The determination of soya and meat protein in raw and processed meat products by specific peptide analysis. An evaluation

The detection and measurement of characteristic peptides formed on enzymatic hydrolysis of soya protein products, meats and offals is described. Samples were heated at 120°C for 3h prior to digestion with trypsin overnight, and the resultant peptide mixtures passed through an Amicon ultrafiltration membrane. After concentration the ultrafiltrates were analysed by ion exchange chromatography on Aminex A5 resin. Peptides were detected by post-column reaction with ninhydrin. Characteristic peaks designated SP 2 and MP 1 were seen in chromatograms of digests of soya protein isolate and beef respectively, and these peaks were well resolved in beef and soya protein isolate mixtures. The SP 2 peak was shown to contain peptides derived from soya 11 S globulin. The soya protein and beef contents of a series of mixtures of freeze-dried, defatted beef and soya protein isolate were determined by measurement of the SP 2 and MP 1 peaks respectively. Soya protein content could be determined within 2% of the true value over the range 30–70% soya protein isolate and beef content could be determined within 5% of the true value in the range 20–100% beef. Analysis of five soya protein isolates, four soya protein concentrates, six soya flours and 13 textured soya products indicated considerable interproduct variation in the yield of SP 2. The MP 1 peak was seen in a range of meats, both cooked and raw. It was also present in digests of offals which contained smooth or striated muscle but not in ‘non-muscle’ offals. The protein origin of the MP 1 peak was not established but the yield appeared lower in meat products which had been heated during manufacture than in those which had received no such treatment. Analysis of a series of laboratory prepared canned and heated pork and soya protein isolate mixtures enabled the pork content to be determined to within 8% of the true value, 2% soya protein isolate could be detected but not quantified accurately.     

肉及肉制品质量属性评价方法及其面临问题

研究者和生产者一直试图通过育种、饲料组分功效量化、饲养方案优化、加工工艺调整和贮藏条件改善等来提升肉及肉制品的产量和品质,而肉及肉制品的质量属性检测分析是衡量肉及肉制品营养价值、安全性、生产能力和市场接受性的重要途经,也是研究者和生产者开展生产和产品市场定位等的重要依据之一。目前肉及肉制品质量属性的检测方法,主要包括通过凯氏定氮法测定蛋白质含量、采用色谱法测定胆固醇含量、色谱法对脂肪酸组分的测定分析和色谱法测定氨基酸组分等对常规营养属性的分析、采用味觉识别系统、质谱分析技术、颜色分析系统对味觉、风味和颜色等感官品质进行的分析等。肉及肉制品质量属性评价方法的完善和改进不仅能够促进肉制品加工产业的发展,还能够更好的促进消费,鉴于此,本文对肉及肉制品质量属性评价方法及其创新进展进行了概述,对肉及肉制品质量安全属性评价方法目前面临的挑战进行了分析,以期为肉制品产业发展和科研提供参考。     

肉制品的质构特性及其评价

肉制品质构品质受添加物的种类和数量、肌肉蛋白质周围环境条件以及肉制品加工和贮藏方式的较大影响。文章针对含水量、pH及盐类、胶体和淀粉类、大豆蛋白质、生物酶制剂等影响肉制品质构品质特性的影响因素及其评价方法的研究进展进行综述。     

离子色谱法测定肉及肉制品中多聚磷酸盐的研究进展

多聚磷酸盐是肉及肉制品中常用的品质改良剂,但摄入过量的磷酸盐也会危害人体健康。离子色谱由于具有可对不同形态的多聚磷酸盐同时进行分离测定的优点,目前研究较多,然而多聚磷酸盐在肉制品中的分解给多聚磷酸盐的准确测定带来困扰。本文主要介绍了近年来国内应用离子色谱法测定肉及肉制品中多聚磷酸盐的研究成果,对于准确、快速选择适于实际样品测定的方法具有一定意义。     

