THE FLOW OF MICROEMULSIONS THROUGH PACKED BEDS AND CAPILLARY TUBES

The flow behavior of water-in-oil microemulsions through beds packed with glass spheres was studied experimentally. The microemulsions used in this study exhibited a shear thinning viscosity described by a simple power law model. The flow of the microemulsions was accompanied by significant apparent slip effects, quantified by an effective slip velocity. The effective slip velocity increased with increasing surfactant concentration, but it differed in magnitude for the packed bed and the capillary tube flows.

In the absence of apparent slip effects, the capillary-power law (CPL) model predicted the superficial velocities in the packed beds with an average error of less than 6%. This provides a direct verification of the applicability of the capillary-power law model to inelastic shear thinning fluids in the absence of “anomalous” wall effects.     

AN IMPROVED MODEL FOR THE INTERFACIAL BEHAVIOR OF CAUSTIC/CRUDE OIL SYSTEMS

The effects of crude oil acid number and brine concentration on the interfacial behavior of caustic/crude oil systems were investigated. The effect of increased brine concentration was generally to increase the minimum interfacial tension (IFT) while low IFT values were retained for longer periods of time. Varying the crude oil acid number caused the shape of the IFT versus time curve to change, while the minimum IFT remained constant. These combined results imply that Lagmuir and not Henry soption (adsorption/desorption) kinetics were operative

A phenomenological surface phase model for the IFT behavior of caustic/crude oil systems is proposed which incorporates Langmuir kinetics. The model takes into account interfacial activities of the acidic components in the crude and the detailed chemistry of the oil phase, the water phase, and the interface. To allow for realistic comparison of model results with interfacial tensiometer data, drastic interfacial volume changes which accompany the transient interfacial tensions in the system are taken into account.     

煤沥青与橡胶改质筑路油族组成分析

利用石油道路沥青 ４ 组分分离方法,测定了石油沥青、石油道路沥青以及煤沥青的族组成。利用该测定结果指导煤沥青橡胶改质筑路油的开发和橡胶改质的机理研究,并在此基础上成功地开发出高质量的煤沥青筑路油新产品。建立了能关联煤沥青组成与软化点之间关系的方程。     

工艺条件对均四甲苯改性沥青性能和组成的影响

以均四甲苯为添加剂对沥青进行改性,初步考察了工艺条件（ 反应温度、反应时间、添加剂含量、体系压力等）对改性沥青软化点、残炭率及族组成的影响。发现均四甲苯的加入可促进沥青分子的反应,调整沥青的组成和结构分布;通过不同反应条件可控制沥青ＴＳ 组分和ＰＩ 组分以达到沥青组成设计的目的。     

THE INFLUENCE OF SILANE COUPLING AGENT COMPOSITION ON THE SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION OF FIBER AND ON FIBER-MATRIX INTERFACIAL SHEAR STRENGTH

It is well known that the fiber-matrix interface in many composites has a profound influence on composite performance. The objective of this study is to understand the influence of composition and concentration of coupling agent on interface strength by coating E-glass fibers with solutions containing a mixture of hydrolyzed propyl trimethoxysilane (PTMS) and γ-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APS). The failure behavior and strength of the fiber-matrix interface were assessed by the single-fiber fragmentation test (SFFT), while the structure of silane coupling agent was studied in terms of its thickness by ellipsometry, its morphology by atomic force microscopy, its chemical composition by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT), and its wettability by contact angle measurement. Deposition of 4.5 ×10 -3 mol/L solution of coupling agent in water resulted in a heterogeneous surface with irregular morphology. The SFFT results suggest that the amount of adhesion between the glass fiber and epoxy is dependent not only on the type of coupling agent but also on the composition of the coupling agent mixture. As the concentration of APS in the mixture increased, the extent of interfacial bonding between the fiber and matrix increased and the mode of failure changed. For the APS coated glass epoxy system, matrix cracks were formed perpendicular to the fiber axis in addition to a sheath of debonded interface region along the fiber axis.     

THE ROLE OF INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA IN A LIQUID-LIQUID REACTION SYSTEM: EXTRACTION OF PROPANOIC ACID BY TRIOCTYLAMINE

The kinetics of extraction of propanoic acid from water to isobulanol by reaction with trioctylamine have been investigated. Mass transfer was modelled by extending the approach used in absorption with chemical reaction, as it is usually done for liquid-liquid reactions. The presence of the amine, however, gave rise to phenomena that cause this method to fail, producing inconsistent results. In order to explain these data, the presence of relevant interfacial phenomena must be supposed.     

