淀粉纳米晶/天然橡胶复合材料的制备和性能(英文)

通过磷酸酸解的方法制备了淀粉纳米晶,与天然胶乳共混沉淀,制备了淀粉纳米晶/天然橡胶纳米复合材料.利用扫描电镜研究了该纳米复合材料的微观结构,表明淀粉纳米晶以50～100 nm的片状颗粒分散在天然橡胶基体中.力学性能结果表明,淀粉纳米晶对天然橡胶具有较好的补强效果.动态力学性能分析表明,添加质量分数为5%的淀粉纳米晶的淀粉纳米晶/天然橡胶纳米复合材料抗湿滑性显著提高,可用作绿色轮胎材料.     

改性纳米碳酸钙对天然胶乳胶膜性能的影响

研究改性纳米碳酸钙(表面处理剂由磷酸酯盐和多种化学助剂复合制成)对天然胶乳胶膜性能的影响。结果表明，改性纳米碳酸钙在橡胶基体中分散较均匀；加改性纳米碳酸钙的天然胶乳胶膜硬度略有提高，拉伸强度和拉断伸长率增大，耐热老化性能改善；改性纳米碳酸钙的最佳用量为3份。     

改性纳米碳酸钙对天然胶乳胶膜热性能的影响

探讨改性纳米碳酸钙对天然胶乳胶膜耐热老化性能和热降解性能的影响。结果表明，加入改性纳米碳酸钙可以改善天然胶乳胶膜的耐热老化性能和热降解性能；改性纳米碳酸钙用量为3份的天然胶乳胶膜耐热老化性能和热降解性能与防老剂264用量为1份的天然胶乳胶膜相当，而生产成本较低。     

纳米SiO2改性天然胶乳的制备及其性能研究

采用SDS先将纳米SiO2处理成20％稳定的分散体后再添加到天然胶乳中，着重研究了纳米SiO2的用量对天然胶乳的胶体性能及其硫化胶膜力学性能的影响。结果表明：纳米SiO2的用量在3－4份时可改善天然胶乳的胶体性能及其胶膜的力学性能，尤其是耐撕裂性能和耐老化性能的改善效果更为突出。     

偶联剂对木薯淀粉补强天然胶乳硫化胶膜性能的影响

采用偶联剂改性木薯淀粉补强天然胶乳,研究偶联剂种类和用量对木薯淀粉/天然胶乳硫化胶膜物理性能和动态力学性能的影响,并对其微观结构进行观察.结果表明,加入偶联剂Si69的硫化胶膜的物理性能较好,当偶联剂Si69用量为0.6份时,硫化胶膜的综合物理性能达到最佳.动态力学性能分析表明,淀粉经偶联剂改性后,硫化胶膜的损耗因子减小,玻璃化温度向低温方向移动,低温使用性能提高.扫描电子显微镜分析显示,偶联剂的加入可以改善淀粉在天然胶乳中的分散效果,提高淀粉与橡胶的界面结合作用.     

聚乙二醇对聚乳酸/淀粉纳米晶复合材料性能的影响

以聚乳酸（PLA）和淀粉纳米晶（SNC）为主要原料,聚乙二醇（PEG）为增塑剂,采用溶剂蒸发法制备PLA/SNC和PLA/SNC/PEG复合材料,通过差示扫描量热仪（DSC）、热台偏光显微镜（PLM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）等研究了PEG对复合材料结晶行为、力学性能及界面相容性的影响。结果表明,PEG能够与SNC协同促进PLA结晶,使PLA/SNC/PEG复合材料的结晶速率明显提高;PEG的添加未改变PLA/SNC复合材料的结晶结构;随着PEG含量的增加,PLA/4%（质量分数,下同）SNC复合材料的拉伸强度先升高后下降,断裂伸长率不断提高;当PEG含量为2%时,PLA/4%SNC/2%PEG复合材料的力学性能最佳,拉伸强度为47.86 MPa,断裂伸长率为10.20%,PLA与SNC间界面相容性得到改善。     

天然胶乳制品的耐老化性能和防老剂的选择

本文介绍了天然胶乳制品的老化性能。并介绍了一些天然胶乳制品中用的防老剂品种的选择和用量。     

天然胶乳膜耐老化性能的研究进展

本文对填料改性、化学改性及防老剂改善天然胶乳制品耐老化性能的研究进展进行了阐述.     