肉制品安全性分析及控制措施

简述了影响肉制品安全性的主要因素,并对其安全性控制措施进行了分析。     

高效液相色谱法检测肉及肉制品中甲醛

目的建立高效液相色谱法检测肉及肉制品中甲醛含量的分析方法。方法用水蒸气蒸馏法提取,2,4-二硝基苯肼衍生化。优化蒸馏体积、最佳衍生条件。以甲醇和水为流动相、流速0.5mL/min、检测波长338 nm的高效液相色谱条件进行测定。结果最终确定蒸馏体积为300 mL,最佳衍生条件为55℃, 30 min。该方法在0～20 mg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好(r~2=0.9994),检出限0.1 mg/kg,定量限为0.35 mg/kg。在5、10、30mg/kg3个水平加标,测得的加标回收率为97.4%～107.8%,相对标准偏差(relativestandarddeviation,RSD)为3.77%～5.13%。结论用建立的方法对市售产品进行检测分析,结果可以满足肉及肉制品的检测需求。     

Automated image analysis tool for migration fat bloom evaluation of chocolate coated food products

Migration fat bloom remains a major problem in the production of coated confectionary products where a layer of chocolate is added around a filling or other fat containing substrate. Fat bloom quantification is typically done by a human panel scoring samples in time using a low resolution discrete scale. In view of developing a mechanistic model for migration fat bloom, it is important to have a higher resolution. In this paper, a new, high resolution quantitative method based on image analysis is developed. The method is able to detect both the evolution of fat bloom in terms of the disappearance of gloss and the development of “whitish” portions at the chocolate surface. It was successfully applied to distinguish the difference in fat bloom development rate between samples containing different fat concentrations (0, 3 and 6g/100g) coated on fillings containing different amounts of fat (25 and 75g/100g). In the 25g/100g filling fat case, blooming occurred at a very late stage and was caused by the disappearance of gloss. In the 75g/100g filling fat case the development of a “whitish” surface was responsible for the change in acceptability. The newly developed image analysis method is a solid alternative for the panel procedure.     

肉及肉制品真伪鉴别技术研究进展

近年, 肉制品掺杂掺假情况频繁发生, 主要掺假方式是在高价肉制品中掺入廉价的肉类原料, 且在商品标签中不注明成分, 严重损害消费者合法权益。本研究针对目前常见的肉制品真伪鉴别方法, 包括基于形态学、代谢学、蛋白质学和基因学这4大类真伪鉴别方法, 分别介绍各个方法的应用及优缺点, 为肉及肉制品真伪鉴别技术研究提供参考。     

基于集成学习的重大活动肉及肉制品安全风险分析及预测

目的 建立集成学习Stacking模型,对重大活动举办过程中的肉及肉制品进行合格安全分析与风险预测预警。方法 通过收集2015—2020年间国家市场监督管理总局食品日常监督管理抽检数据,筛选出所有肉及肉制品相关数据,选择“食品亚类”、“规格”、“生产时间”、“生产企业类型”、“生产省份”、“是否异地运输”等字段信息作为肉及肉制品合格风险因子,选取所有不合格数据5866条,从所有合格数据中随机抽取10000条数据共15866条构成数据集,按照3:1划分训练集和测试集,搭建基学习器为KNN(K- Nearest Neighbor,K最近邻)、BP(Back Propagation,反向传播)神经网络、SVM(Support Vector Machines,支持向量机),元学习器为LR(Logistics Regression,逻辑回归)的Stacking预测模型,进行训练预测与模型评估。结果 经过5次训练后,模型的准确度为94.20%,精确度为93.78%,召回率为97.57%, F1参数为95.63%,模型鲁棒性强,可靠性高。结论 基于集成学习Stacking的肉及肉制品安全风险分析与预测预警模型整体性能良好,可应用于重大活动举办过程中的食品安全风险分析预测,并精确指导监督抽检与辅助决策情报研判。     

Predicting meat yields and commercial meat cuts from carcasses of young bulls of Spanish breeds by the SEUROP method and an image analysis system