改性BMI树脂体系组成对其性能的影响

本文详细探讨了增韧性改ＢＭＩ体系中各组分对树脂的冲击强度、玻璃化温度和热分解温度等的影响，改性体系保持了较高的玻璃化温度和热分解温度，冲吉强度高达１８．９ｋＪ／ｍ＾２，并通过ＳＥＭ对冲击为口的形态和结构进行了分析和表征。     

MEASUREMENT OF LIQUID-LIQUID INTERFACIAL SHEAR VISCOSITY: THE UNSTEADY STATE DEFORMATION OF AN INTERFACE IN A CYLINDRICAL CELL

The theoretical background of a new method for the measurement of liquid-liquid interfacial shear viscosities is presented. The method is simple in design and conducive to routine measurements. Liquid-liquid interfacial shear viscosities are measured by observation of the unsteady state deformation of the interface after a slowly rotating cylindrical cell containing the liquids is abruptly halted. The deformation is established with tracer particles located at the interface between two liquids. Presented here are correlations which relate the traversed angle of the panicles to the interfacial shear viscosity, the viscosities and densities of the bulk phases, and the cup dimensions. Correlations show that the method is sufficiently sensitive to allow measurements of interfacial shear viscosities ranging from 0.001 to 1.0 surface poise (sp). Preliminary data showing good agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental observations for a system expected to show negligible interfacial shear viscosity are also provided.     

BASIC EQUATION OF TURBULENCE AND MODELING OF INTERFACIAL TRANSFER TERMS IN GAS-LIQUID TWO-PHASE FLOW

Turbulence is one of the most important phenomena in analyzing thermohydrodynamic characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase flow. For the purpose of accurate prediction of the turbulence phenomena, a basic conservation equation of Reynolds stress was derived based on the local instant formulation of mass and momentum conservations of two-phase flow. In this equation, interfacial transfer terms of turbulence appear as source terms. Detailed considerations on these transport terms were carried out. It was shown that they consist of a viscous damping term due to small scale interfacial structures, a drag induced turbulence generation term due to large scale interfacial structures and a term representing the exchange between surface energy and turbulence. Based on the mechanistic modeling and turbulence modulations, carried out were physical interpretations of interfacial area concentrations of small and large scale interfacial structures, a viscous damping term due to small scale interface and turbulence generation term due to large scale interface.     

似化学局部组成模型及其应用

以Guggenheim似化学关系为基础,采用微扰理论的方法推导得到符合单流体模型的局部组成表达式,得到了非电解质溶液的Wohl型活度系数模型,通过二元体系汽液平衡数据回归得到了烷烃、芳香烃、酮、醇、水等5类物质各基团的作用参数,对三元体系汽液平衡的预测结果表明该模型预测性能优于UNIFAC.     

SHEAR AND INTERFACIAL INSTABILITIES OF OIL-WATER FLOW IN AN INCLINED CHANNEL

A study of the linear stability of a laminar flow of an oil-water system in an inclined channel is presented. A novel shear-mode of instability, which is necessarily decaying in plane Poiseuille flow, is found to be the primary instability in certain situations. When the channel is sufficiently inclined, the long-wave mode can become unstable, regardless of the total volumetric flow rate of the fluids The consequences to oil transport are discussed.     

ACOUSTIC STUDIES OF INTERFACIAL EFFECTS IN AIRLIFT REACTORS

Rational design of airlift reactors for the culture of plant and animal cells is impeded by a lack of understanding of the causes of loss of viability. Some recent speculations in the literature suggest that gas-liquid interfacial phenomena have played prominent roles in observed instances of loss of viability in both insect and animal cell cultures. The important interfacial events may include bubble formation and detachment at the sparger, bubble coalescence and breakage, and bubble disengagement at the free surface-entailing film thinning, film rupture, and film droplet ejection.

We have carried out an experimental investigation of interfacial phenomena using macrovideography and acoustic signals recorded at both the sparger and the free surface. Data have been collected for several liquid media including distilled water, distilled water with electrolyte (NaCl), and aqueous solutions of glycerol (μ = 3 to 9.5 cP). The studies were conducted in a 3-liter, acrylic plastic, split-column airlift reactor, and air was introduced through interchangeable sieve plates (with hole diameters of 1, 2, and 3 mm). Time-series data collected from the microphone were processed for mean and root-mean-square values, and Fourier transforms were computed to identify important signal energies. A sequence of experiments was also conducted that was designed to relate specific interfacial phenomena to the frequencies of the noises produced.     

