籽提取物对传统发酵工艺火腿进行抗氧化处理,研究其对火腿脂质的抗氧化效果。结果显示:抗氧化处理组在发酵成熟时期能有效抑制火腿脂质氧化。成熟结束时,经葡萄籽提取物（GSE）抗氧化处理的火腿半膜肌过氧化值（POV）、TBA值、羰基值和双烯值分别比对照组降低了57%、48%、29%、18%;表层脂肪降低了60%、24%、42%、36%;而经葡萄籽提取物和猪油联合处理的火腿（GSE+Lard）半膜肌各氧化指标分别比对照组降低了20%、8%、14%、6%;表层脂肪降低了27%、5%、25%、24%。GSE处理组抗氧化效果优于GSE+Lard处理组。      

Influence of storage time and temperature on lipid deterioration during cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) frozen storage

Lean fish deterioration during frozen storage (−30 and −10 °C) for up to 1 year was studied by the assessment of lipid changes. Comparison between a formaldehyde (FA)-forming species (cod) and a non-FA-forming one (haddock) was carried out. Lipid damages were measured on the basis of free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid index (TBA-i) and fluorescent compounds. In both species at −30 °C, most lipid damage indices showed significant correlations with the storage time. However, at −10 °C, only the FFA and fluorescence detections provided significant correlations with the storage time. Comparison between the fish species showed higher lipid oxidation (PV and TBA-i) and hydrolysis (FFA content) in haddock than in cod at −10 °C; however, a higher fluorescence development was observed in cod at the same temperature. At −30 °C, little differences in lipid damage indices were detected between the two species. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Influence of skinning on lipid oxidation in different horizontal layers of herring (Clupea harengus) during frozen storage

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of skinning and of compositional differences on the oxidative stability of various horizontal layers from herring (Clupea harengus) during frozen storage. Herring fillets, with and without skin, were stored at -18°C for 0, 3, 9, 16 and 28 weeks. After each storage period, the fillets were divided horizontally into three layers: ‘under skin’, ‘middle part’ and ‘inner part’. Each layer was then extracted for total lipids, in which peroxide value (PV), absorbance at 234 nm (A₂₃₄) and 268 nm (A₂₆₈) as well as lipid-soluble fluorescent oxidation products (FP) were measured. Prior to storage, the fat content, fatty acid pattern and α-tocopherol were also analysed. During storage of skinless fillets, the under skin layer increased most in PV, A₂₃₄, A₂₆₈ and FP (P<0·05), followed by the inner and middle parts. In fillets stored with skin, the high oxidation rate of the under skin layer lipids was suppressed, but this layer still gave rise to the highest responses. Firstly, these results point to the protective properties of the skin and, secondly, to the unfavourable composition of the under skin layer: a lot of dark muscle; the silver surface; the highest fat content and the lowest level of α-tocopherol. Concerning the fatty acid pattern in the three layers, the amount of C20: 5, C18:1 and C20:1 in the fat gradually decreased from the under skin layer towards the inner part of the fillet, whereas the opposite was true for C22: 6. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry.     

Evolution of lipid damage and volatile amine content in Patagonian squid (Doryteuthis gahi) by-products during frozen storage

By-products (viscera, tails, skin, etc.) resulting from Patagonian squid (Doryteuthis gahi) commercialisation were pooled together and stored at −10 and –18 °C for 12 months. During this storage time, 81.1–83.7 and 1.7–2.4 (g 100 g⁻¹) ranges were detected for moisture and lipid values, respectively. An increased storage time and temperature led to free fatty acid formation and phospholipid content decrease (P < 0.05). Meantime, peroxide levels were low and included in 2.1–3.6 meq. active oxygen kg⁻¹ lipids range. Contrary, substantial formation (P < 0.05) of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and fluorescent compounds was proved, values being higher by increasing the time and temperature of storage of squid by-products. Related to amine formation, trimethylamine values increased notably (P < 0.05) with storage, higher values being obtained by increasing the storage time and temperature. For total volatile amines, increased levels with storage time were detected in samples stored at −10 °C; contrary, by-products stored at the lowest temperature tested did not provide differences (P > 0.05), resulting from the storage time. This study shows the need of appropriate storage conditions to offer the current by-products as a source of valuable marine constituents. Present results meet the present global interests in the search for new and undervalued marine substrates to be employed commercially.     

The role of lipid oxidation on biscuit texture during storage

The role of lipid oxidation and humidity absorption on the shelf life of biscuits was analysed. Biscuits with low lipid and sugar content were prepared employing different oils, and texture changes that biscuits experience during storage were studied. Water activity, peroxide value, malonaldehyde content and colour were also determined at different storage times. The maximum peroxide level was between 1 and 1.5 mmol kg^?1 of oil, at 166 days of storage. Values of malonaldehyde were between 5.2 and 15.8 nmol g^?1 of dry sample. Water activity and peroxide value influence the biscuit texture (P ≤ 0.05). To study the effects of both factors simultaneously, a mathematical model was adjusted to the data. Results indicate that an increase in the peroxide level, even at low level of lipid oxidation, increases Young's modulus and leads to a harder biscuit, while the humidity absorption lowers the fracture stress and Young's modulus.     

