基于正交试验的引射式燃烧器结构优化

引射式燃烧器的结构参数与燃气和空气预混效果之间存在非线性关系,难以获得解析表达式,而预混效果又是燃烧器的关键评价指标。为了设计预混效果更好的引射式燃烧器,利用CFD进行模拟仿真计算,并结合正交试验的方法对燃烧器的结构参数进行了优化设计,以燃烧器出口截面燃气和空气混合不均匀度为目标函数,得到了燃烧器的燃气喷嘴内径、一次烟气入口内径以及旋流叶片角度和数量的最优参数组合,优化后燃烧器出口截面的混合不均匀度降至0.015 34。     

高温空气烧嘴参数对NOx排放影响的试验研究

设计合理的烧嘴可以控制空气和燃气的混合,从而控制Nox的排放.对6种不同几何结构烧嘴在不同的燃气流速、过量空气系数、燃气流量以及不同燃气与空气喷口间距下的Nox排放量进行了试验研究.结果表明,燃气射流速度的提高可以减少Nox的排放;在空气射流速度大致相等的各个试验工况中,空气喷口为矩形且矩形短轴指向烧嘴中心的燃气喷口时,Nox排放量最高,空气喷口为圆形时次之,空气喷口为矩形且矩形长轴指向燃气喷口时Nox排放量较低.在试验范围内,过量空气系数提高,Nox的排放增加.     

烟气再循环对金属纤维表面燃烧器NO_x排放和燃烧稳定性的影响

结合全预混金属纤维表面燃烧器和外部烟气再循环燃烧技术,在350 kW卧式燃气锅炉上进行了实验研究.研究了负荷、过量空气系数和烟气再循环率对CO、NO_x排放和燃烧稳定性的影响.结果表明:负荷变化对NO_x排放无明显影响;过量空气系数越大,NO_x排放越低,但系统热效率随之降低;不采用烟气再循环技术时,NO_x排放低于30 mg/m3时过量空气系数需大于1.73,此时系统热效率低于92.1%;如采用23%的烟气再循环率,实现上述相同NO_x排放水平仅需过量空气系数大于1.3,系统热效率比无烟气再循环时高1.3%;随着烟气再循环率的增大,火焰燃烧不稳定加剧.出现炉膛震动时的烟气再循环率极限值随着负荷的增大而逐渐提高.     

甲烷在过量焓燃烧器内的燃烧特性

设计了一个通道截面为7 mm x0.6 mm的等速螺线过量焓微燃烧器,并在其中完成了CH4/空气预混气的燃烧实验.通过数据采集系统得到了微燃烧器端面的温度分布,使用气相色谱法分析了烟气成分.实验结果表明,过量焓燃烧器能够通过逆流换热有效地实现热量回收,提高可燃预混气进入燃烧区前的温度,有利于微尺度火焰的稳定,并在较宽的空气过量系数范围内实现甲烷/空气预混气在燃烧器的中心稳定燃烧.当空气过量系数大于1时,甲烷可以实现完全燃烧;当空气过量系数小于1时,烟气中存在H2和CO,但无残留的甲烷.     

燃烧室预混段燃料_空气混合规律的数值研究

燃料与空气的均匀混合是稀态均相预混燃烧技术的关键.采用数值模拟方法:研究了多种工况条件下一个圆柱形射流预混段内燃料与空气的混合过程.结果显示,增加预混段长度,减小燃料喷嘴直径,降低燃气平均速度和提高燃气湍流度,都能提高预混段的混合能力.研究获得了所有主要参数的统一定量关系,可用它通过内插或外推来预测其它条件下燃料和空气的混合情况.研究结果对于认识预混过程的机理和燃烧室的设计有重要的参考价值.     

