Evaluation of pre‐heating and extraction solvents in antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of garlic,and their application in fresh pork patties

The objectives of this study were to screen the optimum conditions for antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of garlic as affected by pre‐heating and different extraction solvents, and to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of these extracts in ground meat during refrigerated storage. Methanol extracted garlic had a greater total phenolic content, 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)‐radical scavenging activity and reducing power than water extracted one (P < 0.05), whereas the latter had a greater yield and iron chelating ability than the former (P < 0.05). Moreover, water extract from fresh garlic (WEFG) and methanol extract from heated garlic (MEHG) produced an inhibition zone against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. The addition of garlic extracts (WEFG, MEHG and their combinations WEFMEHG)) to pork patties decreased the pH, hunter a values (redness), thiobarbituric acid substances values and the number of total plate count and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05), while the hunter b values (yellowness) increased (P < 0.05). Results of this study indicated that the use of the garlic extracts was able to control lipid oxidation and microbial growth in pork patties.     

Antioxidative properties of onion peel extracts against lipid oxidation in raw ground pork

Onion peels extracted with various concentrations of ethanol were examined for their extraction yield, total phenolic content, DPPH scavenging activity, and reducing power. Onion peel extracted with 50% ethanol exhibited higher extraction yields, total phenolic content, and DPPH scavenging activity than extracts from distilled water, 70 or 95% ethanol. Thus, the antioxidative efficiency to inhibit lipid oxidation of ascorbic acid (0.05%) and 50% ethanol extract of onion peel (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2%) in raw ground pork was investigated during chilled storage (16 days). The pH of the samples decreased considerably during storage (p<0.05). Addition of ethanol onion peel extract significantly improved the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and peroxide values in raw ground pork meat (p<0.05). Therefore, onion peel extract by 50% ethanol is a very effective inhibitor of lipid oxidation and has potential as a natural antioxidant in raw ground pork.     

Effects of extracts of spices on rumen methanogenesis,enzyme activities and fermentation of feeds in vitro

BACKGROUND: An experiment was conducted to study the effects of boiling water, methanol and ethanol extracts (0, 0.25 and 0.50 mL) of seeds of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (clove), bulbs of Allium sativum (garlic), bulbs of Allium cepa (onion) and roots of Zingiber officinalis (ginger) on rumen methanogenesis, fibrolytic enzyme activities and fermentation characteristics in vitro. RESULTS: Ethanol and methanol extracts of fennel, clove and garlic at 0.50 mL and clove at 0.25 mL inhibited (P < 0.05) methane production. Carboxymethylcellulase activity was reduced (P < 0.05) by ethanol and methanol extracts (0.50 mL) of fennel and clove (0.25 and 0.50 mL). The extracts of clove reduced (0.25 and 0.50 mL) xylanase and acetylesterase activities, and the fennel extract (0.50 mL) reduced (P < 0.05) xylanase activity. However, the extracts of garlic (0.50 mL) increased (P < 0.05) acetylesterase activity. Concentrations of volatile fatty acids were reduced (P < 0.05) by the extracts of garlic and onion. The extracts of garlic caused a decrease (P < 0.05) in acetate:propionate ratio (A:P) at 0.50 mL, whereas A:P was increased (P < 0.05) by the inclusion of 0.50 mL extracts of clove. Methanol and ethanol extracts of clove decreased (P < 0.05) in vitro organic matter degradability. Extracts (0.50 mL) of clove decreased (P < 0.05) the numbers of total protozoa, small entodiniomorphs and holotrichs, whereas extracts of onion, ginger and garlic enhanced (P < 0.05) protozoal numbers (both entodiniomorphs and holotrichs). CONCLUSION: Ethanol and methanol extracts of fennel and garlic have potential to inhibit rumen methanogenesis without adversely affecting rumen fermentation. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of a brown seaweed (Laminaria digitata) extract containing laminarin and fucoidan on the quality and shelf-life of fresh and cooked minced pork patties

