Comparison of flavonoids profile in sprouts of common buckwheat cultivars and wild tartary buckwheat

In this study, major types of flavonoids in 7‐day sprouts of five common buckwheat cultivars grown in Poland (Hruszowska, Kora, Panda, Luba and Emka) and wild tartary buckwheat were investigated. Results demonstrated that sprouts of common buckwheat cultivars and wild tartary buckwheat contained both known and a newly discovered flavonol: quercetin 3‐O‐galactosyl‐rhamnoside. An exceptionally high content of this flavonoid was found in cotyledons of wild tartary buckwheat (30.79 ± 0.14 mg g^?1 DW), exceeding about 10 times level of rutin (3.16 ± 0.07 mg g^?1 DW). The results are not consistent with the data published so far on the content of flavonoids in sprouts of tartary buckwheat. Higher levels of flavonoids were measured in cotyledons than in hypocotyls with the exception of anthocyanins, which were present in higher amounts in hypocotyls. Cotyledons of common buckwheat sprouts were rich in C‐glycosides of luteolin and apigenin, the total content of which exceeded ca. 5 times the concentration of rutin.     

苦荞米与苦荞粉加工中营养功能成分的评价及利用

苦荞米与苦荞粉加工中各组分主要营养功能性成分的对比分析结果表明,传统制粉工艺中,营养功能性成分主要富集于麸皮,蛋白质和黄酮含量分别高达23.88% 和6.58%,但利用率仅为34.57% 和13.65%,而按蒸谷米工艺加工的苦荞香米和全营养苦荞米,其营养功能成分含量显著(p ＜ 0.01)高于苦荞粉,蛋白质和黄酮的利用率可达78.95%～89.58% 和66.44%～77.78%,同时还形成了较多的抗性淀粉,含量分别为4.68% 和6.84%。因此,苦荞米比苦荞粉具有更佳的营养价值和保健功能。     

贵州不同品种苦荞品质及其对荞麦面条加工的影响

通过对贵州地区不同品种苦荞的灰分、水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、淀粉、直链淀粉、总糖、粗纤维、总黄酮、出粉率等指标进行测定,并结合不同品种苦荞粉对苦荞面条感官品质、蒸煮损失、拉伸特性、质构特性的影响,筛选出适宜加工苦荞面条的苦荞品种。结果表明:10个品种总黄酮含量均值可达2.07 g/100 g,黔苦7号中总黄酮含量(2.95±0.11)g/100 g显著多于其他品种(P<0.05),粗蛋白含量均值为10.91 g/100 g,黔苦7号粗蛋白含量最高(12.09±0.77)g/100 g,直链淀粉含量均值达到22.85 g/100 g,出粉率均值达到70.32%。在苦荞粉添加量40%,小麦粉添加量60%,面团含水量35%的条件下制作苦荞面条,黔苦7号感官评分最高,拉伸阻力最大,弹性较好,更适用于苦荞面条加工。     

淀粉组成对荞麦面条食用和烹调品质的影响

为比较不同品种荞麦挤压面条的煮制及食用品质差异,分析其与荞麦淀粉组成的关系,研究选取八种具有代表性的苦荞、甜荞麦品种,制成挤压面条,对其煮制损失、吸水率、质构特性及感官品质进行考察;同时测定荞麦粉的直链、支链淀粉含量,分析淀粉组成与荞麦挤压面条各品质间的相关性。结果表明：在粘性、拉伸力及感官评定三个食用品质评价指标中,甜荞面条优于苦荞面条;而在烹调品质方面,甜荞与苦荞间无显著差异。总的来看,面条品质甜荞以西农9976为最佳;苦荞以西农9920为最佳。相关性分析显示,直链淀粉含量与煮制损失间存在显著性正相关关系（r=0.878）;支链淀粉含量显著影响面条的吸水率（r=0.917）,粘性（r=0.740）和硬度评分（r=-0.689）。结果说明不同品种荞麦面条的食用品质差异显著,支链淀粉含量是影响荞麦挤压面条食用品质的重要因素。     

