不同干燥方式的苦瓜粉品质特性及香气成分比较

为探究苦瓜粉适宜的干燥方式,采用日晒干燥、热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥等4种干燥方式对新鲜苦瓜进行干燥处理,并对干燥后苦瓜粉的加工性质(水分含量、溶解性、色泽、叶绿素含量)、营养成分(总酚、黄酮、皂苷)和香气成分进行评价。结果表明:不同干燥方式下苦瓜粉的加工性质和营养成分具有显著性差异(p<0.05),其中喷雾干燥苦瓜粉的加工性质明显优于其余3种干燥方式,水分含量最低(4.34%),冲调性最好(64.07%),叶绿素含量最高,色泽最优;真空冷冻干燥苦瓜粉营养成分(多酚、黄酮、皂苷含量分别为45.32 mg/g、19.15 mg/g、18.04 mg/g)均优于其他方式,喷雾干燥的苦瓜粉营养成分仅次于冷冻干燥;热风干燥和日晒干燥的苦瓜粉加工品质和营养成分相对较差。新鲜苦瓜和4种干燥处理的苦瓜粉共检测出107种香气成分,其中新鲜苦瓜检出42种,日晒、热风、真空冷冻、喷雾干燥苦瓜粉分别为48、42、36、50种,但仅有7种共有香气成分。醇类和醛类相对含量较高,占60%以上。综合对比,喷雾干燥和真空冷冻干燥处理的苦瓜粉品质优于热风干燥和日晒干燥。本研究结果为苦瓜粉进一步的加工和利用提供了理论依据。     

QUALITY CHANGES DURING STORAGE IN KOREAN CLEAR PEAR JUICES CONCENTRATED BY THREE METHODS

Pears of Shingo variety were coarsely ground, and subjected to heat treatment by HTST (high temperature short time) and pectinase treatment to produce a cloudy pear juice. The pear juice was then treated with Viscozyme, gelatin and bentonite, and filtered through an ultrafiltration membrane to produce a clear pear juice. The clear pear juice was concentrated to 3 to 5 fold by vacuum evaporation, freeze concentration, and reverse osmosis methods. The concentrates were diluted to 10° Brix and stored at 4C for 15 days. The single strength juice was evaluated for color, turbidity, heat stability, and sensory preference at 5 day intervals during storage. The pear juice concentrated by the three methods showed only small differences in quality. While the clear pear juice with added ascorbic acid had no quality changes at 4C after 15 days' storage, that without the addition of ascorbic acid resulted in some deterioration in browning, turbidity and heat stability after 10 days' storage. There were small, but significant flavor differences among clear pear juices concentrated by evaporation, freeze concentration and reverse osmosis.     

Effect of vacuum‐drying,hot air‐drying and freeze‐drying on polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of lemon (Citrus limon) pomace aqueous extracts

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of freeze‐drying, hot air‐drying and vacuum‐drying at 70, 90 and 110 °C, on dried lemon pomace polyphenols and antioxidant capacity. The total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were higher in lemon pomace dried by hot air or under vacuum than those dried by freeze‐drying and increased as the temperature increased. The highest total flavonoid content was recorded in the pomace dried under vacuum at 70 and 90 °C. Lemon pomace dried by freeze‐drying had the highest neohesperidin content, whereas pomace dried under vacuum at 70 °C had the highest rutin and p‐coumaric acid content. The highest gallic acid content was recorded in the pomace dried by hot air at 110 °C. The results of this study indicate that drying technique should be carefully selected according to the bioactive compounds aimed to be extracted.     

Optimized Aqueous Extraction of Saponins from Bitter Melon for Production of a Saponin‐Enriched Bitter Melon Powder

Bitter melon, Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae), aqueous extracts are proposed to have health‐promoting properties due to their content of saponins and their antioxidant activity. However, the optimal conditions for the aqueous extraction of saponins from bitter melon and the effects of spray drying have not been established. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the aqueous extraction of the saponins from bitter melon, using response surface methodology, prepare a powder using spray drying, and compare the powder's physical properties, components, and antioxidant capacity with aqueous and ethanol freeze‐dried bitter melon powders and a commercial powder. The optimal aqueous extraction conditions were determined to be 40 °C for 15 min and the water‐to‐sample ratio was chosen to be 20:1 mL/g. For many of its physical properties, components, and antioxidant capacity, the aqueous spray‐dried powder was comparable to the aqueous and ethanol freeze‐dried bitter melon powders and the commercial powder. The optimal conditions for the aqueous extraction of saponins from bitter melon followed by spray drying gave a high quality powder in terms of saponins and antioxidant activity.     