A spray-dried seaweed extract containing laminarin (L, 9.3%) and fucoidan (F, 7.8%) (L/F extract) from brown seaweed (Laminaria digitata) was added directly to minced pork (M. longissimus dorsi) (LD) at levels of 0.01%, 0.1% and 0.5% (w/w). Fresh and cooked minced pork patties were stored in modified atmosphere packs containing 80% O₂:20% CO₂ and 70% N₂:30% CO₂, respectively, for up to 14 days at 4 °C. The L/F extract reduced the surface redness (‘a*’ values) of fresh patties as a function of concentration. The L/F extract (0.5%) exerted the greatest lipid pro-oxidant activity in fresh patties. The L/F extract (0.5%) significantly decreased (P < 0.05) lipid oxidation in cooked patties. The L/F extract had no effect on the microbiological status, pH, water holding capacity (WHC) or cook loss of patties. Pork patties containing 0.01% L/F were preferred by sensory panellists. Further research will focus on the use of refined purified seaweed extracts in functional meat products.     

大叶紫薇叶提取物抗氧化性能的研究

采用不同溶剂对大叶紫薇叶进行浸泡提取,计算提取率,并用FolinCiocalteu方法测定总酚含量;采用DPPH分析法和FRAP分析法评估了不同溶剂提取物的抗氧化活性,选出抗氧化活性最高的提取物添加到猪肉中,于4℃光照下贮存12d,通过测定贮存期间猪肉的TBARS值、pH值和亨特L、a、b值,评估了提取物抗脂质氧化、防腐保鲜和护色作用,并与BHT、VE、茶多酚比较。结果表明,不同溶剂提取物显示出不同的抗氧化活性,其中甲醇提取物抗氧化活性最高(高于BHT),其提取率和总酚含量也最高。大叶紫薇叶甲醇提取物在生猪肉中具有明显的抗脂质氧化和防腐保鲜的作用,且随着提取物含量的增大,抗氧化的效果增强,有明显的量效关系。     

Screening of phytochemicals in fresh lamb meat patties stored in modified atmosphere packs: influence on selected meat quality characteristics

This study was carried out to determine the antioxidant activity of phytochemicals and plant extracts in fresh lamb patties. Quality indices such as colour (Hunter L* a* b*), lipid oxidation (TBARS) and pH were measured over an 8‐day storage period. Resveratrol, citroflavan‐3‐ol, olive leaf extract and Echinacea purpurea were added to raw minced M. longissimus dorsi lamb patties, at concentrations ranging from 0–400 mg kg^?1 lamb meat, stored in high oxygen modified atmospheres packs (75% O₂:25% CO₂) for up to 8 days at 4 °C. The pH of the lamb meat was not significantly affected by the addition of the phytochemicals and plant extracts examined (P > 0.05). Resveratrol and citroflavan‐3‐ol decreased (P < 0.05) lipid oxidation in raw lamb patties during storage and increased a* values (P < 0.05), relative to controls. By contrast, olive leaf extract and Echinacea purpurea did not exhibit antioxidant activity or promote higher a* values relative to controls. Results obtained demonstrate potential for the development of functional meats using plant extracts such as resveratrol and citroflavan‐3‐ol.     

Effect of plant phenolics,tocopherol and ascorbic acid on oxidative stability of pork patties

BACKGROUND: There is great interest in the use of naturally occurring antioxidants to delay oxidation in meat products. The effect of rosemary extract (RE), green tea extract (TE), tocopherol, trolox, ascorbic acid (AA) and ascorbyl palmitate (AP), at levels of 50–200 ppm of antioxidant components, on colour (CIE L*a*b*), lipid (TBARS) and protein oxidation (thiol groups) in fresh, frozen and cooked pork patties during illuminated chill storage was investigated. Individual components of RE and TE were also tested. RESULTS: RE, TE, AP, tocopherol and trolox equally inhibited lipid oxidation in fresh and frozen patties, whereas for cooked patties RE was most effective. AA stimulated lipid oxidation. No dose effect in the range of 50–200 ppm was found for fresh and frozen patties, whereas for cooked patties higher doses of RE and TE more efficiently prevented lipid oxidation. Protein oxidation was hardly influenced by antioxidant treatment. Colour stability decreased as follows: tocopherol, AA and AP > RE and TE > trolox. Antioxidant properties of the extracts and their major antioxidant components were comparable. CONCLUSION: The relative effect of the antioxidants depends on the oxidation parameter assessed, the applied dose and the hydrophilic/lipophilic character. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Evaluation of the effects of selected phytochemicals on quality indices and sensorial properties of raw and cooked pork stored in different packaging systems

