中间包气幕挡墙去除夹杂物的数值模拟

气幕挡墙技术是改善钢液洁净度的重要方法,吹入的气泡不仅可以改善中间包流场,还可以黏附去除夹杂物,大大提高夹杂物的去除率。采用Euler-Lagrange-Lagrange方法来研究钢液、气泡和夹杂物三相交互作用行为,该模型考虑了钢液与气泡、钢液与夹杂物、气泡与夹杂物之间的相互作用。在正常连铸条件下,研究了气泡黏附与吹气量对不同粒径夹杂物去除的影响。模拟结果表明,考虑气泡黏附的夹杂物去除率比不考虑黏附去除提高了19.12%～28.94%,气泡黏附夹杂物是去除夹杂物的重要方式之一,在气幕挡墙的研究中不可忽略。在本研究的吹气范围内,夹杂物的上浮去除率和黏附去除率都随着吹气量的增加而增大。与传统的挡墙挡坝中间包相比,使用气幕挡墙取代传统挡坝更有利于夹杂物的去除。     

气泡去除夹杂物技术研究现状及发展趋势

利用气泡去除钢中夹杂物是洁净钢生产中重要的精炼手段之一。气泡去除夹杂物机理表明,通过气泡碰撞粘附夹杂物上浮和气泡尾流携带夹杂物上浮是气泡去除夹杂物的两种主要方式,微小气泡具有优异的粘附去除钢中夹杂物效果已成为共识。对钢包吹氩、钢包长水口吹氩、反应诱发微小异相技术、中间包气幕挡墙、增压减压法、超声空化法、増氮析氮法和微小氢气泡法等气泡去除夹杂物的去除效果和应用前景进行了比较分析,结果表明钢中生成小尺寸气泡对夹杂物去除效果优于大尺寸气泡。利用弥散微小气泡去除钢中夹杂物技术的开发越来越受到冶金工作者的重视,部分新技术已被开发并趋于成熟。     

气幕挡墙中间包夹杂物去除的水模型研究

以连铸1500mm×250mm板坯的中间包为原型,几何相似比1/3,采用自制多孔透气砖进行中间包底吹气的水模型试验。结果表明,气幕挡墙中间包中,夹杂物通过斯托克斯机理上浮,气泡吸附和钢液上扬流动而上浮去除;当吹气量≥0.08m~3/h,距入口中心533～800mm处形成有效的气幕挡墙,显著改善钢液流动性,夹杂物去除率由不吹气的44.86%增加至72.86%,并改善小颗粒夹杂物的去除。工业试验表明,采用气幕挡墙,使T[O]降低12%以上。     

气泡尾流去除钢液中夹杂物机理的水模型研究

采用水模型和高速摄像机研究了气泡尾流去除夹杂物的过程,分析了气泡尾流去除夹杂物的规律和气泡大小及夹杂物的尺寸和浓度对气泡尾流去夹杂的影响。结果表明,气泡尾流有利于促进夹杂物上浮;气泡尾流中存在尾流边界区和上升区;尾流去除夹杂物的过程分为3个子过程:(1)夹杂物靠近和进入气泡尾流边界区产生扰动;(2)进入气泡尾流上升区和(3)夹杂物继续上升或脱离气泡尾流上升区;气泡直径D_b和粒子浓度C_p增大有利于尾流去夹杂;粒子直径D_p越小越容易被尾流去除。     

超声波钢包精炼水模夹杂物行为

针对钢液中微小非金属夹杂物难以去除的问题,采用高速摄像机和速度分析软件对超声波钢包精炼水模内夹杂物粒子与空化气泡的相互作用行为进行了研究,结果表明:变幅杆式超声波产生的空化气泡形成时,在传振杆底端呈圆锥状分布,空化泡直径在1μm左右,远小于底吹气产生的气泡直径；随着超声功率增大,空化强度增大,生成空化气泡数量增多,气泡分散度增加,有利于去除微小夹杂物；瞬态空化气泡崩溃后,形成的小空化气泡吸附面积增大,与夹杂物碰撞概率增加,可促进夹杂物尤其是微小夹杂物的上浮排出；稳态与瞬态空化气泡均可促进夹杂物的上浮排出.     