挤压糊化处理对苦荞粉理化性质的影响

为研究挤压糊化处理对苦荞粉理化性质的影响,利用单螺杆挤压机对苦荞粉进行挤压糊化处理,得到糊化 度分别为37.7%、56.3%、74.3%及94.2%的苦荞粉,并对其基本成分、水合特性、糊化特性、热力学特性及微观结 构进行测定。结果表明：随着糊化度增加,淀粉、蛋白质及灰分质量分数总体无显著变化（P＞0.05）,总黄酮和 脂肪质量分数显著减少（P＜0.05）,颜色变深;破损淀粉质量分数、吸水性指数及保水性显著增加（P＜0.05）; 快速黏度分析结果表明挤压处理苦荞粉峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、回生值下降,峰值时间缩短;扫描电子显 微镜结果表明,苦荞粉颗粒为圆形或不规则多边形,而挤压糊化处理后苦荞粉颗粒没有固定形态,表面粗糙且有裂 纹和小孔。上述理化性质的研究可为进一步的机理及应用研究提供参考。     

不同糊化度苦荞粉理化性质和体外消化性的研究

以苦荞全粉和芯粉为原料,通过挤压膨化制备不同糊化度(61.27％～97.65％)的苦荞粉样品,对其理化特性及体外消化性进行研究.结果表明:随着糊化度的增大,苦荞粉的水分、脂肪及黄酮含量显著降低(P＜0.05);粒径、吸水性指数、水溶性指数及膨胀度显著增大(P＜0.05);快速黏度分析结果表明高糊化度苦荞粉的峰值黏度、谷...     

液态发酵对西农9940苦荞主要成分及其抗氧化活性的强化作用

利用液态发酵技术富集苦荞渣中的营养物质,测定分析西农9940苦荞粉及其经液态发酵后所得苦荞渣的蛋白质、粗脂肪、矿物质、粗纤维、灰分、总黄酮、总酚含量以及氨基酸和脂肪酸组成,并以总还原能力、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-dipheny1-2-picryl-hydrazyl,DPPH)自由基和2,2'-联氮-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐自由基(2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate)radical,ABTS+·)清除能力为指标对抗氧化活性进行综合评价。结果表明苦荞渣的蛋白质、粗脂肪、灰分、粗纤维、矿物质含量均显著提高,且液态发酵过程不改变苦荞粉的氨基酸及脂肪酸组成。苦荞渣的总酚含量为1 343.22 mg/100 g,显著高于苦荞粉559.76 mg/100 g,总黄酮含量为2 186.06 mg/100 g,显著低于苦荞粉2 464.10 mg/100 g,芦丁和槲皮素含量的测定也进一步证明发酵后苦荞渣的总黄酮含量显著降低,但其总还原能力、DPPH自由基和ABTS+·清除能力显著高于苦荞粉,说明经过发酵后苦荞渣的抗氧化能力更强。     

超微粉碎对苦荞面条品质特性的影响

为提高苦荞麦的利用价值和苦荞面条的食用品质,利用超微粉碎技术制备超微苦荞麦粉,考察超微粉碎和超微粉粒径对苦荞麦粉的粉质特性及其面条品质特性的影响。结果表明,随着粒径的减小,苦荞麦粉的破损淀粉质量分数显著增加（P＜0.05）,面粉亮度值由72.20升高至77.48。同时,随着粒径的减小,苦荞麦粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度均显著上升（P＜0.05）。超微粉碎技术的应用提升了苦荞麦粉的整体糊化特性,使得面团能够更快成型,稳定时间延长,面团的黏弹性增强,内部网络结构愈发均匀致密。利用超微粉制作全苦荞麦面条,断条率显著下降（P＜0.05）,最佳蒸煮时间和蒸煮损失最多减少约50%,质构特性显著改善。     

Antioxidant properties of tartary buckwheat extracts as affected by different thermal processing methods

The effects of roasting, pressured-steam heating and microwave heating on total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant properties of whole-meal flour from tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) were investigated. The total phenolics were evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteau assay, total flavonoids by aluminum nitrate colorimetric assay whilst antioxidant properties were based on free radical scavenging activity of flour extracts against hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in vitro. This study showed that thermal treatment of buckwheat flour caused a decrease in total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidative activities. The changes in trend of the antioxidant activities due to the thermal treatment were positively correlated with the content of phenolics (R² = 0.8401-0.9909). Therefore, it can be suggested that special care should be taken when processing method is selected for the exploration of tartary buckwheat products.     