The effects of lutein (100, 200 μg/g muscle), sesamol (250, 500 μg/g muscle), ellagic acid (300, 600 μg/g muscle) and olive leaf extract (100, 200 μg/g muscle) on lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances TBARs), colour (CIE L∗, a∗, b∗), pH, texture profile analysis (TPA), water holding capacity (WHC), cooking losses and sensorial properties of fresh and cooked pork patties were investigated. Raw and cooked minced pork (M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum) containing added lutein, sesamol, ellagic acid or olive leaf extract were stored aerobically or in modified atmosphere packs (MAP) for up to 8 and 12 days, respectively. Lutein, sesamol, ellagic acid and olive leaf extract had no significant effect on microbial status, cook loss, pH or WHC. Lipid oxidation was reduced (P < 0.001) in raw and cooked pork patties stored in aerobic packs and in MAP following addition of sesamol, ellagic acid and olive leaf extract. Antioxidant effectiveness in raw and cooked patties was in the order: sesamol = ellagic acid > olive leaf extract > lutein. Lutein increased (P < 0.001) b∗ yellowness values in raw pork patties. Addition of lutein, sesamol, ellagic acid and olive leaf extract to pork had no detrimental effects on the organoleptic properties of cooked patties but altered (P < 0.05) instrumental textural attributes. Results highlight the potential of using natural functional ingredients in the development of functional pork products with enhanced quality and shelf-life.     

迷迭香提取物对真空包装熟猪肉饼抗氧化和抑菌效果的影响

以真空包装熟猪肉饼为试材,探讨不同质量分数迷迭香提取物的抗氧化、抑菌能力及其对肉饼品质的影响。将0.03%、0.06%和0.09%的迷迭香提取物分别添加到肉饼中,对肉饼在10 d冷藏期间的硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituricacid reactive substance,TBARS）值、菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、pH值、红度值（a*）和质构进行测定,并与0.02%二丁基羟基甲苯（butylated hydroxytoluene,BHT）进行比较。结果表明：添加迷迭香提取物的各处理组抗脂肪氧化能力高于空白对照组（P＜0.05）,迷迭香提取物添加量为0.09%的处理组在前7 d的冷藏过程中抑菌能力显著高于空白对照组（P＜0.05）。添加迷迭香提取物的各处理组TVB-N含量在冷藏4 d后显著低于空白对照组,而pH值在整个冷藏过程中均显著低于空白对照组（P＜0.05）。在冷藏1 d后,添加0.09%迷迭香提取物的肉饼a*值与空白对照组相比显著上升,而在冷藏7、10 d后,添加迷迭香提取物的各处理组a*值均显著升高（P＜0.05）。此外,添加迷迭香提取物的各处理组咀嚼性在冷藏4、7、10 d后显著升高,硬度在冷藏1、10 d后显著升高,迷迭香提取物添加量为0.09%的肉饼在冷藏4、7 d后硬度也显著提升（P＜0.05）。可见,迷迭香提取物能有效抑制真空包装熟猪肉饼的脂肪氧化及微生物生长,并且能在一定程度上改善其颜色和质构。     

Physicochemical Properties,and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Effects of Garlic and Onion Powder in Fresh Pork Belly and Loin during Refrigerated Storage