中间包夹杂物运动行为的数模研究

利用数学模型研究了中间包内钢水中夹杂物运动的规律,采用自编的计算机软件,对马钢板坯和异型坯中间包夹杂物的运动进行了仿真计算,结果表明,中间包内夹杂物直径＞100um时,都能在中间包内上浮,而＜5um的小颗粒夹杂则很难在中间包内上浮,90％以上都随着钢水流出中间包。加入挡墙后,直径＞50um的夹杂物都能在中间包内上浮排出。大大提高了钢水的清洁度。本文提供了一种研究中间包夹杂物运动的方法,并认可采用挡墙控制钢水流动,可有效地排除钢水中的夹杂物。     

钢中夹杂物去除技术的进展

钢中夹杂物去除的主要环节为夹杂物的长大、上浮和分离。钢中夹杂物去除技术的主要进展有:气体搅拌-钢包吹氩、中间包气幕挡墙和RH-NK-RERM法;电磁净化-钢包电磁搅拌、中间包离心分离和结晶器电磁制动;渣洗技术;过滤器技术。文中分析了各种夹杂物去除技术的冶金功能,将不同夹杂物去除技术进行合理组合,实现多功能精炼,可取得最佳冶金效果。     

中间包气幕挡墙水模与工业试验研究

通过水模型实验和工业试验,研究了中间包底吹氩气对中间包流场和去除铸坯大型夹杂物行为的影响。水模型实验结果表明:中间包底吹气可以改善中间包流场,减少死区体积比,增加平均停留时间。不同实验参数对中间包流体流动特征值的改变程度不同。工业试验结果表明:中间包采用气幕挡墙后,中间包长水口处到铸坯的全氧质量分数降幅提高60.62%;每10kg试样夹杂物总含量由3.85mg降至2.88mg,去除大型夹杂物效果明显,尤其是尺寸小于140μm的夹杂物。     

板坯连铸中间包内夹杂物去除的数值模拟

以某厂50tT型2流中间包为研究对象,利用大型商业软件ANSYS CFX10.0建立了三维有限体积模型,采用多相流模型对中间包内钢液的流动特性、温度分布与夹杂物去除规律进行了数值模拟,重点研究了不同堰-坝组合方式、湍流抑制器形状、拉速、夹杂物粒径等工艺参数对中间包内钢水平均停留时间、夹杂物上浮率的影响。结果表明:湍流抑制器对夹杂物的上浮去除影响不大;随着夹杂物粒径的增大,夹杂物的上浮率迅速增大;20μm以下的夹杂物则很难在中间包内上浮去除;随着拉速的增大,夹杂物的上浮率是不断减小的;采用堰A=300cm、坝B=400cm、方形瓦楞湍流抑制器、过滤器组合式控流装置时夹杂物的上浮去除效果最好。     

应用格子 Boltzmann方法直接数值模拟研究钢中夹杂物上浮及碰撞行为

采用格子Boltzmann方法对钢液中夹杂物上浮及上浮过程中的碰撞行为进行直接数值模拟研究.结果表明,不同尺寸夹杂物颗粒上浮速度的模拟结果和理论值基本一致,表明本文所采用的数值算法能够精确有效地对钢液中固相夹杂物颗粒运动行为进行研究.当钢液中直径为80μm的夹杂物颗粒位于直径为40μm的下方并一起上浮时,直径为80μm的夹杂物颗粒会逐渐追赶上直径为40μm的夹杂物颗粒并发生碰撞形成大尺寸凝聚体,凝聚体的上浮速度显著大于二者单独上浮时的上浮速度.对于直径为40μm的夹杂物来说,形成凝聚体后的上浮速度比单独上浮时的上浮速度增加300%.实际炼钢过程中,采取必要的措施增加夹杂物颗粒之间上浮过程中的碰撞凝聚,对于提高夹杂物颗粒的上浮速度,尤其是小尺寸夹杂上浮去除速度,提高钢液的洁净度具有重要的意义.      

中间包吹氩去除夹杂物的模拟研究

通过水模型模拟实验,选用苯胺模拟夹杂物,有机硅油模拟中间包渣,研究了中间包吹氩去除夹杂物的效果;通过刺激—响应法测定中间包吹氩RTD曲线,探讨了中间包吹氩去除夹杂物的过程和机理。研究结果表明:在中间包吹氩条件下,活塞区体积分数最大的吹氩位置不一定会得到最大的夹杂物去除效果,在注流区附近吹氩,不但可以提高气泡捕捉夹杂物颗粒的概率,而且促进了夹杂物颗粒相互碰撞长大,去除夹杂物效果更为明显。     