木薯淀粉纳米晶的结构研究

将木薯淀粉进行H2SO4酸解后制备淀粉纳米晶。用X射线衍射、电子显微镜、红外光谱仪(FTIR)和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)表征酸解后淀粉颗粒的结构,并对其热稳定性进行研究。研究结果表明,木薯淀粉经H2SO4酸解后,淀粉颗粒粒径减小至50～100nm之间;结晶度比原淀粉提高了41%。     

氧化锌对硫化天然胶乳性能的影响

研究氧化锌对硫化天然胶乳胶膜和胶体性能的影响,考察在短期贮存中胶乳胶体的稳定性。结果表明,2种新型氧化锌与普通工业氧化锌的硫化胶膜和胶乳胶体性能相差不大,氧化锌用量在0.4～0.6份时胶膜性能最好。     

Effect of temperature on sulfur prevulcanization of natural rubber latex

Sulfur prevulcanization of natural rubber latex was conducted at 60, 70, 80, and 90°C for different periods. The extent of crosslinking was assessed. Tensile properties, water absorption, leaching, and stress-relaxation characteristics of the films were also evaluated. The volume fraction of rubber (Vr), which is a measure of crosslink density of the films, showed a maximum when prevulcanization was conducted at 80°C for 2 h or at 90°C for 1 h. At lower temperatures, the rate of reaction was slow. At each temperature, tensile strength and elongation at break decreased when the prevulcanization time increased, whereas the modulus increased up to a maximum crosslinking and thereafter decreased. Water absorption and leaching were more rapid in prevulcanized film than in postvulcanized film. The rate of stress relaxation slightly increased as the extent of prevulcanization increased. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65: 1913–1920, 1997     

三氯溴甲烷改性天然胶乳的研究

用三氯溴甲烷改性天然胶乳，研究了反应时间、反应温度、三氯溴甲烷的用量等对改性胶乳的硫化胶膜物理机械性能的影响，利用DSC对产物进行了分析。结果表明，反应时间为10h，反应温度在35℃时，所得胶膜物理机械性能较好；随着三氯溴甲烷用量的增加，改性天然胶乳的硫化胶膜物理机械性能下降：三氯溴甲烷改性天然胶乳的玻璃化温度高于未改性天然胶乳。     

Effect of potassium persulfate on graft copolymerization and mechanical properties of cassava starch/natural rubber foams

The aim of this study was to improve the mechanical properties of thermoplastic starch foams prepared from cassava starch blended with natural rubber latex by reactive blending. Potassium persulfate was used as an initiator for graft copolymerization between the starch and natural rubber during baking. The starch–natural rubber graft copolymer (starch‐g‐NR copolymer) was successfully produced during both suspension and melt blending based on ¹H‐NMR and FTIR characterization. Natural rubber increased the flexural modulus of starch/natural rubber foams without potassium persulfate, thus indicating the compatibility of the blends. The starch‐g‐NR copolymer, acting as a compatibilizing agent, enhanced the impact strength of foams, but it did not improve the flexural modulus. This may be due to the potassium persulfate decreasing the molecular weight of the natural rubber. Relative humidity also played an important role on the mechanical properties. Foams became more ductile at higher relative humidities. Since foam density increased with an increasing natural rubber content, the specific impact strength was also considered. A soil burial test showed that the cassava starch foams and foams containing 15 pph of natural rubber were fully biodegraded within 8 and 18 weeks, respectively. The starch‐g‐NR copolymer delayed biodegradation of foams and foams containing high natural rubber content, i.e., 35 pph, showed a low ability to be biodegraded. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Mechanical properties of thermoplastic elastomeric blends of chitosan and natural rubber latex

Thermoplastic chitosan/natural rubber blends (Cs/NR) were prepared from natural rubber latex and chitosan by solution casting technique. The blends were characterized by mechanical analysis (stress–strain) and the mechanical properties were found to vary with chitosan/natural rubber ratios. Experimental values were compared with different theoretical models. Effect of thermal aging on mechanical properties was also investigated. Dicumyl peroxide was used as the crosslinking agent. The effect of crosslinking on mechanical properties of Cs/NR has also been studied. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Effect of atmosphere on the thermal decomposition of chlorinated natural rubber from latex

The kinetics of the thermal decompositions of chlorinated natural rubber (CNR) from latex under both air and nitrogen atmospheres were studied with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The thermooxidative decomposition of CNR had two weight-loss step changes in the TGA curves, which occurred at the two distinct temperature ranges of about 160–390 and 390–850°C, respectively. The gaseous products of the first step change were mainly HCl with a little CO₂, and the apparent reaction order (n) was 1.1. The reaction activation energy (E) increased linearly with the increment of heating rate (B), and the apparent activation energy (E₀), calculated by extrapolation back to zero B, was 101.7 kJ/mol. Bs ranging from 5 to 30°C/min were used. The initial temperature of weight loss (T₀) was 1.31B + 252°C, where B is in degrees Celsius per minute. The final temperature of weight loss (T_f) was 0.93B + 310°C, and the temperature of maximum weight-loss rate (T_p) was 1.03B + 287°C. The decomposition weight-loss percentage at T_p (C_p) and that at T_f (C_f) were not affected by B, and the average values were 38 and 60%, respectively. The second weight-loss step change was an oxidative decomposition of the molecular main chain. The value of n was 1.1. E increased linearly with the increment of B, and E₀ was 125.0 kJ/mol. C_f after the second step approached 100%, which indicated complete decomposition. The thermal decomposition of CNR in a N₂ atmosphere had only one weight-loss step change with an n of 1.1. E increased linearly with the increment of B, and E₀ was 98.6 kJ/mol. T₀ was 1.25B + 251°C, T_f was 0.91B + 315°C, and T_p was 1.09B + 286°C. C_p and C_f were not affected by B, and the average values were 37 and 68%, respectively. The weight percentage of more stable, nonthermal decomposed residue was about 30%. The thermal decompositions of CNR in both atmospheres were similar, mainly by dehydrochlorination, at the low temperature range (160–390°C) but were different at the high temperature range (390–850°C). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2590–2598, 2001     