ABSTRACT: Pork loin and belly cuts were pumped to 110% of their original weight with solutions containing 5% of various ingredients (sodium ascorbate, garlic, and onion powder), and evaluated the physicochemical properties, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities during refrigerated storage at 8 °C. The addition of garlic and onion powder tended to increase redness (a) and yellowness (b) in both the belly lean and loin with the exception of a few cases. Free fatty acid values in both pork belly and loin cuts were reduced with the addition of these ingredients, as compared to the control. Significant differences in peroxide values were observed in sodium ascorbate and garlic‐injected belly, and in sodium ascorbate and onion‐injected loin, as compared to the control. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance values in the pork belly with garlic or onion powder were significantly lower than in the belly without these ingredients or with sodium ascorbate (P < 0.05). Total plate counts were lower in both the belly and loin containing garlic and onion powder, as compared to the control. In both the belly and loin cuts, the content of oxidative products (volatile compounds) was reduced with the addition of garlic and onion powder, particularly the aldehydes (hexanal). Overall, garlic and onion in enhanced meats showed an antioxidant activity as effective as that of sodium ascorbate and also an antimicrobial effect to inhibit the growth of total bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae.     

Enrichment of fresh pasta with antioxidant extracts obtained from artichoke canning by‐products by ultrasound‐assisted technology and quality characterisation of the end product

This work is aimed at: (i) analysing the extracts obtained from canning by‐products of three artichoke cultivars (Opal, Capriccio and Catanese) for antioxidant parameters; (ii) comparing UHPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS profile, colour, textural properties and cooking performance of fresh pasta enriched of the most antioxidant extract, with control pasta. The concentrated Catanese cv. extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity (1662 μmol Trolox equivalents L^?1) and the highest levels of luteolin‐7‐O‐rutinoside, luteolin‐7‐O‐glucoside and apigenin‐7‐O‐rutinoside compared to other cultivars. Fresh pasta enriched of Catanese extract showed higher (P < 0.05) phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity (500 mg gallic acid kg^?1 and 1324 μmol Trolox kg^?1, respectively) than control pasta (306 mg gallic acid kg^?1 and 886 μmol Trolox kg^?1, respectively). The extract increased (P < 0.05) pasta brownness (from 19.93 to 23.34), and decreased yellowness (from 27.11 to 23.09), but did not alter textural and cooking parameters. So, pasta was a good vehicle to increase the antioxidant dietary intake.     

Antioxidant activity of pomegranate rind powder extract in cooked chicken patties

The radical scavenging activity, reducing power and phenolic composition of pomegranate rind powder extract (RP) were determined and antioxidant properties of RP was evaluated in cooked chicken patties compared with vitamin C (VC) during refrigerated storage. Freshly minced chicken meat were assigned to one of the following six treatments: control (meat without any antioxidant); RP 5, RP 10, RP 15 and RP 20 (5, 10, 15 and 20 mg equivalent RP phenolics 100 g^?1 meat, respectively) and VC 50 (50 mg VC 100 g^?1 meat). The RP exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher reducing power and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity. Incorporation of RP into chicken patties significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the HunterLab L* values compared with control and VC patties. Total phenolic content (as tannic acid equivalent) significantly (P < 0.05) increased from 308 in control to 441 μg g^?1 in RP 20 patties. Addition of RP to chicken patties did not affect any of the sensory attributes. The values of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced from 1.530 in control patties to 0.135 mg malonaldehyde kg^?1 samples in RP patties. Pomegranate rind powder extract treatment (RP 10, RP 15 and RP 20) substantially inhibited (P < 0.05) lipid oxidation in cooked chicken patties to a much greater extent than VC treatment. Therefore, pomegranate rind powder can be utilized as an excellent natural antioxidant source.     