Effects of rosemary and green tea extracts on frozen surimi gels fortified with omega‐3 fatty acids

Two different sources of omega‐3 fatty acids (fish oil concentrate and menhaden oil) with or without the addition of natural antioxidants (rosemary and green tea) were incorporated into surimi gels at equivalent levels and examined for changes in sensory and physical properties and resistance to oxidation during 9 months of frozen storage. Gels with menhaden oil showed higher acceptance than gels with fish oil concentrate, which displayed a fishy taste that was partially masked by natural antioxidants. Formation of volatile compounds was similar in all samples. Upon heating to form the gel, there was a ca 20–25% decrease in the relative polyene index of the control containing no rosemary or green tea extract. Formulations with menhaden oil containing green tea and rosemary were more stable immediately after cooking; however, a slight pro‐oxidant effect occurred during storage. Omega‐3 fortified gels were whiter than gels with no added oil. Rosemary and green tea extracts increased yellowness (b*) and redness (a*), respectively. Strength increased in all formulations during frozen storage. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

紫苏提取物对鲣鱼鱼柳的抗菌和抗脂质氧化作用研究

目的利用紫苏改进鲣鱼鱼柳制作工艺,研究紫苏叶提取物对鲣鱼鱼柳冷藏过程中的抑菌和抗脂质氧化作用。方法在4℃冷藏条件下对比4种预制鲣鱼鱼柳,即CK对照组(蒸煮液不添加抗氧化剂)、R(蒸煮液中添加100 mg/L迷迭香酸)、E(蒸煮液添加98.5 mg/L紫苏醇提物)和W(蒸煮液添加96.3 mg/L紫苏水提物)的p H、菌落总数、感官评定、硫代巴比妥酸(thibabituric acid,TBA)值、共轭二烯(conjugated diene,CD)值、过氧化值(peroxide value,POA)和游离脂肪酸(free fatty acid,FFA)含量变化,研究紫苏叶提取物对鲣鱼鱼柳冷藏过程中的抑菌和抗脂质氧化作用。结果在12 d的冷藏过程中,各样品的p H值均显著降低(P0.05),且E和W组样品的p H值无显著性差异(P0.05);E和W样品组的菌落总数均显著性低于对照组样品;对照样品的TBA值和FFA含量显著增加(P0.05),R、E和W样品组的TBA值均较低,这表明迷迭香酸对鲣鱼鱼柳的脂质氧化有一定的抑制作用,紫苏叶的醇提物、水提物更具脂质抗氧化作用。冷藏期间经紫苏提取物处理的样品CD值均低于对照组。在整个贮藏过程中,E和W组的POV值均不断增加,均未出现与对照组样品POV值先增加后降低的变化趋势,这表明紫苏叶的醇提物和水提物对氢过氧化物的降解具有抑制作用。结论紫苏叶水提取物能有效抑制鲣鱼鱼柳贮藏过程中的脂质氧化和腐败微生物的生长,并改善鲣鱼鱼柳感官品质。     

贮藏条件对猪肉糜氧化效应的影响

将肥瘦比为1:1的猪糜于-18、-24、-40℃三种条件下贮藏,每10d取样一次,通过测定酸价（AV）、过氧化值（POV）和硫代巴比妥酸（TBARS）值,研究贮藏温度、贮藏时间对猪肉糜氧化效应的影响。结果表明,贮藏时间和温度显著影响肉糜的氧化进程（p<0.05）,随贮藏时间的延长,酸价整体呈先上升后下降的趋势,而过氧化值、硫代巴比妥酸值整体呈上升趋势;贮藏温度越低,肉糜的AV值、POV值和TBARS值也越低,且变化缓慢。缩短贮藏时间和降低贮藏温度有利于控制肉糜脂肪氧化,研究表明,贮藏时间小于20d时效果最佳,30d时脂肪水解与氧化达到了动态平衡;-40℃贮藏效果最好,但从节能等角度综合考虑,-24℃更适合作为肉糜长期贮藏的温度。      

Deterioration of European hake (Merluccius merluccius) during frozen storage

European hake (Merluccius merluccius (L)) was frozen as whole fish and as fillets and stored at ?18°C, ?24°C and ?30°C for up to 39 weeks. Sensory properties, peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid value, lipid fatty acid composition, adenosine nucleotide degradation products, dimethylamine and formaldehyde were measured at intervals during storage. Changes at ?30°C were negligible, otherwise fillets deteriorated faster than whole fish. Hedonic rating gave a storage life of around 9 months for whole fish stored at ?18°C.     

天然抗氧化剂在抑制水产品贮藏过程中脂质氧化的研究进展

水产品因富含多不饱和脂肪酸,在贮藏过程中极易发生氧化酸败而影响色泽、风味等,失去食用价值和商业价值。天然抗氧化剂具有低价、高效、低毒等优点,越来越受到人们的欢迎。本文综述了水产品脂质氧化的过程及机理;介绍了果蔬、中草药、香辛料、茶叶等天然抗氧化剂在水产品贮藏中的应用,及其抗氧化机制;讨论了天然抗氧化剂的研究现状及发展趋势,以期为水产品贮藏保鲜技术的研究提供参考。      

Influence of feeding state and frozen storage temperature on the lipid stability of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus)

Lipid deterioration of mackerel caught in Icelandic waters was studied, as affected by different frozen storage temperatures (?18 °C vs. ?25 °C) and seasonal variation (August vs. September). The lipid stability was investigated by analyses of hydroperoxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), free fatty acids, as well as changes in fatty acid composition. Results showed significant lipid deterioration with extended storage time, where the lower storage temperature showed significantly more protective effects. Furthermore, a higher lipid oxidation level was recorded for fish caught in September than in August, although lipid hydrolysis occurred to be greater for fish in August than in September. Moreover, results indicated a rather stable level of omega‐3 fatty acid during the whole frozen storage period. The analysis indicated that both lipid oxidation and hydrolysis were affected by the frozen storage temperature and the stability differed with regard to season of catch.