ON THE DEFORMATION OF DROPS AND BUBBLES WITH VARYING INTERFACIAL TENSION

In this paper the deformation of a translating fluid drop is examined in the limit of low Reynolds and capillary numbers. The general case of an arbitrarily varying interfacial tension is considered here. With the capillary number as a perturbation parameter, an expansion is carried out for small deformation to satisfy the normal stress condition. This leads to a rapidly converging Legendre series expansion for the deformation. This general result is applied to the special case of a translating drop with a stagnant cap of surfactant. An interesting feature of this special case is that although the shear stress at the interface has a square root singularity, the total normal stress is non-singular.     

山东金源气煤萃取后的族组成和化学组成研究

通过超声萃取的方法,采用苯、二硫化碳(CS2)和四氢呋喃(THF)三种溶剂对山东金源气煤的四种不同煤体结构煤(原生结构煤、碎裂煤、碎粒煤和糜棱煤)进行了分级萃取,结合元素分析、工业分析以及柱层析法,对煤样的化学组成和族组成进行了测试.结果表明,随着变质程度的增加,溶剂萃取率有增大的趋势;溶剂萃取作用下,C元素和H元素含量增加,S元素和O元素含量减小,这种变化趋势主要是煤中主要元素相对含量变化的体现;随着煤体破坏程度增加,气煤萃取物中的总烃含量增大,非烃类含量减小,与无烟煤呈现相反的变化趋势;尽管煤体结构不同,但各煤样的不同溶剂萃取物的族组分相对含量均呈现一致性的对比关系.     

越窑、龙泉及南宋官窑青瓷等我国南方青釉名瓷的元素组成模式和显微结构特征

浙江是我国乃至世界瓷器的发源地,作为我国南方青釉瓷产地的代表,已先后创烧和发展了最早的瓷器--越窑青瓷、著名的龙泉窑和南宋官窑青釉瓷等享誉中外的青釉名瓷.在本工作中,采选了这3类青瓷标本中具有代表性的64件标本,对这些标本的胎、釉化学组成、显微结构以及工艺性能进行了综合分析测试,并采用多元统计等数据处理方法,展现了3类青瓷各自不同的元素组成模式和显微结构特点,并据此探讨了我国南方3种青釉名瓷的相互关系和工艺演变.     

化学法测定鼓泡塔中的相界面积和传质系数

本文开发了一种新的物质，用Na2SO3溶液吸收空气中的O2，并伴有物理解吸C2H4来同时测定α和kL，以保证α和kL的测定在同一流体力学条件下进行，在单气泡时，将Na2SO3-O2-C2H4系统测得的αchem与通过气泡大小及上升速度经计算而得到的αgeo进行了比较，校核了αchem的准确性，并将此系统测得的kL,C2H4与化学法测得的kL,o2进行了比较，得知它们十分接近，且其关系符合Danckwerts模型。将该物系用于气泡群，测定了不同空塔气速下的α、kL和ε，并进行了数据关联，取得了相当满意的结果。通过对不同清液层高度下传质系数的测量，发现喷嘴附近的传质系数比全塔平均值高3－5倍，说明有相当比例的传质发生在喷嘴附近。     

PET改性PP的研究进展

综述了聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)改性聚丙烯(PP)的研究进展,主要讨论了PP和PET共混、复合时体系的相容性、微观形态和力学性能,并对今后的发展方向进行了展望。     

非磁性金属探测器及应用

以煤运输为例介绍非磁性金属探测器的组成、特点，以及应用情况和注意事项。     

EVA改性PVC体系的冲击性能研究

考察了ＥＶＡ／ＰＶＣ体系的冲击强度及其形态结构。通过透射电镜和扫描电镜观察了体系的微观形态结构。讨论了影响体系冲击强度的主要因素。     

改性粉体压制成型近似模型

表面改性后的无硬团聚超细粉具有良好的压制成型性能。表面酯膜的减摩润滑作用，使粉体在一定应力下流动性和分散性显著提高，压制过程的中后期应力传递准符合帕斯卡模型及均匀递减模型。