迷迭香提取物对冷藏调理猪肉饼品质的影响

研究不同剂量迷迭香提取物对4 ℃冷藏调理猪肉饼抗脂肪氧化、抑菌能力及品质特性的影响。将0.03%、0.06%和0.09%的迷迭香提取物分别添加到调理猪肉饼中,测定其在10 d冷藏过程中硫代巴比妥酸值、菌落总数、pH值、颜色（L*、a*、b*值）、出品率和感官指标的变化。结果表明：与对照组相比,添加迷迭香提取物的各处理组具有显著的抗脂肪氧化效果和更高的出品率（P＜0.05）,效果与添加0.02%二丁基羟基甲苯相当。迷迭香提取物添加量为0.06%和0.09%的处理组在冷藏7 d后表现出显著的抑菌能力（P＜0.05）,这两组的pH值在冷藏期间显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。迷迭香提取物添加量为0.06%的猪肉饼在冷藏4 d后红度值（a*）与对照组相比显著升高（P＜0.05）,迷迭香提取物添加量为0.09%的猪肉饼在10 d冷藏过程中亮度值（L*）显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,而这两组猪肉饼的黄度值（b*）在冷藏期间均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。此外,猪肉饼的香气、质地和总体可接受程度均没有随迷迭香提取物添加量的增加而发生显著变化（P＞0.05）。可见,迷迭香提取物在调理猪肉饼中具有较好的抗氧化和抑菌效果,并且在一定程度上能改善肉饼颜色,而对肉饼的感官品质不会造成不良影响。     

Antioxidant activity of lactic-fermented Chinese cabbage

Lactic-fermented cabbage, similar to Kimchi in Korea, is a very popular fermented vegetable product in Taiwan and China. In this study, fermented cabbage prepared by a dry-salt method was first extracted with water and methanol. Antioxidant activity such as DPPH radical scavenging effects, reducing power and Fe²⁺-chelating ability of the solvent extracts of fermented cabbage was determined and the effect of fermentation on the change of antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid content was also investigated. Results revealed that antioxidant activity observed on the Chinese cabbage mixture may vary with extraction solvents and fermentation. Generally, the methanol extract of the cabbage mixture showed a higher DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing activity than the water extract. Although, fermentation did not alter the Fe²⁺-chelating ability and reducing activity of the methanol extract of the cabbage mixture, it reduced these same antioxidant activities in the water extract. Amongst the various extracts examined, the methanol extract of fermented cabbage showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging effect. On the other hand, the highest Fe²⁺-ion chelating and reducing activities were exerted by the methanol extracts of both the cabbage mixture and the fermented cabbage, which showed no significant difference (p < 0.05). Additionally, the type of solvent and fermentation were also found to affect the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extracts. Fermentation increased the total phenolic content of the methanol extract, whilst reducing the total flavonoid content of the water extract. Furthermore, changes in the antioxidant activity observed on the extracts of the cabbage mixture and fermented cabbage did not coincide exactly with the total phenolic and total flavonoid content.     

Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic Content of the Aqueous Extract of Commonly Consumed Cucurbits

The antioxidant capacity of commonly consumed cucurbits vegetable was determined by the DPPH, FRAP, Fe³⁺ reducing power, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay. The aqueous extract of Luffa cylindrica showed the highest value of phenolic content and antioxidant capacity based on FRAP, Fe³⁺ reducing power, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay. However, Laginaria siceraria extract showed the highest flavonoid and DPPH scavenging activities among all three cucurbits used in this study. Phenolic content in aqueous extracts of Luffa cylindrica and Laginaria siceraria was almost equal. Cucurbita maxima exhibited the lowest phenolic, flavonoid content, and exhibited the lowest power of antioxidant scavenging. The antioxidant capacity of cucurbits was significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with the phenolic content of their extracts. The antioxidant capacity of Luffa cylindrica and Laginaria siceraria have also shown a significant correlation (P < 0.05).     

Antioxidant Activities of Purple Rice Bran Extract and Its Effect on the Quality of Low-NaCl, Phosphate-Free Patties Made from Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) Belly Flap Meat