Antioxidative and reducing capacity,macroelements content and sensorial properties of buckwheat‐enhanced gluten‐free bread

Common buckwheat flour (BF) was used to substitute 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of corn starch, the main component of a gluten‐free bread formula, to make buckwheat‐enhanced gluten‐free breads. The 40% BF‐enhanced gluten‐free bread showed the highest antioxidant capacity against ABTS⁺˙ and DPPH˙ radicals (4.1 and 2.5 μmol Trolox g^?1 DM, respectively) and reducing capacity measured by cyclic voltammetry (1.5 μmol Trolox g^?1 DM). The antioxidant and reducing capacity of buckwheat‐enhanced gluten‐free breads were positively correlated with their total phenolic contents (r = 0.97). The 40% BF‐enhanced gluten‐free bread showed the highest overall sensory quality (7.1 units) when compared to control gluten‐free bread (1.8 units). The linear relationship between applied increasing BF doses in gluten‐free bread formula and magnesium, phosphorus and potassium content in breads was noted. It was concluded that 40% BF‐enhanced gluten‐free bread could be developed and dedicated to those people suffering from coeliac disease.     

Minerals,phytic acid,tannin and rutin in buckwheat seed milling fractions

The composition of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) seed milling fractions depends upon the relative abundance of various seed tissues in each. Fancy (light) flour contains mainly central endosperm, while the bran milling fraction has seed coat and some embryo tissues. Phytate, found in protein bodies of embryo and aleurone cells, is the major storage form of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and some microelements in seeds. Phytic acid (35–38 g kg^?1) and minerals are concentrated in bran, a milling fraction with high concentrations of phytate‐rich tissues. Polyphenolics, including condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins), are also concentrated in bran (11–15 g kg^?1). Rutin is concentrated in the hull of common buckwheat (0.8–4.4 g kg^?1). Rutin concentration is low (0.2–0.3 g kg^?1) in groats of common buckwheat but higher (0.7–0.8 g kg^?1) in bran containing hull fragments. Rutin is 300‐fold more concentrated (81 g kg^?1) in groats of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L) Gaertn) than in groats of common buckwheat. Only small amounts of quercetin were detected. Bran is a concentrated source of phytic acid and tannins, a consideration in consumption of large amounts of buckwheat bran for nutritional or medicinal purposes. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Distribution of a novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory substance (2″-hydroxynicotianamine) in the flour,plant parts,and processed products of buckwheat

2″-Hydroxynicotianamine (HNA) is a recently discovered angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory compound present in buckwheat which displays hypotensive activity. Here, HNA levels in buckwheat flour, plants, and products were quantified to examine the potential functionality of this food. The HNA content of buckwheat flour ranged from 16–28 mg per 100 g dry weight. When the content was evaluated by the milling stage, common buckwheat contained 24.3, 24.1, and 34.1 mg in the inner, middle, and outer layers, respectively, whereas tartary buckwheat contained 16.8, 30.5, and 51.8 mg of HNA, respectively. Comparison of the distribution of HNA within buckwheat plants revealed that HNA was predominantly localised in seeds (buckwheat flour). The residual HNA levels after cooking ranged from 21% to 41% in dried buckwheat noodles. This study clarified that buckwheat flour contains high levels of HNA and is a readily available source of HNA if incorporated into one’s diet, which may help reduce hypertension.     