Membrane‐Filtered Olive Mill Wastewater: Quality Assessment of the Dried Phenolic‐Rich Fraction

A current trend in olive mill wastewater (OMWW) management is to not only decrease environmental pollution but also to extract and utilize valuable by‐products. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to explore different techniques for drying a phenolic‐rich membrane filtration fraction of OMWW and compare the techniques in terms of the dried product quality and feasibility of the process. The OMWW from 2 (3‐phase and 2‐phase) California mills was subjected to a 2‐step membrane filtration process using a novel vibratory system. The reverse osmosis retentate (RO‐R) is a phenolic‐rich coproduct stream, and the reverse osmosis permeate is a near‐pure water stream that could be recycled into the milling process. Spray‐, freeze‐, and infrared‐drying were applied to obtain solid material from the RO‐R. Drying of the RO‐R was made possible only with addition of 10% maltodextrin as a carrier. The total soluble phenolics in dried RO‐R were in the range 0.15 to 0.58 mg gallic acid equivalents/g of dry weight for 2‐phase RO‐R, and 1.38 to 2.17 mg gallic acid equivalents/g of dry weight for the 3‐phase RO‐R. Spray‐dried RO‐R from 3‐phase OMWW showed remarkable antioxidant activity. Protocatechuic acid, tyrosol, vanillic acid, and p‐coumaric acid were quantified in all dried RO‐R, whereas 3‐hydroxytyrosol was found in 3‐phase dried RO‐R. This combination of separation and drying technologies helps to add value and shelf‐stability to an olive oil by‐product and increase environmental sustainability of its production.     

Freeze‐drying concentration of Rangpur lime juice

The use of freeze‐drying for concentrating lime Rangpur juice was investigated. This procedure allowed obtaining concentrated Rangpur lime juices between 23 and 51.3 °Brix, without affecting their organoleptic and nutritional characteristics. The efficiency of the procedure was inversely related to the film thickness of the matrix to be lyophilised. The sublimation speed per unit area diminished with the reduction in the residual moisture content of the juice. The mathematical model that fitted to the concentration procedure allowed to predict the time required for concentrating Rangpur lime by freeze‐drying starting from samples of different thickness. When compared with other citric juices evaluated, the Rangpur lime juice was the most suitable for freeze‐drying concentration. The results could be used to devise optimal industrial freeze‐drying cycles for processing Rangpur lime juices at different concentrations.     

Preparation of High‐Grade Powders from Tomato Paste Using a Vacuum Foam Drying Method

We present a rapid and gentle drying method for the production of high‐grade tomato powders from double concentrated tomato paste, comparing results with powders obtained by foam mat air drying and freeze dried powders. The principle of this method consists of drying tomato paste in foamed state at low temperatures in vacuum. The formulations were dried at temperatures of 50, 60, and 70 °C and vacuum of 200 mbar. Foam stability was affected by low serum viscosity and the presence of solid particles in tomato paste. Consequently, serum viscosity was increased by maltodextrin addition, yielding optimum stability at tomato paste:maltodextrin ratio of 2.4:1 (w/w) in dry matter. Material foamability was improved by addition of 0.5% (w/w, fresh weight) egg white. Because of solid particles in tomato paste, foam air filling had to be limited to critical air volume fraction of Φ = 0.7. The paste was first pre‐foamed to Φ = 0.2 and subsequently expanded in vacuo. After drying to a moisture content of 5.6% to 7.5% wet base (w.b.), the materials obtained were in glassy state. Qualities of the resulting powders were compared with those produced by freeze and air drying. Total color changes were the least after vacuum drying, whereas air drying resulted in noticeable color changes. Vacuum foam drying at 50 °C led to insignificant carotenoid losses, being equivalent to the time‐consuming freeze drying method. In contrast, air drying caused lycopene and β‐carotene losses of 18% to 33% and 14% to 19% respectively. Thus, vacuum foam drying enables production of high‐grade tomato powders being qualitatively similar to powders obtained by freeze drying.     

STUDIES ON THE CLARIFICATION AND CONCENTRATION OF BEETROOT JUICE

Studies on the clarification and subsequent concentration of beetroot juice were carried out. The juice was clarified using enzyme, fining agent (FA), centrifugation and ultrafiltration (UF), while reverse osmosis (RO) and thermovacuum evaporation were used for concentration. The juices were concentrated to 23–25°Brix, and the physicochemical characteristics were evaluated at different stages of processing on the basis of clarity, permeate flux, °Brix, acidity, sugars, pigments and CIE L*, a* and b* (lightness, redness and yellowness, respectively) color values. Average permeate flux during RO was found to be highest (36.08 liters per square meter of membrane per hour [L/m²h]) in the case of enzyme treatment, followed by UF juice, and lowest (30.33 L/m ² h) in the case of enzyme and FA treatments. In terms of clarity of concentrate, the highest value was obtained for juices pretreated with enzyme and UF. Pigment content and L*, a* and b* values showed that pigment loss was higher in the case of RO‐concentrated juice pretreated with enzyme. Comparative evaluation in terms of clarity, color and chemical parameters showed that concentrates obtained using both techniques were comparable.     