The SEUROP system is currently in use for carcass classification in Europe. Image analysis and other new technologies are being developed to enhance and supplement this classification system. After slaughtering, 91 carcasses of local Spanish beef breeds were weighed and classified according to the SEUROP system. Two digital photographs (a side and a dorsal view) were taken of the left carcass sides, and a total of 33 morphometric measurements (lengths, perimeters, areas) were made. Commercial butchering of these carcasses took place 24 h postmortem, and the different cuts were grouped according to four commercial meat cut quality categories: extra, first, second, and third. Multiple regression analysis of carcass weight and the SEUROP conformation score (x variables) on meat yield and the four commercial cut quality category yields (y variables) was performed as a measure of the accuracy of the SEUROP system. Stepwise regression analysis of carcass weight and the 33 morphometric image analysis measurements (x variables) and meat yield and yields of the four commercial cut quality categories (y variables) was carried out. Higher accuracy was achieved using image analysis than using only the current SEUROP conformation score. The regression coefficient values were between R² = 0.66 and R² = 0.93 (P < 0.001) for the SEUROP system and between R² = 0.81 and R² = 0.94 (P < 0.001) for the image analysis method. These results suggest that the image analysis method should be helpful as a means of supplementing and enhancing the SEUROP system for grading beef carcasses.     

Advances in the ultrasound characterization of dry-cured meat products

In this work, the feasibility of using non-contact ultrasonic techniques (air-coupled and scanning acoustic microscopy, SAM) for characterizing different dry-cured meat products was assessed. Air-coupled ultrasonic measurements were performed on vacuum packaged sliced dry-cured ham, and compared with contact measurements. The average ultrasonic velocity in dry-cured ham was 1846 ± 49 m/s and 1842 ± 42 m/s for air-coupled and contact measurements, respectively. The deviation (1% relative error) between both techniques was related to the influence of the heterogeneous structure and composition of dry-cured ham and the transducer focusing. The SAM was used to characterize dry-cured ham and chorizo samples. B-scan images for dry-cured ham and chorizo showed two dominant reflections from the sample, linked to reflections in the lean and fatty tissues. The results indicate that contact ultrasonic measurements could be replaced by the air-coupled technique, reducing the measuring time and the material handling. On the other hand, SAM technique allows the microscopic characterization of dry-cured meat products.     

2017年江苏省腌腊肉制品质量分析

目的了解2017年江苏地区腌腊肉制品质量状况并分析风险点。方法对江苏省13市191批次腌腊肉制品进行抽检,采用食品安全国家标准进行检测,并对检测数据进行分析。结果在191批次腌腊肉制品中, 3批次过氧化值不合格, 1批次脱氢乙酸及其钠盐不合格, 1批次组胺超过上海地标DB 31/2004-2012限量; 1批次酪胺超过1000 mg/kg,数值高达1150 mg/kg。通过matlab统计分析过氧化值数据发现产品预包装对延缓食品的酸败起到了一定的作用,且温度对过氧化值数据有显著影响。结论应当加强对肉制品中各种生物胺的协同研究,制定相应的限量值。     

速测盒法快速测定肉及肉制品中亚硝酸盐

目的 了解亚硝酸盐速测盒的可靠性,为现场监督执法及基层快速检测提供有力的技术支撑。方法采用速测盒方法检测亚硝酸盐标准溶液、肉及肉制品中亚硝酸盐添加情况,并与《GB 5009.33-2016食品中亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐的测定》第二法(盐酸萘乙二胺法)进行对比。结果速测盒对亚硝酸盐最低检出限可达到0.1 mg/L;检测样品时,速测盒与盐酸萘乙二胺法阴性符合率为97.8%,阳性符合率为100.0%。不同环境温度下,只需将反应时间控制在5 min以上,则不会对检测结果产生影响。样品经简单处理后,显色剂滴加到样品提取液中,混匀后反应3～5 min,即可观察结果。检测单个样品20 min内即可出结果。结论速测盒法具有快速、准确、方便、灵敏等特点,适用于肉及肉制品中亚硝酸盐现场定性分析。     

