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1.
Increased awareness of the negative effects of dams combined with an aging dam infrastructure has led to an increase in dam removals. However, ecological responses of downstream biota to such actions are poorly understood. We examined the influence of a pair of small dam removals on downstream periphyton and macroinvertebrates in Boulder Creek, WI (USA). The dams were 180 m apart and both were removed on 9 July 2003. We monitored algae and macroinvertebrates as well as habitat characteristics for approximately 2 months before and after the removals upstream and downstream from the two dams, and continued our observations over a similar period (mid‐May to mid‐July) the following summer. After the removals, an initial release of sediment significantly increased the proportion of fine sediments in the downstream reach and buried benthic substrate. This burial led to a 60% reduction in chlorophyll in the downstream reach the week following removal, while concentrations increased in the upstream reference reach. Similarly, macroinvertebrate densities 2 weeks post‐removal were lower relative to pre‐removal densities and were associated with declines of ephemeropterans, trichopterans and dipterans. Examination of Trichoptera genera demonstrated substantial changes in this assemblage associated with diminished densities of the formerly dominant genus Brachycentrus. Algal and invertebrate populations increased in the weeks after the dam removal, but did not reach densities similar to the upstream reference reach. In the following year, both periphyton and invertebrate densities were lower in the downstream reach, suggesting a long‐term effect of the removal. Thus, effects of the dam removal were alternatively positive or negative over time, and indicate that the time scale of consideration has a strong effect on the interpretation of the consequences of this management activity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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许多水库都存在绕坝渗漏问题。从地貌上分析,单薄山梁为绕坝渗漏提供了条件;从构造上分析,断层破碎带的渗漏量不容忽视。文中以某工程为例,较详细地对水库左、右两岸单薄山梁及断层的渗漏问题进行了分析,对渗漏量进行了计算,为防渗设计方案提供了依据。 相似文献
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为研究水库报废对生态环境的影响,将水库报废拆坝影响划分为三个层次:以水沙过程为初始影响,视社会和经济影响为最终效应,两者之间为次生影响,并揭示了拆坝影响的综合性、矛盾性、时空延续性及不确定性等特点。从物理、化学、生态三方面明晰了拆坝生态环境影响:物理影响体现对水文、泥沙和地形地貌的影响,拆坝可完全逆转建坝带来的水文影响,淤积的泥沙将重新运移,通过溯源侵蚀使大坝上下游河段逐渐达到相对稳定的坡降;化学影响主要表现为对河流水质的影响;生态影响即可能使水生生物的生境质量得以改善,也可能由于水质退化、物种入侵对水生生境产生负面影响。针对性地提出了拆坝生态修复对策和措施:应通过重新引入乡土植物群落、控制外来物种及顺应植被演替规律修复库区及下游河道濒水植被;清除或降低污染物对生态环境的不利影响;重建河流近岸水文、地貌环境,保护和恢复水生生物;通过生态环境监测,应适时对修复措施进行调整。研究所得成果为报废水库的生态修复提供参考。 相似文献
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Hu Xiang-yangSenior Engineer River Division Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute Wuhan China 《人民长江》2001,(Z1)
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John E. Cooper 《河流研究与利用》2023,39(9):1724-1735
Unionid mussel populations have declined in many environments, particularly those that were altered by human activities such as dam construction and removal. The Fort Covington Dam blocked the Salmon River in northern New York upriver of its confluence with a smaller tributary, the Little Salmon River. This dam was removed in 2009. My study compared the mean ranked density of mussels in both rivers for the pre-removal period (2005–2008) to the post-removal period (2009–2012) with special attention to Lampsilis cariosa and Margaritifera margaritifera. Systematic sampling was used at six riffles and double sampling at four glides divided between the Salmon and Little Salmon rivers from 2005 through 2012. The Little Salmon River served as a control. Mean ranked adult mussel density was not significantly different between the two rivers in the pre-removal period but was significantly greater in the Little Salmon River after dam removal. Living mussels of 13 species were collected dominated by Elliptio complanata. Dam removal did not affect sediment sorting, porosity, water chemistry, or mussel species distribution. Rapid dewatering of the reservoir led to stranding and death of mussels in the reservoir and in the adjacent ponds. Increased water velocity, exacerbated by rain, mobilized sediment that buried a potentially large mussel bed downstream of the dam where Lampsilis cardium and L. cariosa were abundant, which showed little recovery by 2013. 相似文献