苦瓜汁的真空冻干

为了对苦瓜汁进行真空冷冻干燥,首先通过简单的电阻装置测定了苦瓜汁的共晶点与共融点。然后按照一定的升温程序对苦瓜汁进行了冻结与升华干燥,并得到了苦瓜汁的真空冻干曲线。最后对真空冻干苦瓜粉与鲜苦瓜汁所含的Vc、矿物质、蛋白质、苦瓜总苷等指标进行了对比,结果表明,真空冷冻干燥能较好地保持苦瓜的生物活性与特征。     

A two-stage convective air and vacuum freeze-drying technique for bamboo shoots

To obtain dehydrated bamboo shoot slices of high quality, a two‐stage hybrid method of drying was tested to see if it could be cost‐effective. While freeze‐drying provides the best quality bamboo shoot it is a very expensive process. In this study, the drying techniques (a) hot airflow drying followed by vacuum freeze drying and (b) the reverse of the process (a) were examined. The quality of bamboo shoots dried by process (b) was found to be approximately equal to that of freeze‐dried bamboo shoots but at a significantly lower cost. This paper reports results comparing the two processes in terms of energy consumption and the physico‐chemical properties of the dried bamboo.     

不同干燥方式对姬松茸挥发性风味成分分析

采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术,分别对鲜姬松茸、热风恒温干燥、微波干燥、真空冷冻干燥3 种不同干燥方式的姬松茸中挥发性风味成分进行检测与分析。结果表明,鲜姬松茸、热风恒温干燥、微波干燥和真空冷冻干燥分别检测出20、50、43 种及22 种挥发性风味成分。热风恒温干燥新生成了醇、醛、酮、酚、醚类物质,对姬松茸风味的改良和增香具有一定作用;微波干燥生成醛类物质较多,使干燥后的姬松茸具有特殊的肉桂香气和类似苦杏仁的香味;真空冷冻干燥处理的姬松茸与鲜姬松茸在整体风味成分上较为接近,说明真空冷冻干燥方式能够较好的保持姬松茸原有风味。     

The analysis of phenolic compounds in daylily using UHPLC‐HRMSn and evaluation of drying processing method by fingerprinting and metabolomic approaches

The flowers of daylily (Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L.) are called “Jinzhen” which are commonly used as vegetables or seasoning in East Asia. In this study, we evaluated the chemical profile changes with different processing method after harvest. Five different drying methods including solar drying, vacuum freeze drying, steam drying, and hot air drying method were investigated regarding their impact on the chemical constituents in daylily. The major phenolic compounds were tentatively characterized with ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography tandem high‐resolution mass spectrometric with multistage fragmentation techniques (UHPLC‐HRMSⁿ). The UHPLC‐UV fingerprinting and UHPLC‐HRMSⁿ‐based metabolomic approaches were used for identifying the difference between different processing methods. The quercetin 3‐O‐rutinoside, 5‐O‐caffeoylquinic acids are obviously higher in freeze‐dried and steam‐dried samples. Colchicine was believed to be one of the toxic constituents found in daylily fresh flowers; however, no colchicine was found in any the daylily samples investigated.

Practical applications

The drying process is particularly important for handling and distribution of daylily flowers after harvest and it can also prolong the shelf life. However, the drying process may result in degradation of nutrients and quality loss in food. Steamed sunlight dried or hot air drying methods preserve most of the phenolic composition of fresh daylily samples. The purpose of this study was to analyze the phenolic compounds in daylily using ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography tandem high‐resolution mass spectrometric with multistage fragmentation techniques and to evaluate the drying processing method by fingerprinting and metabolomic approaches.     

Evaluation of hybrid pressure-driven and osmotically-driven membrane process for non-thermal production of apple juice concentrate

This study investigates the potential of hybrid membrane processes including microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF) and forward osmosis (FO) for non-thermal concentration of apple juice. The process performance and characteristics (physicochemical properties, nutritional and aroma components and microbiological quality) of apple juice were studied. The clarity of apple juice was significantly promoted as pore size of membrane reduced. MF and UF can also ensure microbiological safety in pre-treated apple juice. According to its efficiency of filtration as well as performance of simultaneous clarification and cold-sterilization, 0.22 μm MF membrane was identified as the optimal membrane for the pre-treatment. The pre-treated apple juice can be concentrated up to 65°Brix by subsequent single stage FO. FO retained nutritional and volatile compounds of apple juice while significant reductions were found in the juice concentrated by vacuum evaporation. Hybrid MF-FO can be a promising non-thermal technology to produce apple juice concentrate with high quality.     

