‘Is this normal?’ The role of category predicates in constructing mental illness online

One of their functions of online mental health communities is the construction of coherent identities for their members based on the various characteristics of different mental health conditions. This paper contains microanalyses of 2 message threads on mental health discussion forums—one concerning depression and the other ‘emetophobia’ (fear of being sick)—which illustrate some of the discursive functions of such forums. Conversation analytic techniques are employed, such as the use of second stories for social support purposes, and the generation of category predicates for building up a set of activities that constitute ‘normality’ in this context. It is argued that these socially situated practices constitute a more important function of online support groups than the mere dissemination of ‘advice’.     

汉语篇章理解研究综述

人们理解自然语言通常是在篇章级进行的,随着词汇级及句子级研究的日益成熟,自然语言处理研究的焦点已转向篇章级.篇章分析的主要任务就是从整体上分析出篇章结构及其构成单元之间的语义关系,并利用上下文理解篇章.根据不同的篇章分析目的,篇章单元及其关系可以表示为不同的篇章基本结构,不同篇章基本结构及其关系的研究可提供不同层面的篇章理解.目前对汉语篇章内在规律的研究较少,缺乏对篇章进行有效分析和深入理解的理论方法体系,这严重制约了篇章级的相关研究及应用.重点关注篇章的两个最基本特征,即衔接性和连贯性,从篇章结构分析的理论研究、资源建设和计算模型这3个方面,分别探讨篇章修辞结构（体现篇章连贯性）和话题结构（体现篇章衔接性）,对篇章理解的国内外研究现状进行了归纳和整理,并给出了目前存在的主要问题和研究趋势.     

英汉篇章结构分析研究综述

篇章结构分析旨在理解文章的整体结构及其各部分之间的语义联系.作为自然语言处理的研究热点,近年来篇章结构分析研究发展迅速.首先总结英语和汉语中篇章结构分析理论,然后介绍相关篇章语料库及其计算模型的研究.在此基础上,梳理了当前英语、汉语中篇章结构分析的相关工作脉络,构建了篇章结构分析研究框架,归纳总结出当前研究的趋势和热点.然后,简要介绍篇章结构在下游任务中的应用.最后,指出当前汉语篇章结构分析存在的问题与挑战,为今后的研究提供指导和帮助.     

Learning to be a psychologist: the construction of identity in an online forum

The paper reports a study that investigated the construction of a common identity in an online Italian forum of psychologists based on asynchronous CMC. Discourse analysis was carried out on 20 discussions, and three Interpretative Repertoires were identified: (i) Professional Boundaries, (ii) disempowered psychology and (iii) psychology and health, which refer to three recurrent modalities of constructing the psychological profession. The study suggests that a framework drawing on social constructionism and Bourdieu's critical theory can help understand some aspects of identity in, and across, communities of practice. The main conclusion is that analysing critically how identities are constructed in learning environments, virtual or not, allows reconsidering the role of the cultural context in the production of those identities.     

A framework for computing extrasentential references

We are concerned with developing a computational method for selecting possible antecedents of referring expressions over sentence boundaries. Our stratified model which uses a Λ-categorial language for meaning representation incorporates valuable features of Fregean-type semantics (a la Lewis, Montague, Partee, and others) along with features of situation semantics developed by Barwise and Perry. We consider a series of selected two-sentence stories which we use to illustrate referential interdependencies between sentences. We explain the conditions under which such dependencies arise, explain the conditions under which various translations can be performed, and formalize a set of rules which specify how to compute the reference. We restrict our discussion to two-sentence stories to avoid most of the problems inherent in where to look for the reference, that is, how to determine the proper antecedent. We restrict our considerations in this paper to situations where a reference, if it can be computed at all, has a unique antecedent. Thus we consider examples such as John wants to catch a fish. He (John) wants to eat it. and John interviewed a man. The man killed him (John). We then summarize the transformation which encompasses these rules and relate it to the stratified model. We discuss three aspects of this transformation that merit special attention from the computational viewpoint and summarize the contributions we have made. We also discuss the computational characteristics of the stratified model in general and present our ideas for a computer realization; there is no implementation of the _t"ratified model at this time.     

在线考试系统中试题上传方法的优化

试题库是在线考试系统的数据基础。现有的试题上传方法需人工预处理操作,代价高,效率低。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于语义的高效、智能解析方法IDP（Intelligent Document Parsing）。IDP根据试题的类型特征,定义解析规则,并对所有段落进行规则匹配,实现类型识别。此外,针对特定类型的试题,进行分割段落、语段分析,从而完成智能解析,实现试题上传功能。实验结果表明,IDP省去了人工预处理的步骤,可以直接使用任意格式的试题资源文档完成上传任务,效率明显提升,具有很好的通用性和实用性。     

The expression of social presence through the use of figurative language in a web-based learning environment

The present paper’s aim is to investigate how the participants of an online learning environment employed written language in a creative way through the spontaneous use of figurative language. The content analysis showed that figurative language was a means to express the social dimension either to refer to the self, feelings and emotions, or to conceptualize the components of the virtual learning setting. The research context was a 10-week course, delivered at a distance via a computer conferencing system, addressed to 57 student teachers. The analysis was carried out in the social and meta-cognitive reflection areas, those areas which are mainly related to the expression of the social dimension The study had three different purposes: to investigate the distribution of figurative language during the course length; to explore the relation between the participants’ educational background and their use of figurative language, and to examine the relation between figurative language and the structure of the communication threads. The results indicate that participants tended to use figurative language more when meaningful or critical events happened. The higher the emotional involvement was, the more metaphorical language was adopted. Further results suggest that the adoption of figurative language seems to be related more to individual attitude, than to other factors such as educational background. Finally, figurative language occurrences were not concentrated in specific kinds of postings or threads and did not encourage further use of figurative language.     

