316L不锈钢粉末注射成形件的烧结致密化行为

为了控制粉末注射成形零件的最终尺寸精度和力学性能,对316L不锈钢粉末注射成形件的烧结致密化行为进行了试验研究,分析了烧结温度和升温速率对试件致密化行为以及烧结件力学性能的影响.试验结果表明,致密化过程始于1080℃左右,主要在1200～1300℃的升温过程中快速进行,致密化速率随着升温速率的升高而升高.烧结件的抗拉强度、抗弯强度以及延伸率,不但取决于致密化程度,而且与微观结构有关.分析表明,将基于扩散控制和强度控制的烧结理论结合,可以有效地解释316L不锈钢粉末的致密化行为,需在现有的烧结模型中考虑强度影响因素,才能更真实地模拟烧结过程.     

316L不锈钢粉真空松装烧结的研究

研究了３１６Ｌ不锈钢粉注射成形等低压成形工艺的粉末真空松装烧结行为及其影响因素。通过添加石墨实现脱氧控碳，分析比较了气，水雾化粉真空松装还原烧结行为的差异。     

超细316L不锈钢粉末注射成形的脱脂工艺

采用溶剂脱脂和热脱脂相结合的方法,研究了超细316L不锈钢粉末注射成形坯的脱脂工艺。注重考察了升温速度和保温时间对不锈钢注射坯的热脱脂工艺的影响。研究表明注射成形坯经正己烷溶剂脱脂后,石蜡组元全部被脱除。其它组元在后续的热脱脂中被去除,确定了优化的升温速度和保温时间,试样没有出现缺陷,并缩短了脱脂周期,该周期大约为10小时。     

316L纤维尺寸和含量对HA-ZrO2(CaO)/316L纤维复合生物材料性能的影响

研究了316L纤维的长度、直径与含量对HA-ZrO_2（CaO）/316L纤维生物复合材料的力学性能的影响规律.结果表明：纤维直径为40μm的复合材料力学性能优于纤维直径为50μm的复合材料;纤维长度为0.8～1.2mm的复合材料力学性能优于纤维长度为2～3mm的复合材料;随着纤维体积分数增大,纤维之间相互接触而导致在复合材料中形成的微孔增多,并成为微裂纹源,导致材料力学性能下降.含20vol%直径为40μm、长度为0.8～1.2mm的316L纤维的HA-ZrO_2（CaO）/316L纤维生物复合材料的综合力学性能最佳,其抗弯强度、杨氏模量、断裂韧性和相对密度分别为140.1MPa、117.8GPa、5.81MPa·m~（1/2）和87.1%.复合材料微观组织随HA粉末和316L纤维成分的变化呈规律性变化,没有出现明显的裂纹或孔隙,316L纤维与HA-ZrO_2（CaO）基体紧紧地咬合在一起,其结合主要靠基体对316L纤维的物理附着力所致.基体中发生微量Fe元素扩散,但在316L纤维中不发生基体Ca、P元素的扩散.含5%316L纤维复合材料表现为脆性断裂,而含10%、20%、40%316L纤维复合材料均表现为韧性断裂,且韧性程度随316L纤维含量的增加而增大.     

316L不锈钢在不同电导率海水和NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为

采用线性极化电阻、塔菲尔曲线法和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)技术研究了316L不锈钢(316LSS)在不同电导率海水和NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为.结果表明,316LSS在两种腐蚀介质中的极化电阻(Rp)、自腐蚀电位(Ecorr)和点蚀电位(Eb100)均随电导率的升高而降低.同时EIS显示电导率对电荷转移电阻(R1)影响不大,而对膜电阻(R2)影响较大,说明随电导率的变化,腐蚀介质中侵蚀离子主要影响316LSS的钝化膜的稳定性.316LSS在NaCl溶液中的R2、Ecorr、Eb100值比在相同电导率海水中分别最大减少了6.5×105Ω· cm2、54mY和143mY,说明在电导率相同时,316     

粉末装载量和气氛对MIM不锈钢脱脂过程的影响

研究了粉末装载量和气氛对金属注射成形（ＭＩＭ）不锈钢脱脂过程的影响，粉末装裁量高，脱脂速率低，粉末装载最低，脱脂速率高，在真空环境下，由地石蜡的饱和蒸气压大于环境威协答独即使在８０～１００℃的低温情况下，粘结剂也能比较显著地被脱除。     