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三峡工程泥沙研究进展综述 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
三峡工程泥沙研究工作从１９５８年全面开展至今已４０多年，长江科学院继续就与技术设计有关的坝区库区泥沙问题开展研究。长江科学院近两年来对三峡工程库区和坝区泥沙问题进行了大量研究。研究结果表明，金沙江和嘉陵江来沙量占长江上游来沙量的８３％，溪洛渡、向家坝和亭子口水库建成后，可使三峡水库泥沙淤积达到了初步平衡的时间推迟。三峡工程通航建筑物引航道的防淤清淤措施研究表明，枢纽运用初期引航道泥沙淤积物可采用机 相似文献
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随着我国水利水电工程建设的发展,水电站分布越来越集中于偏远山区,供水系统往往需自行建设。为了解决工程建设施工及生活用水问题,通常是将工程附近水源水质较好的山溪作为取水点,并经简单沉沙处理后投入使用。传统的坝前式山溪取水及大型沉沙池除沙普遍面临着汛期取水头部易被泥石流淤积、山溪内施工部位狭窄等问题,根据弯道环流原理,结合杨房沟水电站供水系统取水头部设计及运行使用经验,研究验证了坝后式取水代替传统的坝前式取水,以及明渠除沙代替大型沉沙池除沙方式的实际效果。实践表明,新的取水方式可以满足抗淤能力强、施工占地少,同时除沙能力理想的要求,可为今后类似情况下山溪取水及除沙方式的选择提供参考。 相似文献
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湘江株洲航电枢纽坝区河段河床变形预报试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
试验研究采用正态河工模型,模拟湘江株洲航电枢纽坝区河段宽级配河床质泥沙运动。在模型河床变形验证相似的基础上,研究一期(左汊)、二期(右汊)围堰施工工况和枢纽正常运转条件下河床冲淤变化规律,以及对船闸下引航道口门区及连接段航道的影响;同时推荐了该区域航道整治推荐方案,为设计提供科学依据。 相似文献
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Xiaochen Li Baiyin Baoligao Fengran Xu Xiangpeng Mu Xiangdong Li Ping Cao Zhiqiang Dong Wanming Jiao 《河流研究与利用》2023,39(4):758-767
Significant increases in suspended sediment concentration (SSC) always occur during dam removal or sediment flushing processes, which could result in acute impacts on aquatic organisms. An analysis of the potential impact of the Huangheyuan hydropower dam removal on the upper reaches of the Yellow River is required for adaptive management. But the reports on the impact of high SSC on fishes living in rivers in the plateau areas are limited. Further studies on impact factors, fish behavior, and assessment methods were performed in this paper. The acute response of a typical fish, Gymnocypris eckloni, was tested by experiments with sediment concentrations ranging from 3.3 × 103 to 80.78 × 103 mg·L−1. The changes in fish aquatic surface respiration (ASR) behavior were analyzed under different SSCs. The cluster analysis of the environmental factors was conducted to analyze the relationship between the factors and fish mortality. The severity of ill effects (SEV) model was improved to assess the acute impact on fish. The results indicated that the SSC was the most related factor. The ASR could be induced by the SSC higher than 21 × 103 mg·L−1, and fish mortality was caused by SSC higher than 55 × 103 mg·L−1. The thresholds of SSC and exposure duration for fish protection were proposed to be less than 55 × 103 mg·L−1 and 6 hr, respectively. The findings could support the planning and regulation of dam sediment management on plateau areas. 相似文献
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本文介绍三峡工程坝区泥沙问题几年来的试验研究成果。研究表明:假定三峡水库以上干支流不新建水库的条件下,枢纽运用初期30年内,175m方案,下游引航道口门内外,年回淤高程均未超过57m的碍航高程,仅航行区内在55900m~3/s时个别点流速超过航行标准,可采取挖泥措施解决;而当水库淤积接近平衡时,上下游引航道出现泥沙淤积碍航,通过设冲沙闸、引客水破异重流和机械挖泥等措施可以解决。 相似文献
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Removal of two dams 32 m and 64 m high on the Elwha River, Washington, USA, provided the first opportunity to examine river response to a dam removal and controlled sediment influx on such a large scale. Although many recent river‐restoration efforts have included dam removal, large dam removals have been rare enough that their physical and ecological effects remain poorly understood. New sedimentary deposits that formed during this multi‐stage dam removal result from a unique, artificially created imbalance between fluvial sediment supply and transport capacity. River flows during dam removal were essentially natural and included no large floods in the first two years, while draining of the two reservoirs greatly increased the sediment supply available for fluvial transport. The