基于率相关迟滞模型的压电微动平台前馈控制

为了降低压电微动平台的动态迟滞误差对平台定位精度的影响,该文设计了基于率相关迟滞逆模型的前馈控制器对其进行迟滞补偿。首先,在对平台受力分析和运动分析的基础上建立平台的动力学模型;其次,在经典Prandtl-Ishilinskii(PI)模型的基础上加以改造,得到Modified Prandtl-Ishilinskii(MPI)模型,并将MPI模型与平台的线性动力学模型串联,得到分离式率相关MPI模型,进而基于率相关MPI逆模型建立平台的前馈控制器;最后,对所设计的控制器进行阶跃响应和正弦轨迹跟踪实验。实验结果表明,所设计的控制器具有较好的定位精度与跟踪性能,可以有效地补偿压电微动平台的动态迟滞误差。     

Feedforward Controller With Inverse Rate-Dependent Model for Piezoelectric Actuators in Trajectory-Tracking Applications

Effective employment of piezoelectric actuators in microscale dynamic trajectory-tracking applications is limited by two factors: 1) the intrinsic hysteretic behavior of piezoelectric ceramic and 2) structural vibration as a result of the actuator's own mass, stiffness, and damping properties. While hysteresis is rate-independent, structural vibration increases as the piezoelectric actuator is driven closer to its resonant frequency. Instead of separately modeling the two interacting dynamic effects, this work treats their combined effect phenomenologically and proposes a rate-dependent modified Prandtl-Ishlinskii operator to account for the hysteretic nonlinearity of a piezoelectric actuator at varying actuation frequency. It is shown experimentally that the relationship between the slope of the hysteretic loading curve and the rate of control input can be modeled by a linear function up to a driving frequency of 40 Hz     

采用变间隔阈值PI模型的压电平台前馈控制

为提高压电微动平台在运动过程中的定位精度,设计前馈控制器来控制平台输出位移。首先,根据压电微动平台迟滞曲线的特点,在不降低模型精度要求的前提下,对迟滞曲线非线性较大区域进行细密划分,对线性较好区域进行稀疏划分,进而建立了变间隔阈值的平台Prandtl-Ishilinskii(PI)迟滞模型;接着,通过对所建平台迟滞模型求逆,给出了平台的前馈控制算法;最后,将所设计的前馈控制器作用于平台,对其进行了实际控制。结果表明,在4μm的目标阶跃激励下,平台的响应时间为0.01s,无超调,稳态误差中线从无控制时的0.4~0.5μm减小为0~0.2μm;在最大值为20.7μm的幅值衰减三角波输入作用下,平台定位误差中线的最大正负差值从无控制时的3.82μm减小到1.15μm。所设计的控制器可有效减小压电微动平台的迟滞误差。     

对改进滞环电流控制器的仿真研究

基于空间矢量调制的三相滞环电流控制器的外滞环宽度较小时不能有效的控制三相电流最大误差,针对这个问题,提出了一种改进滞环电流控制器,它在每一个区间内采用了三个有效电压矢量和零矢量来控制三相电流的变化,从而能有效的控制三相最大电流误差,简化了外滞环宽度的选择,降低了三相总开关次数;并做了仿真试验,试验结果也证明了以上其优点。     

压电叠堆执行器迟滞建模与前馈补偿研究

针对压电叠堆执行器输入电压与输出位移的动态迟滞特性,结合非对称静态Bouc-Wen迟滞模型,建立了压电叠堆执行器动态迟滞模型,并采用粒子群算法辨识出6个模型参数。为提高压电叠堆执行器动态位移输出精度,进一步推导出压电叠堆执行器迟滞逆模型,最终在此基础上对压电叠堆执行器进行前馈补偿研究。仿真与实验结果对比表明,在0~120V峰值电压与0~500Hz激励频率内,所建立的动态迟滞模型能够较好地描述与预测压电叠堆执行器的动态输出位移。前馈补偿实验研究结果表明,利用所建的迟滞逆模型补偿后,压电叠堆执行器的滞环减小,输出位移非线性度下降约3%。     

采用前馈定时同步的解调器设计与实现

无人机数据链系统中的解调器常用反馈结构实现定时同步,而无人机起降阶段多径十分严重,采用反馈定时同步的解调器工作不稳定。针对这个问题,分析比较了反馈式和前馈式2种定时同步方法的原理,选择前馈式定时同步方法设计实现了一种用于无人机起降阶段的解调器;介绍了前馈式定时同步的算法选择和参数设计过程,并阐述了解调器的工作原理和硬件组成。经测试和实际工程验证,解调效果良好。     

Study of an Hybrid Current Controller Suitable for DC–DC or DC–AC Applications

In this paper, the modeling and study of a new hybrid current controller is presented. It ensures high dynamic response with a fixed-frequency operation mode, a zero static error, and high robustness properties in regard to system parameters variations. To model the proposed nonlinear current controller, different tools are developed. In a first step, a high-frequency average model is proposed. It allows studying the average dynamic properties (bandwidth, time response, and overflow). To investigate the behavior of the current ripple due to the switching effect, a second model, based on the construction of a 3D bifurcation diagram and the definition of a form function, is established. This model allows studying the nature of the cycle described by the state trajectory and proving that the system operates with a fixed switching frequency. Design rules of the control parameters of this controller are explained and its robustness properties are tested by numerical simulations and validated by experimental tests.     