基于水溶性PEG/PMMA黏结剂的316L不锈钢注射成形研究

目的 针对316L不锈钢注射成形,研究一种环境友好型的水溶性黏结剂,并探究水脱脂温度对PEG脱除率的影响。方法 配置不同PEG/PMMA比例的黏结剂,通过成形后的形貌及SEM确定黏结剂的比例,对成形完整的生坯进行流变性能测试,最后将生坯放入水浴锅中脱脂,通过SEM观察形貌。结果 通过注射成形得出76%（质量分数,下同）PEG、79%PEG和82%PEG 3种喂料能够注出完整的生坯,同时根据SEM观察发现316L不锈钢粉末被黏结剂均匀包裹。在160℃、剪切速率102～105 s-1条件下,3种喂料黏度均低于1 000 Pa·s,符合注射成形的要求。在生坯脱脂过程中,PEG脱除率随着脱脂温度的升高而升高。PEG的脱除使生坯内部形成大量孔隙,有利于后续热脱脂与预烧结的进行。结论 与其他成分相比,成分为79%PEG+19%PMMA+5%SA的黏结剂喂料具有较好的流动性,适合注射成形,成形出的生坯形貌完整,内部孔洞较少,并且经过脱脂后仍能保持原始形状,无外部缺陷。生坯在60℃水温下脱脂,PEG脱除率最大,经过10 h脱脂后PEG脱除率达到80%。     

激光选区熔化成型316L不锈钢的工艺参数对硬度与微观组织的影响

激光选区熔化(Selective laser melting,SLM)技术能够制备复杂的一体化空间构件,是金属增材制造的主要方法之一.然而,目前SLM技术仍存在一些问题,如工艺参数对性能的影响规律复杂等,这极大地限制了SLM技术的推广和应用.因此,选择激光功率、扫描速度、扫描间距和相邻层之间的旋转角度四种SLM工艺参数进行分析,设计正交实验,制备了316L不锈钢材料的试样,表征了SLM成型试样的尺寸精度、相对密度和硬度,并观察其宏观结构和微观组织.以激光能量密度为因变量,研究其对成型316L不锈钢材料性能的影响,实现了多输入变量到单输入变量的降维,简化了SLM工艺参数对成型材料力学性能和微观结构的复杂影响规律.结果表明,当输入的激光能量密度在65～90 J/m3之间时,316L不锈钢的相对密度在99.6％以上;当激光功率为180 W、扫描速度为870 mm/s时,316L不锈钢的晶粒均匀,其形状近似正六边形,晶粒度为0.4μm.SLM成型的316L不锈钢相对密度与硬度有一定的关联性,当相对密度高于99.0％时,试样的硬度较高,约为250HV.     

表面纳米化对316L不锈钢性能的影响

对316L不锈钢进行表面机械研磨处理(SMAT),研究表面组织变化对其硬度和在0.5 mol/LNaCl介质中腐蚀性能的影响.结果表明:通过SMAT可以在316L不锈钢表面制备出纳米结构层,随着处理时间的增加,表面纳米晶组织逐渐由单一的奥氏体相过渡到奥氏体与马氏体两相共存;表面纳米化和马氏体相变能够明显地提高316L不锈钢的表层硬度,使表面粗糙度略有下降;表面机械研磨处理降低了316L不锈钢在0.5mol/L NaCl腐蚀介质中的耐蚀性能.因为316L不锈钢表面纳米晶组织容易钝化,形成的钝化膜不稳定,提高了溶解速度.     

表面纳米化对316L不锈钢抗点蚀性能的影响

分别对未表面纳米化、表面纳米化和表面纳米化后退火处理的316L不锈钢的样品进行点蚀试验,在3.5%NaCl水溶液中分别测出它们的极化曲线.结果表明,316L不锈钢表面纳米化后抗点蚀性能下降;表面纳米化后经退火处理的316L不锈钢随退火温度的升高和退火时间的延长抗点蚀性能会重新恢复.     

Microstructural creep damage in welded joints of 316L stainless steel

The present work has been undertaken to study creep damage in welded joints. The complex dual phase microstructure of 316L welds are simulated by manually filling a mould with longitudinally deposited weld beads. Most of the moulded specimens were then aged for 2000 hours at 600°C. High resolution scanning electron microscopy was extensively used to examine the microstructure of the welded material before and after ageing. Columnar grains of austenite constitute a matrix in which thin dendrites of δ-ferrite can be found. The ageing generates the precipitation of carbides, resulting in less transformation in the material. Smooth and notched creep specimens were cut from the mould and tested at 600°C under different stress levels. The creep life of the simulated welded material is shown to be lower than that of the base material. Microstructural observations reveal that creep cavities are preferentially located along the austenite grain boundaries. This analysis of intergranular damage on test specimens is conducted to obtain a predictive damage law which could be used to calculate the lifetime of welded joints.     