Numerical Simulation of Nonmetallic Inclusions Behaviour in Gas‐Stirred Ladles

The secondary refining of molten steel in gas‐stirred ladle has played a more and more important role in the production of high quality steel. In the present work, a mathematical model of the fluid flow and inclusions behaviour in a 150t gas‐stirred ladle was presented, and the variations in concentration, size and density for non‐metallic inclusions in the ladle during the refining process were predicted. The results show that during the refining process, the variations in the number density of the inclusions differed depending on size. The inclusions with a diameter less than 25 μm decrease during the whole period, while inclusions with diameter larger than 25 μm increase in the first stage of the treatment and gradually decrease during the later stage. After 15 minutes, all inclusions show a tendency to decrease, but the removal rate for inclusions of smaller size becomes slower. After treatment in the ladle, inclusions with a diameter larger than 50 μm were removed, the number of inclusions with a size between 30‐40 μm was not high, while inclusions that were smaller than 25 μm still remained in the molten steel. Two‐jet bubbling demonstrated an advantage over one‐jet for inclusion removal. The practice of bubbling argon with a higher gas flowrate initially, followed by a lower flowrate in the ladle was found to be beneficial for inclusions removal.     

长水口吹氩生成微小气泡工业实验研究

在连铸生产中采用大流量长水口吹氩,并采用“冷钢片沾钢法”沾取中间包钢液试样,成功沾取了中间包钢液中微小氩气泡。冷钢片沾样表面气泡为中间包上部钢/渣界面和炉渣中氩气泡,尺寸主要位于1.0~3.0 mm,但该尺寸不能反映中间包钢液内部长水口吹氩生成气泡,冷钢片沾样内部气泡为钢液内部长水口吹氩生成的气泡。结合扫描电镜和共聚焦显微镜对沾取试样内部气泡形貌、尺寸和数量进行了分析,结果表明大部分气泡为独立圆形气泡,偶见少量粘连和聚合气泡;钢液内部氩气泡尺寸主要位于100~1000 μm,平均尺寸为500 μm左右;气泡在长水口出口及其下方较为弥散,气泡数量可达15.2 cm?2。采用扫描电镜结合能谱分析,发现部分气泡内粘附有夹杂物,有些气泡粘附多个夹杂物;气泡粘附Al₂O₃夹杂物的几率高于粘附CaO(?MgO)?Al₂O₃?SiO₂复合夹杂物的几率。      

Flotation of nonmetallic inclusions during argon injection into the tundish of a continuous-casting machine. Part 1

The basic factors affecting the removal of nonmetallic inclusions from liquid steel when inert gas is injected into the tundish are analyzed. On that basis, optimal injector parameters when using an annular injection lance are established—specifically, the gas flow rate and the diameter of the argon bubbles at breakaway from the pore that ensure the maximum removal of inclusions.     

Study on dimension and migration behavior of bubble under annular argon blowing at tundish upper nozzle

The water model experiments were carried out to study the bubble morphology in the tundish and mold with the process of annular argon blowing at tundish upper nozzle. The effects of the position of gas permeable brick, the casting speed and the argon flow rate on the bubble size distribution, the bubble migration behavior and the flow behavior of liquid steel near the liquid level in tundish were further investigated, coupled with the numerical simulation. The results show that with the process of annular argon blowing at tundish upper nozzle, a frustum cone shaped bubble plume can be formed around the stopper rod. The concentration of argon bubbles gradually decreases outward along the radial direction of the stopper rod. Owing to the wall attached effect, the bubble plumes float upward along the stopper rod, which can increase the collision probability between bubbles and the velocity of bubble plumes, causing a larger impact strength on the liquid level in tundish. In addition, a part of small bubbles are wrapped into the nozzle and the mold due to the drag force of liquid steel. With increasing argon flow rate, the number of bubbles in annular bubble plumes and the vertical velocity of liquid steel near the liquid level in tundish increase significantly. With increasing casting speed, the width and the bubble number of annular bubble plumes gradually decrease, leading to a decrease of the vertical velocity of liquid steel near the liquid level in tundish. Increasing the distance between the annular gas permeable brick and the center of tundish upper nozzle, the dispersion of bubbles and the width of bubble plumes increase, and the impact strength of bubbles acting on the liquid level in tundish becomes weaker. As the argon flow rate and the casting speed increase, and the distance between the gas permeable brick and the center of tundish upper nozzle decreases, the gas volume and bubble size in the mold increase. Under the experimental conditions, when the inner and outer diameters of the annular gas permeable brick are 110mm and 140mm, respectively, and the casting speed is 1.2m/min, the appropriate argon flow rate is 4L/min.     