肉制品中亚硝酸盐的测量不确定度评定

目的 对分光光度法测定肉制品中亚硝酸盐的含量进行测量不确定度评定。方法 根据分光光度法测定亚硝酸盐的检测步骤建立测量不确定度模型,分析影响测定结果的各个分量,最后计算得到合成不确定度。结果 表明标准曲线拟合、试液显色、样品重复测量以及标准曲线制备是测量不确定度的主要来源,在实验过程中需重点关注,提高实验结果的准确度。而样品称量、试样处理液总体积和测定用样液引入的不确定度很小,基本可以忽略。结论 肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量的扩展不确定度为(2.71±0.16) mg/kg(k=2)。     

肉及肉制品中磷酸盐含量分析

目的探究生鲜肉中磷酸盐本底含量。方法以不同品种肉及肉制品为研究对象,采用国家标准食品中磷酸盐的测定斱法对其迚行磷酸盐含量测定,比较分析肉及肉制品不同品种间磷酸盐含量差别。结果肉制品中磷酸盐含量在0.46～10.32g/kg,超限量比率为26.67%,生鲜肉中磷酸盐含量在1.37～6.65g/kg,参考GB 2760-2014肉制品中磷酸盐限量5.0 g/kg计算,超限量比率为34.00%。结论生鲜肉中磷酸盐本身含量较高,对熟肉制品的磷酸盐含量会存在一定影响,继而导致熟肉制品的超限量比率较高。     

微波消解-分光光度法测定肉制品中磷酸盐

为建立用微波消解技术进行样品前处理,磷钼蓝分光光度法测定肉制品中磷酸盐含量的方法;采用微波消解仪,在肉制品中加入硝酸密闭消解,消解液用磷钼蓝分光光度法在660hm波长处测定样品中磷的含量。结果是微波消解技术可将样品消解完全,采用磷钼蓝分光光度法测定体系中磷酸盐（以磷酸根计）的含量在0～150μg（25ml比色管）时,磷酸盐的含量与吸光度呈线性关系,相关系数0．9999;用本法测定了国家标准物质茶叶与小麦粉等,测定值与标准参考值基本一致,对实际样品的加标平均回收率在97．0％～105．5％之间。该法操作简单,试剂用量少、重现性好,用微波消解技术大大缩短了样品前处理时间,适于肉制品中磷酸盐含量的测定。     

GC-O法在肉制品风味分析中的应用

气相色谱-嗅觉测量法（Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry,GC-O）作为肉制品风味物质研究的有力工具,能够确定单一风味组分对整体风味的贡献大小,弥补了MS在这一领域研究的不足之处,正受到越来越多的重视。简述了GC-O的原理和分析方法,重点介绍了GC-O在肉制品风味分析中的应用,以使人们对GC-O有所了解,为相关领域的研究提供一些帮助。      

几种肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量的测定

以α-萘胺为显色剂,利用紫外可见分光光度计,测定了鞍山市市售的几种肉制品中亚硝酸盐的含量。本实验进一步探究了实验的最佳条件:酸度、温度、显色剂的用量和显色时间。结果表明:pH值在3￣4之间,温度在15￣25℃之间,显色剂用量为2mL,显色时间在20￣40min,显色稳定,样品吸光度无明显变化,实验能达到较理想的效果。     

亚硝酸盐在肉制品中应用的危害分析及其替代物的研究

对肉制品中添加亚硝酸盐的作用及其危害进行了分析,并对减少肉制品中亚硝酸盐替代物的途径进行了探讨。     

加拿大进口肉类监控体系简介

肉类产品是一类高风险食品,为有效控制进口肉类的风险,加拿大实施了严格的准入和监管制度。2014年4月,加拿大批准以我国本地产禽肉原料热加工后出口,首次打开北美市场,对全国禽肉企业拓展美洲等新兴高端市场起到了积极的示范作用。为推动我国肉类输加更加便利、顺畅,扩大对加拿大肉类贸易,本文介绍了加拿大进口肉类检验监管机构和职责以及加拿大对进口肉类的要求,特别是加拿大肉类进口监控体系的相关情况,包括：出口国肉类监管体系的等效性评估、注册企业和产品的批准;入境口岸控制;跟踪和信息;进口肉类产品的检验程序,旨在帮助我国政府相关部门和企业全面、深入了解加拿大进口肉类检验监管制度,以采取针对性措施促进肉类产品对加出口。