resulting sedimentary deposits exhibited substantial spatial heterogeneity in thickness, stratal‐formation patterns, grain size and organic content. Initial mud deposition in the first year of dam removal filled pore spaces in the pre‐dam‐removal cobble bed, potentially causing ecological disturbance but not aggrading the bed substantially at first. During the second winter of dam removal, thicker and in some cases coarser deposits replaced the early mud deposits. By 18 months into dam removal, channel‐margin and floodplain deposits were commonly >0.5 m thick and, contrary to pre‐dam‐removal predictions that silt and clay would bypass the river system, included average mud content around 20%. Large wood and lenses of smaller organic particles were common in the new deposits, presumably contributing additional carbon and nutrients to the ecosystem downstream of the dam sites. Understanding initial sedimentary response to the Elwha River dam removals will inform subsequent analyses of longer‐term sedimentary, geomorphic and ecosystem changes in this fluvial and coastal system, and will provide important lessons for other river‐restoration efforts where large dam removal is planned or proposed. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. 相似文献
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针对典型有坝渠首台兰河引水工程,通过物理模型试验研究了渠首的排沙运行方式对于坝前泥沙淤积的影响。试验研究了电站引水排沙和泄空排沙,分别模拟了一年一遇和多年一遇工况下的排沙效果。试验结果表明:电站引水排沙的每年排沙量为10.87万t,泄空冲刷排沙的每年排沙量为33.67万t。根据河道来沙情况,每年泄空冲刷2～3次可满足水库一年调蓄的泥沙量。排沙流量选用70～110 m3/s较为合理。分析了引水排沙和泄空排沙的优缺点,对引水和库型要求较严格的水库和渠首提供了另一种排沙思路和实验支持。 相似文献
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Dam removal is an increasingly practised river restoration technique, and ecological responses vary with watershed, dam and reservoir properties, and removal strategies. Moderate‐sized dams, like Hemlock Dam (7.9 m tall and 56 m wide), are large enough that removal effects could be significant, but small enough that mitigation may be possible through a modified dam removal strategy. The removal of Hemlock Dam in Washington State, USA, was designed to limit channel erosion and improve fish passage and habitat by excavating stored fine sediment and reconstructing a channel in the former 6‐ha reservoir. Prior to dam removal, summer daily water temperatures downstream from the dam increased and remained warm long into the night. Afterwards, a more natural diel temperature regime was restored, although daily maximum temperatures remained high. A short‐lived turbidity pulse occurred soon after re‐watering of the channel, but was otherwise similar to background levels. Substrate shifted from sand to gravel–cobble in the former reservoir and from boulder to gravel–cobble downstream of the dam. Initially, macroinvertebrate assemblage richness and abundance was low in the project area, but within 2 years, post‐removal reaches upstream and downstream of the dam had diverse and abundant communities. The excavation of stored sediment and channel restoration as part of the dam removal strategy restored river continuity and improved benthic habitat while minimizing downstream sedimentation. This study provides a comparison of ecological effects with other dam removal strategies and can inform expectations of response time and magnitude. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. 相似文献
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为研究拆坝对生态环境影响的利弊,介绍了拆坝对水文情势、泥沙输运、河道地貌、河道水质、栖息地质量及生物多样性等生态的影响,综述了拆坝后河道物理化学及重要生态特性之间响应关系的研究进展。拆坝对生态环境的影响具有时空复杂性,且各生态因子相互影响;水文情势的变化是所有生态响应的触发条件,泥沙输运是生态响应的关键性因子。为了河道长期连续性的开发与利用,研究泥沙输运及泥沙污染物的释放规律,预测拆坝后河道水质时空变化过程,分析流域尺度上生态系统之间的响应关系等对拆坝的评估决策十分重要。 相似文献
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目前堆石坝有限元应力应变计算大多采用固支模拟岸坡处堆石与岸坡的连接。对于狭窄河谷陡边坡地区面板堆石坝,堆石可能沿岸坡面将发生滑移,此时采用固支模拟与实际情况不符。为研究狭窄河谷陡边坡对面板堆石坝应力变形影响,选用无厚度的goodman单元模拟狭窄河谷中陡边坡边界与堆石的接触面,并与将岸坡处堆石的结点按固支模拟的常规方法的成果相比较。计算结果表明:2种情况下堆石体变形及应力分布规律大体一致,但是采用固支处理时变形值相对较小;采用固支时,河床段面板底部拉应力偏大,与实际情况不符,考虑摩擦接触后,堆石能够沿着岸坡滑动,该部位应力较为均匀,拱效应相对降低,蓄水后岸坡处面板在受静水压力作用,有较小的压应力,符合实际情况。 相似文献
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