中间包上水口环形吹氩下气泡大小和迁移行为研究

摘要：通过水模型实验研究了上水口环形吹氩工艺下中间包和结晶器内气泡形貌,并结合数值模拟分析了透气砖位置、拉坯速度和吹氩量对中间包和结晶器内气泡尺寸、气泡迁移和中间包近液面钢液流动的影响。结果表明：上水口环形吹氩形成以塞棒为中心的圆台状气泡羽流,气泡浓度沿径向向外逐渐减少;附壁效应使得气泡羽流偏向塞棒壁面流动,增大气泡的碰撞聚并概率和近塞棒壁面的羽流上升速度,对中间包液面产生较大冲击作用;同时,部分细小气泡会随钢液进入水口及结晶器内部;增大吹氩量,中间包内环形气泡羽流中气泡数目明显增多,中间包近液面钢液上升速度增大;增大拉坯速度,环形气泡羽流的宽度和气泡数量逐渐减小,近液面速度减小;增大透气环距水口中心距离,中间包内气泡弥散度增大,环形气泡羽流宽度也随之增大,气泡羽流对中间包液面冲击作用减弱;增大吹氩量和拉坯速度、减小透气环距水口中心距离,进入结晶器的气量和气泡尺寸逐渐增大。实验条件下,透气环内外径为110mm/140mm、拉坯速度为1.2m/min时,吹氩量为4L/min较为合适。     

INCLUSION REMOVAL IN A TUNDISH BY GAS BUBBLING

Abstract

The probabilities of inclusion removal from liquid steel by collision and attachment to rising gas bubbles have been analyzed. A simple mathematical model of inclusion removal by gas bubbling in a tundish has been developed. It was found that maintaining bubble size in the range of 0.5 to 3 mm should enhance inclusion removal efficiency. Increasing the bubbly volume fraction in the tundish and the tundish residence time can be used to improve the inclusion removal efficiency by gas bubbling. However, the formation of small bubbles in a tundish may be problematic as bubble size is affected by the high wetting angles typical of liquid metal contact with bubble orifice materials.

On a analysé la probabilité de l’enlèvement d’inclusions de l’acier liquide par collision et attachement à des bulles ascendantes de gaz. On a développé un modèle mathématique simple de l’enlèvement d’inclusions par barbotage de gaz dans un panier de coulée. On a trouvé que le maintien de la taille de bulle dans la plage de 0.5 à 3 mm devrait accroître le rendement de l’enlèvement d’inclusions. On peut utiliser l’augmentation de la fraction volumique de bulles dans le panier de coulée et son temps de résidence pour améliorer le rendement de l’enlèvement d’inclusions par barbotage de gaz. Cependant, la formation de petites bulles dans un panier de coulée peut être un problème car la taille des bulles est affectée par les angles mouillants élevés typiques du contact du métal liquide avec les matériaux d’orifice de bulle.     

中间包吹氩技术的研究进展

讨论了中间包吹氩技术去除夹杂物的机理以及影响夹杂物去除率的因素,并综述了中间包吹氩时气液两相流体流动的数学模型,讨论了几种不同的中间包吹氩技术,指出了我国中间包吹氩技术的现状。     

吹氩精炼钢包内非金属夹杂物去除机理

 通过物理模拟试验,研究分析了底吹氩精炼钢包内夹杂物去除机理以及吹氩量对其的影响规律。结果表明：钢包中夹杂物的上浮主要是通过上升的钢液流携带,底吹氩量对夹杂物在钢包表面的钢-渣界面去除行为存在重要影响。吹氩量较小时,钢-渣界面稳定,夹杂物在浮力、毛细作用力等共同作用下穿过平坦的钢-渣界面而被吸收;吹氩量较大时,钢-渣界面波动大,渣眼周围发生卷渣,夹杂物被卷入的液滴吸收,随液滴进入渣层;吹氩量大,渣眼周围形成渣泡,夹杂物被渣泡吸收,随渣泡进入渣层。吹氩量达到一定时,夹杂物被钢-渣界面的吸收成为其被去除的限制性环节,且吹氩量较大时夹杂物去除效果最差,为实际吹氩精炼过程吹气量的控制提供了指导。