可加工Al2O3/BN纳米复合材料的抗热震性能

通过原位化学包覆工艺制备的可加工Al2O3/BN纳米复合材料,其抗热震性能明显优于Al2O3基体材料.热震温差△Tc从195℃提高到约395℃,抗热震损伤性能也得到相应的改善.高的抗热震断裂性能源于材料的弹性模量的大幅下降和保持了较高的强度;而优良的抗热震损伤性能则是因为具有弱层间结合的BN易产生大量的微裂纹,屏蔽了热弹性应变能,从而使热震裂纹趋向于准静态扩张.     

反应烧结Si_3N_4的热震断裂行为

研究了四种 Si_3N_4材料的热震断裂行为。分析了材料的断裂参数(K_(1c)、γ(?) 和 σ(?))与抗热震参数之间的关系。无掺杂的 Si_3N_4-B_0的临界抗热震温差ΔT_c 为400℃左右,其热震裂纹以准静态的方式扩展。含 BN 的 Si_3N_4-B_1,Si_3N_4-B_2和 Si_3N_4-B_2材料的临界抗热震温差较高(ΔT_c=500℃),并在该温度点发生动态的裂纹扩展。当热震温差进一步提高,BN 含量较高的 Si_3N_4-B_2以及含有 BN 和 C 的 Si_3N_4-B_3在一定的温差增量范围内(ΔT_c′-ΔT_c=200℃)保持了裂纹的稳定;然后随着温差的继续扩大,其裂纹又逐步扩展。BN 含量较低的Si_3N_4-B_1则不同,其热震裂纹在作了动态扩展之后紧接着再逐步扩展。在实验的基础上阐明了 Si_3N_4材料的热震断裂行为是由抗热震参数控制的,而抗热震参数是断裂参数的函数。指出 Si_3N_4-B_2是适用于力学和热学环境下的结构材料,因其具有较高的抗热震参数和较小的热震强度衰减率。     

弱层成分对SiC/BN层状陶瓷阻力行为的影响

利用压痕2强度法测定了不同弱层成分的SiC/ BN 层状陶瓷的阻力曲线行为, 研究了BN 弱层成分对SiC/ BN 层状陶瓷的阻力曲线行为的影响, 并与SiC 块体陶瓷作对比。结果表明: 与SiC 块体陶瓷相比, SiC/ BN层状陶瓷具有更为明显的升值阻力曲线行为, 且其阻力曲线行为受弱层成分的影响。其中, BN 弱层中加入30 %Al₂O₃ 的SiC/ BN 层状陶瓷显示出更为优越的抗裂纹扩展能力, 其阻力曲线上升最陡, 上升幅度最大。分析认为,这与它们不同的增韧机制和界面的结合状态有关。原位增韧是SiC 块体陶瓷韧性提高的主要原因。裂纹遇到弱界面时发生偏转、分叉以及脱层等是层状陶瓷材料抗裂纹扩展能力提高的主要原因。而弱层成分又影响着裂纹的偏转, 适当结合强度的界面有利于裂纹的偏转, 结合强度太弱太强的界面都不利于裂纹的偏转。      

基于第一抗热震因子的BN纳米管/Si_3N_4复合材料抗热震性能评价

利用Kingery抗热震断裂理论构建了BN纳米管(BNNTs)强韧化陶瓷复合材料的第一抗热震因子模型,通过真空热压烧结法制备了四组BNNTs含量分别为0.5wt%、1.0wt%、1.5wt%和2.0wt%的BNNTs/Si_3N_4复合材料,并采用水浴淬冷法和三点弯曲法测试了复合材料的抗热震性能(震后弯曲强度和临界热震断裂温差)。测试结果验证了在急剧加热和急剧冷却条件下第一抗热震因子模型的正确性。结果表明:添加BNNTs使BNNTs/Si_3N_4复合材料第一抗热震因子增大,抗热震性能提升。分布在晶界上的BNNTs起到裂纹钉扎、桥联和裂纹偏转作用,增加了裂纹扩展的阻力;纳米管孔隙的存在改变了裂纹扩展路径,提高了BNNTs/Si_3N_4的断裂韧度,从而有效提高了其抗热震断裂能力。     