基于反扩散火焰的低NOx旋流燃烧器数值模拟

采用非预混稳态小火焰模型（Steady Flamelet Model,SFM）耦合110步甲烷燃烧简化机理和Realizable k-ε模型对反扩散-旋流低氮燃烧器进行模拟,对比分析了不同旋流角度（30°,45°和60°）及过量空气系数（1.05,110,115和1.20）下燃烧时燃烧室内各截面轴向速度分布、中心截面温度及NOx质量浓度分布。详细研究了燃烧室内天然气与空气的燃烧特性及NOx的排放规律。模拟结果表明：随着旋流叶片角度逐渐增大,燃烧室内回流作用逐渐增强,导致火焰长度变短、燃烧室内最高温度及出口NO质量浓度逐渐降低;在旋流叶片角度为60°时,出口NO质量浓度仅为114 mg/m3;随着过量空气系数逐渐增大,火焰末端温度逐渐提高,导致燃烧室出口NO排放量逐渐增大;在过量空气系数为1.2时,出口NO质量浓度达到294 mg/m3,相比于过量空气系数为1.05时,其NO排放量增加153%。     

反应物喷入条件对常温空气无焰燃烧的影响

针对工业锅炉中气体燃料燃烧过程,采用数值模拟与实验相结合的方法,研究了C3H8燃料和常温空气通过平行圆管喷嘴类型的燃烧器在不同喷入条件下对炉膛内无焰燃烧的温度变化趋势和燃烧产物的影响.结果表明,在燃料和空气入口流量保持不变的情况下,空气喷嘴孔数或燃料喷嘴孔径增加将加剧炉内局部燃烧,导致燃烧峰值温度和出口NO浓度升高;随着燃烧器空气喷嘴与燃料喷嘴间距增加,炉内峰值温度和出口NO浓度下降;炉内峰值温度不超过1 900 K时,有利于实现低氮氧化物排放的常温空气无焰燃烧.     

金属纤维燃烧器内沼气全预混燃烧数值模拟

为了研究沼气中CO_2含量、进气速度大小以及过量空气系数等对于沼气的全预混燃烧情况的影响,本文介绍了沼气全预混金属纤维燃烧器,建立了二维金属纤维燃烧器物理模型及数学模型。在Fluent中将金属纤维看作是多孔介质区,并模拟各工况的燃烧情况,然后对各种影响因素进行分析。结果表明,过量空气系数为1~1.25范围内沼气的预混燃烧CO、NO_x排放都较低;进口流速增大使得高温区扩大,燃烧温度上升,CO和NO_x减小趋势放缓;随着沼气中CO_2含量的增大,燃烧速率变小,火焰稳定性变低,沼气中CO_2含量接近50%时仍是可燃的。     

低热值C2H4-AIR-N2预混气体在多孔介质内的燃烧特性研究

利用自行设计的多孔介质实验台,对C_2H_4-AIR-N_2预混气体在多孔介质燃烧器内的燃烧特性进行了实验研究,分析燃料当量比、预混气体流速以及N_2稀释比对预混气体的可燃极限、火焰传播方向、火焰温度分布以及污染物排放的影响。研究表明:随着稀释比的上升,预混气体的可燃极限范围缩小,火焰向上游传播的工况逐渐减少;燃烧器内最高火焰温度与当量比以及气体流速正相关,与稀释比负相关;CO的排放量随着稀释比的上升而增加,与当量比以及气体流速负相关;实验中的NO排放量小于20 mg/m~3。     

流态化燃烧NO、N2O和SO2同步排放试验研究

研究了热态流化床实验台中燃烧褐煤、烟煤和无烟煤时SO_2、NO和N_2O同步排放浓度随过量空气系数、燃烧温度和钙硫比的变化规律。试验中过量空气系数变化范围为0.8～1.8,燃烧温度变化范围为750～950℃,钙硫比变化范围为0～3。结果表明:过量空气系数增加时NO和N_2O的排放浓度增加,SO_2排放浓度先增加后降低;燃烧温度增加时NO排放浓度增加,N_2O排放浓度降低,SO_2的排放浓度增加;加入碳酸钙后NO排放量增加,N_2O和SO_2的排放量减少。加入碳酸钙后可以有效降低SO_2排放,同时会使NO排放增加、N_2O排放降低;烟煤、无烟煤和褐煤燃烧时NO、SO_2和N_2O随过量空气系数的变化规律存在差别。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.