不同干燥方式桑叶粉物理特性、氨基酸及挥发性成分分析

对比分析热泵干燥、微波干燥、真空冷冻干燥三种干燥方式对桑叶粉色泽、粉体特性、氨基酸组分及挥发性成分的影响;结果表明真空冷冻干燥L*、b*最大,a*最小;微波干燥润湿性、持水力和持油力最差,溶解性和堆积密度最强;真空冷冻干燥桑叶粉润湿性、吸湿性、持水力和持油力最强,堆积密度最小;微波干燥桑叶粉总氨基酸、必需氨基酸以及必需...     

Microwave‐Osmotic/Microwave‐Vacuum Drying of Whole Cranberries: Comparison with Other Methods

A novel drying method for frozen‐thawed whole cranberries was developed by combining microwave osmotic dehydration under continuous flow medium spray (MWODS) conditions with microwave vacuum finish‐drying. A central composite rotatable design was used to vary temperature (33 to 67 °C), osmotic solution concentration (33 to 67 °B), contact time (5 to 55 min), and flow rate (2.1 to 4.1 L/min) in order to the determine the effects of MWODS input parameters on quality of the dried berry. Quality indices monitored included colorimetric and textural data in addition to anthocyanin retention and cellular structure. Overall it was found that the MWODS‐MWV process was able to produce dried cranberries with quality comparable to freeze dried samples in much shorter time. Additionally, cranberries dried via the novel process exhibited much higher quality than those dried via either vacuum or convective air drying in terms of color, anthocyanin content, and cellular structure.     

喷雾干燥生产苦瓜复合粉工艺研究

以苦瓜和牛奶为原料(苦瓜汁与牛奶的配比为1:2),通过喷雾干燥制取复合粉。采用单因素和L(934)正交试验,以产品得率和水分含量为评价指标,并结合喷雾干燥效果,确定较优的喷雾干燥工艺参数为:进料浓度25%、进口温度150℃、进料速度5.0×180ml/h。     

Effect of dietary intake of freeze dried bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Consumption of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) by diabetic patients is a common practice in India, with the belief that it has an useful hypoglycemic potential. In the absence of conclusive information on the hypoglycemic influence of continuous intake of bitter gourd, in the present investigation, we have examined the hypoglycemic potency of dietary bitter gourd in experimentally induced diabetic rats. Wistar rats rendered hyperglycemic by streptozotocin (50 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) were maintained on a semi-synthetic diet containing freeze dried bitter gourd powder at 0.5% level for 6 weeks. The excretion of glucose, protein, urea and creatinine was monitored during the experimental period. Plasma glucose, albumin, urea and cholesterol were analysed at the end of the experimental regime. Dietary bitter gourd did not show any beneficial hypoglycemic influence as evidenced by the blood glucose levels as well as the excretion of diabetes related metabolites.     

Use of ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis to improve goats' milk yogurt

Acid and acetaldehyde production from yogurt starter was compared in goats' milk fortified by ultrafiltration (UF), reverse osmosis (RO) and addition of goats' milk powder. Starter activity was impaired when milk was concentrated by RO and aroma was poor in milk fortified by addition of dried milk, while yogurts made from milk concentrated by UF had good acidity and aroma. Threonine (0.1%) addition to unfortified milk and milk fortified by dried milk or UF produced yogurts with high levels of the aroma compound acetaldehyde.     

A comparison of reverse osmosis,nanofiltration and ultrafiltration as concentration processes for skim milk prior to drying

Skim milk was concentrated by reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF) and ultrafiltration (UF) and the retentates were spray‐dried. The resulting powders were reconstituted to 25% TS and sterilised to evaluate their heat stability. Reverse osmosis led to maximum retention of calcium, a fall in pH for its retentate and its reconstituted powder. All RO powders produced a weak gel on heating. Some calcium was lost during NF and a greater amount during UF. Their resulting reconstituted powders had a higher pH than those produced by RO. Powders produced by UF showed poor heat stability. Only one powder produced by NF showed good heat stability. This could be improved by addition of stabilisers at appropriate addition rates.     

Enhancement of phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) juice by block freeze concentration technology

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of freeze concentration of strawberry juice on content of total phenolic, anthocyanins content and antioxidant activity of the concentrated fluid and the ice obtained. An increase in the values of phenolic content was observed in the concentrate fraction for all the freeze concentration stages (five stages). The process efficiency presented a reduction when compared with the first stage, and however, the average efficiency remained around 65% in all the stages. The concentration of pelargonidin‐3‐O‐glycoside present in samples was increased in all stages. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the concentrated fluid of each stage, measured by DPPH and ABTS methods, was significantly higher in comparison with the juice feed. Also, antioxidant activity can be correlated with the content of pelargonidin‐3‐O‐glycoside presented in the strawberry juice. Freeze concentration can be considered a good alternative for improving the antioxidant activity of strawberry juice.