复合湿热处理对苦荞全粉理化特性及体外消化性的影响

采用湿热处理(HM-T)、湿热复合普鲁兰酶处理(HM-E-T)、湿热复合微波处理(HM-M-T)、湿热复合柠檬酸处理(HM-C-T)4种方法,研究不同湿热处理对苦荞全粉(N-T)理化特性及消化性的影响.结果表明:经处理后苦荞全粉总膳食纤维和直链淀粉含量显著增加(P>0.05),其中HM-E-T效果最显著,HM-C-T次之;差示热量扫描仪检测结果显示,湿热处理后苦荞全粉黏度均显著降低且相变峰消失;X射线衍射结果表明,HM-T淀粉仍为A型结晶,HM-E-T淀粉由A型淀粉转变为A+B+V的多晶型,而HM-M-T和HM-C-T淀粉失去了原有晶形结构,淀粉相对结晶度从23.0％(N-T)下降至20.9％(HM-T)、18.4％(HM-E-T)、12.6％(HM-M-T)和10.6％(HM-C-T);扫描电子显微镜和激光共聚焦电子显微镜观察结果表明,处理后的苦荞全粉微观结构发生不同程度的变化,蛋白质和淀粉发生一定程度复合.体外消化结果显示,苦荞全粉中抗性淀粉质量分数从9.69％(N-T)分别增加到11.49％(HM-T)、14.12％(HM-E-T)、11.97％(HM-M-T)、13.01％(HM-C-T);预估血糖生成指数(eGI)出现不同程度的降低,即57.85(N-T)>56.03(HM-T)>55.65(HM-M-T)>55.18(HM-C-T)>50.22(HM-E-T),特别是HM-E-T后的苦荞全粉eGI值降低效果最明显.复合湿热处理比湿热处理更能有效降低餐后谷物血糖生成指数(GI)值,其中HM-E-T后的苦荞全粉可作为低GI食品的理想原料.     

提高苦荞醋黄酮含量的工艺研究

液态发酵苦荞醋过程中黄酮损失大,发酵液由于多糖含量高导致黏稠度大而影响生产。该实验以经过多糖、黄酮提取的苦荞粉为原料酿制苦荞醋,再将所提取的黄酮添加到苦荞醋中,在同样条件下以未提取多糖、黄酮的苦荞粉酿造苦荞醋为对照,探究苦荞破碎度、糊化与否、糖化时添加不同蛋白酶等条件对苦荞粉酿醋的影响。结果表明,苦荞破碎度＞40目、糖化后添加中性蛋白酶、不糊化等条件下,将提取的黄酮加入处理过的苦荞粉所酿制的苦荞醋中可有效提高黄酮含量,酿制的苦荞醋黄酮含量（5.20 mg/mL）,比对照（3.02 mg/mL）提高了72.19%。     

不同光照对荞麦芽黄酮类化合物及相关代谢酶基因表达的影响

通过分析不同品种荞麦的发芽形态及发芽后总酚、总黄酮的含量,从10 个荞麦品种（7 个苦荞和3 个甜荞）中筛选出2 个最适合生产荞麦芽的品种：‘蒙古2号’苦荞和‘西农9976’甜荞。将筛选出的品种进行不同发光二极管（light-emitting diode,LED）光照发芽处理,比较荞麦芽中总酚及黄酮的含量,同时分析不同光照下苦荞芽中苯丙氨酸解氨酶、黄酮醇合酶、查耳酮合酶及查耳酮异构酶的基因表达,探讨其作用机理。结果表明,‘蒙古2号’提高黄酮类化合物含量的最佳处理方式是白光光照,其中荭草苷、异荭草苷含量分别提高了63%、69%（发芽6 d）,总黄酮含量提高了40%～53%（发芽2～6 d）;‘西农9976’提高黄酮类化合物含量的最佳处理方式是红光光照,其中芦丁含量提升70%（发芽6 d）,总黄酮含量最多提高111%（发芽2～6 d）。荞麦芽中总酚含量均是在红光作用下提高最多,其中‘西农9976’总酚含量最多提高83%（发芽2～6 d）,且光照处理可明显上调4 种代谢酶基因的表达水平。     