ZrO_2—Al_2O_3复合陶瓷的强化与增韧及其对抗热震性的改善

研究了4～12mol%ZrO_2的引入对 Al_2O_3陶瓷的增韧和强化作用。检测了热震损伤的 Al_2O_3基陶瓷的强度衰减行为和声发射特征。分析了该系列材料的抗热震性和断裂参数之间的关系。发现陶瓷材料中 ZrO_2粒子的弥散不仅增加了韧性,强度略有提高,还改善了材料的抗热震性。与纯 Al_2O_3材料相比,掺以4mol%和8mol%ZrO_2的 Al_2O_3材料的临界抗热震温差ΔT_c 提高了50～100℃,其强度和断裂韧性亦都有提高。含12mol%ZrO_2的 Al_2O_3基材料的强度、韧性和ΔT_c 都与纯 Al_2O_3材料相当。然而,以各种淬火温差处理过的热损伤12mol%ZrO_2-88mol%Al_2O_3材料,残存强度率 σ_(?)/σ_(?)却总是比其他热损伤材料高。这种抗热震损伤能力的强化归因子大量热震裂纹的成核,强烈地吸收了弹性应变能,以致缓和了紧接着的裂纹动态扩展和随后的准静态扩展趋势。这与12mol%ZrO_2～88mol%Al_2O_3材料具有较高的抗热震损伤参数,R″≈(K_(1c)/σ(?))~2,和裂纹稳定系数,R_(?)≈(γ(?)/α~2E)~(1/2),是一致的。可以认为,在4mol%ZrO_2-Al_2O_3和8mol%ZrO_2-Al_2O_3材料中,保持着的介稳四方 ZrO_2弥散粒子所引起的压应变能,有利于抑制热震裂纹的成核,必然提高其临界抗热震温差ΔT_(co)当 ZrO_2粒子的含量增大,如12mol%ZrO_2Al_2O_2材料,就     

BN-SiC层状复合陶瓷的断裂行为研究

以SiC、BN粉为原料,采用热压法制作了BN-SiC层状复合陶瓷,并对层状复合陶瓷的断裂行为进行了研究,发现层状材料通过层间界面优先开裂使横向裂纹扩展路径明显曲折化,断裂从一次性脆断变为对裂纹损伤具有一定容忍能力的逐次多级断裂,裂纹张开位移显著增大,断裂韧性显著提高.     

SiC/BN层状陶瓷耐损伤性能

采用压痕法在SiC/BN层状陶瓷试样的表面引入不同尺寸的表面裂纹,利用三点弯曲测量含裂纹试样的极限断裂应力,研究了不同尺寸的表面裂纹对层状陶瓷断裂强度的影响;根据压痕载荷-强度实验结果,测定层状陶瓷的阻力曲线,并与单相SiC陶瓷对比。结果表明,层状陶瓷的压痕强度对压痕裂纹深度的变化不敏感,阻力曲线呈上升型;而单相SiC陶瓷的压痕强度随压痕裂纹深度的增加急剧下降,阻力曲线呈平稳型,说明层状陶瓷具有优异的耐损伤性能和升值R-曲线行为。分析认为,裂纹在弱界面处发生偏折是层状陶瓷具有优良耐损伤性能和升值R-曲线行为的主要原因。这为陶瓷材料在含有一定的制备和加工缺陷以及承受冲击、磨损等接触损伤的条件下保持高强度提供了可能。     

碳纤维增强TiC复合材料的抗热震性能

通过测量力学性能和热物理性能,研究了热压烧结碳纤维增强TiC复合材料（Cf/TiC,20vo%碳纤维）的抗热震性能。结果表明,碳纤维加入到TiC基体中,提高了复合材料的抗弯强度和断裂韧性,降低了复合材料的弹性模量和热膨胀系数,进而使得复合材料的抗热震断裂参数R,抗热震损伤参数R^TV和裂纹稳定性参数RST都得以提高,复合材料热震残留强度在热震温差超过900℃后迅速下降。复合材料热扩散率的提高有利于抗热稳定性能的提高,复合材料增强机理是纤维承载。韧化机理是纤维桥联和纤维拔出。     

AlN添加量对BN基复合陶瓷热学性能与抗热震性的影响

以BN、SiO₂、AlN为原料, 采用热压工艺制备出BN基复合陶瓷。研究了AlN添加量对复合陶瓷热学与抗热震性能的影响。结果表明: 随着AlN添加量的增加, 复合陶瓷的热膨胀系数呈现先降低后升高的趋势。当AlN的添加量为5vol%时, 复合陶瓷的平均热膨胀系数最小, 为2.22×10^-6/K; 复合陶瓷的热导率则随着AlN添加量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势, 当AlN的添加量为10vol%时达到最大值。未添加AlN的复合陶瓷热震后的残余强度随着热震温差的增大而升高; 随着AlN的引入, 复合陶瓷热震后的残余强度呈下降的趋势。对于添加5vol%AlN的复合陶瓷, 经1100℃热震后其残余强度为219.7 MPa, 强度保持率为88.9%, 抗热震性良好。     

超高温陶瓷材料抗热冲击性能及抗氧化性能研究

研究了多种强韧化方法以提高超高温陶瓷材料抗热冲击性能,包括碳化硅晶须增强增韧、石墨软相增韧和氧化锆相变增韧.同时,还研究了碳化硅含量对超高温陶瓷材料的抗氧化性能影响.研究结果表明:碳化硅晶须和氧化锆的添加显著提高了材料的抗热冲击临界温差,而石墨软相的引入对抗冲击临界温差的影响不大,但显著提高了裂纹扩展阻力和强度保持率.高SiC含量超高温陶瓷材料在1 800℃以下具有的优异的抗氧化性能,在更高的温度下,高与低的SiC含量对超高温陶瓷材料的抗氧化性能均不利,通过优化材料的组分以降低材料表面温度是提高超高温陶瓷材料的抗氧化性能的一个非常有效的途径.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to