Effect of rare earth elements on microstructure and oxidation behaviour in TIG weldments of AISI 316L stainless steel

The influence of rare earth addition in weld metal, on the microstructure and oxidation behaviour of AISI 316L stainless steel in dry air under isothermal condition at 973 K for 240 h is reported. Rare earth metal (REM) doped weld metal zone exhibits better oxidation resistance during isothermal holding as compared to base metal and undoped weld metal zone of 316L. Presence of both Ce and Nb in weld metal shows superior oxidation resistance than with Ce alone. TIG weld microstructures are presented by optical microscopy. The morphologies of the scales and nature of their adherence to the alloy substrates, and scale spallation have been characterized by SEM and EDAX.     

316L不锈钢冠脉支架制造工艺的研究

研究了激光精细雕刻冠状动脉血管支架的制造工艺,对冠脉支架结构设计原则、激光精细雕刻加工参数、热处理工艺进行了探讨.并给出一种冠脉支架结构,进行切割实验,分析了影响切口质量因素及真空热处理工艺、电化学工艺对冠脉支架样品质量的影响.     

Modelling tail effects in creep-crack initiation and growth for 316L stainless steel

For complex loading history (creep and fatigue) applied to engineering components, assessment procedures generally estimate the crack initiation and growth by using the summation of continuous fatigue and pure creep crack growth rates. This text deals with the pure creep correlation established in laboratory tests and applied to components subjected to creep-fatigue loading. The trend of the creep opening displacement history superimposed onto the crack progress is sufficient to predict what kind of tail effect will occur when plotting ? vs. C*. The exponent of this correlation is demonstrated to be very close to unity, whatever creep stage is concerned. The contribution of either the material behaviour or the crack extension to the ? -C* correlation is discussed.     

Influence of prior cyclic hardening on high temperature deformation and crack growth in type 316L (N) stainless steel

For power generating equipment subjected to cyclic loading at high temperature, crack growth could arise from the combinations of fatigue and creep processes. There is potential for the material to undergo hardening (or more generally changes of material state) as a consequence of cyclic loading. Results of an experimental study to examine the influence of prior cyclic hardening on subsequent creep deformation are presented for type 316L(N) stainless steel at 600°C. Experiments were also carried out to explore creep crack growth at constant load, and crack growth for intermittent cyclic loading. For the as-received material there is substantial primary creep (hardening) at constant load, while for the cyclically hardened material at constant load the creep curves show recovery, and increasing creep rate with increasing time. Specimens subjected to prior cyclic hardening were also used for a series of creep and creep-fatigue crack growth tests. These tests demonstrated that there was accelerated crack growth compared to crack growth in as-received material.     

Microstructural evolution of injection molded gas- and water-atomized 316L stainless steel powder during sintering

The present study investigates the microstructural evolution and densification behavior of water- and gas-atomized 316L stainless steel powder. Dilatometry and quenching studies were conducted to determine the extent of densification and corresponding microstructural changes. Results indicate that water-atomized powder could be sintered to 97% of theoretical density, while gas-atomized powders could be sintered to near-full density. The difference in the densification behavior is examined in terms of the particle morphology, initial green density and the particle chemistry.     

Detection and analysis of microbiologically influenced corrosion of 316 L stainless steel with electrochemical noise technique

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) is a specific type of corrosion caused or promoted by microorganisms usually chemoautotrophs. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the exploitation of electrochemical noise technique to investigate and monitor biocorrosion. The advantages of Electrochemical Noise (EN) technique includes the possibility to detect and study the early stages of localized corrosion; however the comprehension of EN signals still remains very limited. In the present work an attempt has been made to analyze the current and potential noise records for type 316 L stainless steel (SS) specimen immersed in Iron oxidizing bacteria inoculated medium amended with different concentrations of NaCl. All the potential and current noise data collected in the time domain were transformed in the frequency domain, using MATLAB software. Shot noise parameters like frequency of corrosion events (f_n), average charge in each event (q), true coefficient of variation and noise resistance (R_N) were analyzed. Low frequency events and high charge were observed for the specimen after the exposure of 3 weeks in microbial medium with 1% NaCl when compared to control. It indicates that microbes can influence the pitting corrosion over the specimen which was also evidenced by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). In addition to this, the probabilistic failure model for MIC on 316 L SS was predicted using Weibull distribution.     

316L不锈钢加工硬化机制及孪生行为

对固溶处理后的316L不锈钢试样进行了拉伸实验,根据Ludwik真应力应变模型对拉伸实验曲线进行了非线性拟合,并用Crussard-Jaoul法计算和分析了Ludwik模型中的加工硬化指数（n）,同时通过对拉伸试样的微观组织观察,分析了316L不锈钢的加工硬化机制.实验结果表明：316L不锈钢在拉伸变形过程中加工硬化非...