ABSTRACT:  Purple rice bran contains high amounts of natural antioxidants that consist of water- and lipid-soluble compounds. Hexane-insoluble and hexane-soluble fractions were separated from 100% methanolic extract from purple rice bran (RBE-HI and RBE-HS, respectively). Total anthocyanin, tannin, flavonoid, and phenolics contents were determined in those fractions, and their antioxidant capacities were evaluated by measuring 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capability, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and iron chelating capability (ICC). RBE-HI and RBE-HS were also added to restructured patties made from minced channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) belly flap meat. Lipid oxidation, color, and/or textural properties were determined for raw and cooked patties during a 12-d storage at 4 °C. All antioxidant indices, except for ICC, of RBE-HI were significantly higher than those of RBE-HS due probably to its higher anthocyanin content ( P < 0.05). RBE-HS showed higher ICC ( P < 0.05). However, both fractions showed similar antioxidant activity in raw and cooked patties during storage, resulting from the complexity of antioxidant action in food systems. Textural properties (hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness, and springiness) in cooked patties with RBE-HS and RBE-HI were well maintained during storage, but changed significantly in the control ( P < 0.05). Only RBE-HS limited microbial growth in raw patties during storage ( P < 0.05), but its inhibitory effect was marginal because of low-dose and physical interactions with the matrix. L * (lightness) and a * (redness) of raw and cooked patties decreased significantly by both fractions, whereas b * (yellowness) was significantly decreased by RBE-HI and increased by RBE-HS ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, we suggest that purple rice bran extract is applicable to meat products as a natural preservative, but color change in the products may limit its application.     

Use of natural food/plant extracts: cloudberry (Rubus Chamaemorus), beetroot (Beta Vulgaris “Vulgaris”) or willow herb (Epilobium angustifolium) to reduce lipid oxidation of cooked pork patties

The antioxidant activity of plant extracts (100 and 500 mg/kg) from cloudberry, willow herb and beetroot on thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactive substances (TBARS) development and hexanal content of cooked pork patties was investigated. Pure quercetin, rutin and caffeic acid were tested in parallel for comparison. The most potent antioxidants on stabilizing oxidation were cloudberry extract and quercetin. The lowest antioxidant activity was found with the addition of pure rutin to the meat. Caffeic acid showed an intermediate activity. At a concentration of 100 mg/kg, beetroot and willow herb extracts showed an antioxidant activity on TBARS and hexanal contents similar to that observed for caffeic acid during 3 days of refrigerated display, while cloudberry extract was as potent as quercetin. At a concentration of 500 mg/kg, beetroot and willow herb extract stabilized hexanal production of cooked pork patties after 6 days of refrigerated storage in a way comparable to that observed for pure quercetin and cloudberry extract. TBARS numbers were well correlated with hexanal content in cooked pork patties on day 3 of refrigerated storage. However, hexanal production and TBARS numbers were not highly correlated in samples with the highest level of beetroot (500 mg/kg). Hexanal production was inhibited by the high level of beetroot, but TBARS production was not, perhaps because the red color of beetroot extract interfered with the determination of the pink TBA chromogen.     

Antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of onion (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Allium cepa</Emphasis> L.) extracts

In the current study, we evaluated total phenolics, phenolic profile, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of onion (Allium cepa L.). The inhibitory activity of onion extracts against porcine pancreatic α-amylase and rat intestinal α-glucosidase was also investigated. Ethyl alcohol extract of onion skin had the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, ORAC value and total phenolic content, followed by water extract of skin, ethyl alcohol extract of pulp, and water extract of pulp. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the extracts was compared to selected specific phenolics detected in the extracts using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Quercetin, a major phenolic compound in onion extract had high α-glucosidase inhibitiory activity. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the onion extracts correlated to the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the extracts. These results suggest that onion which has high quercetin content has the potential to contribute as a dietary supplement for controlling hyperglycemia and oxidative stress-linked diabetes complications.     

Antioxidant activity of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) extract and its inhibitory effect on lipid and protein oxidation of pork patties during chilled storage

This experiment was conducted to assess the antioxidant efficacy of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) extract (BCE) in raw pork patties during chilled storage. The extracting conditions of frozen BCE including ethanol concentrations (0-100%) and extracting times (0.25-12h) were studied. BCE extracted with 40% ethanol for 2h had the highest anthocyanin content, the strongest radical scavenging activities as well as the second strongest reducing power. BCE was condensed and added to pork patties at 5, 10 or 20 g/kg. Compared with the control, BCE treatments significantly decreased the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance values and carbonyls formation and reduced the sulfhydryl loss of pork patties in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05), which showed that the BCE significantly inhibited lipid and protein oxidation. The BCE-treated patties showed significantly higher redness (P<0.05) than the control. The findings demonstrated strong potential for BCE as a natural antioxidant in meat and meat products.