Supporting children's online identity in international communities

Increasingly, adults and children socialise and communicate online. Children's safe and secure online communication with people from all over the world can increase their understanding of other cultures, which is an important goal in today's multicultural world. Our research studied such interactions between children from three countries, Hungary, Mexico, and the USA. The goals of our research were to study how children represent their identity online and what the implications are for the design of children's online communities. We used qualitative methods to derive a deep understanding of children's behaviours and motivations. Our results show that children exposed their true and complete identities online. They focused on sharing and learning about personal, ethnic, and gender identities via online media and largely ignored cultural identity. They learned about children from other countries and developed positive attitudes towards them. Based on our results we describe design guidelines for children's online identity tools.     

1989年以来档案文化研究文献定量分析

1989年以来档案文化研究渐渐趋热,研究偏重社科理论,涉及面广,研究者及机构以高校及档案行政管理机构居多。成果有限,整体水平尚低。研究内容主要集中在档案文化研究概况、档案文化基本理论研究、多视角下的档案文化研究、历代档案文化研究、外国档案文化、档案文化产业、档案文化应用方式、档案文化建设存在的问题、档案文化建设的途径与方法、局馆档案文化建设等方面。     

Cross-validation of reliability,convergent and discriminant validity for the problematic online game use scale

The main purpose of the present study is to develop a measure of problematic online game use by identifying underlying factors and testing external validities of the scale. The authors tested the scale with the three age groups: 5th, 8th, and 11th graders. Through a series of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, the present study confirmed that the POGU scale produced reliable and consistent factorial structures across the independent samples. The results supported convergent validity of the scale: POGU showed significant correlations with academic self-efficacy, anxiety, loneliness, and satisfaction with daily life. The results also supported the discriminant validity. The POGU scale did not redundantly measure any of individual difference constructs and was statistically distinguishable from the closely correlated constructs.     

Analysis of the discourse structure of lyric poetry

Applying the method of discourse structure analysis described by Grosz and Sidner to lyric poetry, one views the poet as the Initiating Conversational Participant, and the reader as the Other Conversational Participant as she recreates the poem upon reading it. In poetry the linguistic and intentional structures function in counterpoint to the metrical and stanzaic structures, respectively, producing the effects that define poetry. Analysis of attentional state can reveal the dynamics of the focussing process in a poem, providing a unique perspective on its operation. More research is needed to extend the theory to adequately handle lyric poetry.Mary Dee Harris, Ph. D., is currently a consultant in Natural Language Processing and Artificial Intelligence in the Washington, DC, area. Her research interests are: interaction of metaphor and discourse structure, knowledge-based natural language processing, cognitive linguistic approaches to natural language processing. Her publications include: Introduction to Natural Language Processing (Prentice-Hall, 1985); Dylan Thomas the Craftsman: Computer Analysis of the Composition of a Poem,ALLC Bulletin, 7, 3 (1979), 295–300; Poetry vs the computer, in Festschrift in honor of Roberto Busa, S. J., edited by Antonio Zampolli and Laura Cignoni, University of Pisa, Fall, 1987.     

生成对抗网络在各领域应用研究进展

随着深度学习的快速发展, 生成式模型领域也取得了显著进展. 生成对抗网络(Generative adversarial network, GAN)是一种无监督的学习方法, 它是根据博弈论中的二人零和博弈理论提出的. GAN具有一个生成器网络和一个判别器网络, 并通过对抗学习进行训练. 近年来, GAN成为一个炙手可热的研究方向. GAN不仅在图像领域取得了不错的成绩, 还在自然语言处理(Natural language processing, NLP)以及其他领域崭露头角. 本文对GAN的基本原理、训练过程和传统GAN存在的问题进行了阐述, 进一步详细介绍了通过损失函数的修改、网络结构的变化以及两者结合的手段提出的GAN变种模型的原理结构, 其中包括: 条件生成对抗网络(Conditional GAN, CGAN)、基于Wasserstein 距离的生成对抗网络(Wasserstein-GAN, WGAN)及其基于梯度策略的WGAN (WGAN-gradient penalty, WGAN-GP)、基于互信息理论的生成对抗网络(Informational-GAN, InfoGAN)、序列生成对抗网络(Sequence GAN, SeqGAN)、Pix2Pix、循环一致生成对抗网络(Cycle-consistent GAN, Cycle GAN)及其增强Cycle-GAN (Augmented CycleGAN). 概述了在计算机视觉、语音与NLP领域中基于GAN和相应GAN变种模型的基本原理结构, 其中包括: 基于CGAN的脸部老化应用(Face aging CGAN, Age-cGAN)、双路径生成对抗网络(Two-pathway GAN, TP-GAN)、表示解析学习生成对抗网络(Disentangled representation learning GAN, DR-GAN)、对偶学习生成对抗网络(DualGAN)、GeneGAN、语音增强生成对抗网络(Speech enhancement GAN, SEGAN)等. 介绍了GAN在医学、数据增强等领域的应用情况, 其中包括: 数据增强生成对抗网络(Data augmentation GAN, DAGAN)、医学生成对抗网络(Medical GAN, MedGAN)、无监督像素级域自适应方法(Unsupervised pixel-level domain adaptation method, PixelDA). 最后对GAN未来发展趋势及方向进行了展望.     

哈萨克语语句情感识别研究初探

提出一种机器识别哈萨克语句情感的模型。使用条件随机场CRFs(Conditional Random Fields)对哈萨克语句中的情感关键词进行机器识别,在此基础上结合语句逻辑结构分析,能初步判断出哈萨克语句的喜、怒、哀、俱情感倾向。拓宽了哈萨克语言计算机机处理的范围。