Isoflavone content in soy germ flours prepared from two drying methods

Isoflavone glucosides and aglucons in various soybean varieties (Chiang Mai‐60, S.J.‐5, Chiang Mai‐2, Srisumrong‐1, and Nakhonsawan‐1) harvested from dry vs. rainy seasons were quantified. Isoflavone contents of all soy germs ranged from 16.5 to 30.6 μmol g^?1. Regardless of varieties, isoflavone contents in germ of seeds from dry season were higher (P < 0.05) than those from rainy season. The Chiang Mai‐60 germ, having the highest isoflavone content (30.6 μmol g^?1), was selected for germ flour production. Freeze‐dried germ flour contained higher isoflavone aglucons (17.72 μmol g^?1 daidzein; 6.48 mg g^?1 glycitein; 4.28 μmol g^?1 genistein) than those (15.07; 5.59; 3.41) of drum‐dried germ flour. However, isoflavone glucoside contents in freeze‐dried germ flour (3.27 μmol g^?1 daidzin; 1.86 μmol g^?1 glycitin; 1.41 μmol g^?1 genistin) were lower than those (5.22; 3.15; 1.89) of drum‐dried germ flour. Total isoflavone contents of drum‐dried and freeze‐dried germ flours were comparable (34.32 vs. 35.02 μmol g^?1) but more than that (30.16 μmol g^?1) of unprocessed germ flour.     

In‐gel detection and study of the role of flavonol 3‐glucosidase in the bitter taste generation in tartary buckwheat

The present study demonstrated that flavonol 3‐glucosidase (f3g) is an important cause of bitter taste generation in tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) flour using the f3g complement test. To screen the f3g deletion line, which must have little bitter taste, an in‐gel method to detect individual f3g isozymes in tartary buckwheat seeds was developed. The f3g isozymes in tartary buckwheat seed were stained using a rutin–copper complex on the native–PAGE gel. This method was able to clearly detect as little as 1.4 ng of individual f3g isozymes within 20 min following electrophoresis. With this method, screening of the f3g deletion line can be conducted efficiently and will result in a better taste in tartary buckwheat flour. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

微波协同L-苯丙氨酸处理对苦荞萌发中黄酮的影响

以川乔1号苦荞种子为研究对象,研究微波处理协同营养液L-苯丙氨酸(L-Phe)处理富集发芽苦荞黄酮效果.采用单因素和CCD响应面优化的方法,以苦荞芽中黄酮含量为指标,优化微波协同L-Phe处理下苦荞萌发富集黄酮的最佳工艺,并采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对苦荞芽中黄酮成分进行分析.结果表明,最优富集工艺为:苦荞种子经消...     

Evaluation of the performance of flours from cross- and self-pollinating Canadian common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) cultivars in soba noodles

Two Canadian cross-pollinating common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) varieties, Koban and Koto, and two self-pollinating lines, BR01 and BR06, were dehulled and roller milled on a pilot mill to produce three distinct milled products, white flour, dark flour and whole groat flour. The white flours contained mostly starch (79.2–87.2%), whereas the dark flours were rich in proteins (37.1–38.7%), dietary fibre (15.2–22.0%), ash (5.49–5.99%), and fagopyritols (1420–2220 mg/100 g). The buckwheat flours were blended with wheat flour (Canada Western Red Spring straight grade flour) at 60:40 ratios and evaluated for soba noodle properties. Significant differences in milling properties, and in raw noodle colour and texture were detected among cultivars, although the impact of flour type on noodle properties was far greater. The self-pollinating lines exhibited comparable milling and soba noodle properties to Koban. Koto exhibited slightly higher white flour yield and generally firmer noodle texture compared to the other lines. White flours produced the brightest noodles, followed by whole groat and dark flours. Dark flours yielded the thickest cooked noodles with the largest maximum cutting stress and greatest resistance to compression. Noodles prepared with white flour offered the best chewiness, springiness and recovery parameters. Soba noodles prepared with dark flours contained considerably higher amounts of minerals, proteins, dietary fibre, and fagopyritols than noodles prepared with white flour.     

Composition of Ghanian fermented maize meal and the effect of soya fortification on sensory properties

There were no significant differences in the composition of four fermented maize doughs used by different ethnic groups in Ghana. The average maize dough contained 49.6% moisture, 37.5% starch and had a titratable acidity of 4.3 mg NaOH g^?1 and pH of 3.76. Fermented maize dough (48% m.c.) was fortified with defatted soya flour at 50, 100, 150 and 200 g kg^?1 on a replacement basis and used in two traditional food products. Triangle taste tests indicated a significant difference between the control and samples fortified with 10% or more soya flour. Based on a preference test, maize dough products with up to 10% added soya flour were acceptable to Ghanaians.