Effects of Sm3+/PMAA on mechanical and thermal properties of natural rubber latex film

Samarium carbonate [Sm₂(CO₃)₃] was taken as the source of Sm³⁺, and methyl acrylic acid (MAA) was employed as the precursor to prepare polymethacrylic acid (PMAA). The mixture of Sm₂(CO₃)₃ and PMAA was marked as “SmP.” The SmP prepared under different conditions was added to natural rubber (NR) latex to prepare NR/SmP films. The influence of the polymerization temperature of MAA and the amount of SmP on the mechanical properties and structure of NR/SmP films were analyzed. The results show that polymerization temperature has significant effect on the mechanical properties of NR/SmP film; lower temperature is benefit to improve modulus and rigidity, whereas higher temperature helps maintain good elasticity. Compared with neat NR, addition of 5-phr Sm₂(CO₃)₃ results in a 30%–37% increase of tensile strength. Furthermore, the glass transition temperature (T_g) can also be increased by the addition of SmP; and the tan δ curves of all samples exhibit only one transition peak and indicate no phase separation between SmP and NR matrix. The influence of SmP on the structure and morphology of NR was explored by Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy analysis; and the results show that SmP can be dispersed uniformly in the NR latex when loading of Sm₂(CO₃)₃ is lower than 20 phr.     

增稠剂对天然胶乳热稳定性的影响

介绍了增稠剂在天然胶乳工艺中的应用，试验表明在胶乳中加入0．5－2．0份阿拉伯树胶粉，不仅对胶乳的粘度有影响，而且对胶乳的热稳定性也有明显的作用。     

蛋白质对天然橡胶及其性能影响的研究

天然橡胶(NR)的主要成分为橡胶烃、水、非胶物质,其中非胶物质中蛋白质的含量对其性能的影响最大.本文分析了天然胶乳中的蛋白质的结构,介绍了低蛋白天然胶乳的制备及其性能的研究概况、蛋白质对其硫化及力学性能影响研究现状,并对低蛋白天然胶市场前景进行了分析与展望.     

Chemically modified starch reinforced natural rubber composites

Chemically modified starch paste (MST) with polybutylacrylate (PBA) graft chains is investigated as a reinforcing filler of rubber through mixing and co-coagulating with natural rubber (NR) latex. The PBA graft chains are designed to prevent hydrogen bonding and crystallization of starch and to improve compatibility between starch and rubber. Through the comparison of mechanical properties and phase morphology, MST is proved to be much superior to unmodified starch paste. Unmodified starch paste acts as essentially inert filler causing a decrease of tensile strength, tear strength and elongation at break. In contrast, optimum MST shows obvious reinforcement effect on NR matrix by increasing tensile strength, elongation at break and tear strength besides modulus and hardness. Moreover, fine starch dispersion and strong interfacial interaction are achieved in NR/MST composites. The observed reinforcement effect is interpreted based on the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses of grafted starch in comparison with natural starch and gelatinized starch.     

Noncatalytic hydrogenation of natural rubber latex

Hydrogenation is an important method of chemical modification, which improves the physical, chemical, and thermal properties of diene‐based elastomers. Natural rubber latex (NRL) could be hydrogenated to a strictly alternating ethylene–propylene copolymer using diimide generated in an in situ system. The diimide generated using the in situ technique for hydrogenation of NRL was accomplished by thermolysis of p‐toluenesulfonyl hydrazide (TSH). A molar ratio of TSH to double bonds equal to 2 : 1 was found to be the optimum ratio to provide a high percentage of hydrogenation. 95% Degree of saturation of NRL was achieved in o‐xylene. Hydrogenated products are characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. The thermal stability of hydrogenated rubber was improved as shown from the results of thermogravimetric analysis. From the differential scanning calorimetry measurement, the glass transition temperature of the hydrogenated product did not appear to change. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2885–2895, 2007