A Dynamic Hysteresis Model of Piezoelectric Ceramic Actuators

A modified Prandtl-Ishlinskii(PI) model with rate-dependent thresholds for describing the hysteresis characteristics of piezoelectric actuators is proposed.Based on the classical PI model, a novel threshold depending on the input rate is constructed. With the novel rate-dependent threshold, the play operator has the capability to track the frequency variation of the input signal. Hence, the proposed modified PI model can be used to depict the rate-dependent hysteresis of piezoelectric actuators....     

压电陶瓷微位移器件迟滞模型的研究

在通过统计物理学角度分析压电陶瓷迟滞规律的基础上，结合数学建模方法，提出了一种简单实用的压电陶瓷迟滞数学模型。并设计了压电陶瓷实验控制系统，对迟滞数学模型进行了验证，实验结果表明，此模型可以有效减小压电陶瓷的迟滞非线性误差，提高压电陶瓷微位移的控制精度，本研究有助于实现基于压电陶瓷的高精度开环微位移控制。     

Analysis of a Microwave Feedforward Amplifier Using Volterra Series Representation

The use of feedforward correction to reduce nonlinear distortion in a microwave amplifier is investigated, using the Volterra series approach. Expressions are derived for the suppression of main amplifier distortion, in terms of the circuit parameters of the system. It is shown that the gain and phase imbalance in the second interference loop mainly determine the distortion suppression in the feedforward amplifier. An expression is derived for the relationship between amplifier distortion suppression and the degree of gain and phase imbalance in the second interference loop. The effect of the phase imbalance in the second interference loop on the AM-to-AM and AM-to-PM conversion in a feedforward amplifier is discussed; it is shown that the presence of such phase imbalance may cause a substantial difference to exist between the improvement in cross-modulation and that in intermodulation. Further, the gain sensitivity of the feedforward amplifier as a function of gain and phase imbalance is obtained. As an illustrative example, the distortion suppression of a specific IMPATT amplifier with feedforward correction is considered.     

Dual-Mode Multiple-Band Digital Controller for High-Frequency DC–DC Converter

An integrated digital controller design for dc-dc converter is proposed in this paper. The proposal presents a multiple- band dual-stage (MBDS) delay line A/D converter (ADC) for wide dynamic range of operation with reduced ripple, chip area, and power consumption. This proposal also introduces a novel folding logic for digital error calculation and dual-mode error control PID for improving transient response. A complete closed-loop experimental prototype is demonstrated on a field-programmable-gate- array-based setup. The feasibility and functionality of the proposed digital controller is verified with a closed-loop synchronous buck converter prototype that switches at 1 MHz and regulates over a wide output voltage range of 1.6-3.3 V. The proposed MBDS delay line ADC is fabricated with discrete logic gates and flip-flops. The integrated digital controller is also implemented using standard cell-based design methodology in 0.5-mum CMOS technology. The design reduces 33 % on-chip area compared to an equivalent of 64 tap delay line ADC. The complete digital controller chip takes less than 0.7 mm² of silicon area and consumes an average current of 92 muA at 1-MHz switching frequency. The voltage-mode digital loop achieves tracking time of less than 10 mus for 1-V step change of the reference voltage and settling time of 20 mus. Post layout simulation and experimental results are demonstrated.     

磁性材料磁滞回线模型参数的计算

为了在磁开关数值模拟中采用Jiles-Atherton模型描述磁性材料的磁滞特性,本文推导出一组计算公式,由实验得到的磁滞回线中的8个特征参数,通过计算确定Jiles-Atherton模型中的5个模型参数,并应用一个具体实例对该方法的准确性进行了验证.     

压电驱动器迟滞特性的Preisach模型研究

压电驱动器的迟滞特性是影响其位移输出精度的主要因素。该文采用改进的Preisach模型对压电驱动器的迟滞特性进行建模，并进行了相应的实验研究。实验结果表明该模型可以很好地预测压电驱动器在经过一定的控制电压序列以后的位移输出值．能够有效地降低迟滞特性对压电驱动器位移输出精度的影响。     

Three-Level AC–DC–AC Z-Source Converter Using Reduced Passive Component Count

This paper presents a three-level AC-DC-AC Z-source converter with output voltage buck-boost capability. The converter is implemented by connecting a low-cost front-end diode rectifier to a neutral-point-clamped inverter through a single X-shaped LC impedance network. The inverter is controlled to switch with a three-level output voltage, where the middle neutral potential is uniquely tapped from the star-point of a wye-connected capacitive filter placed before the front-end diode rectifier for input current filtering. Through careful control, the resulting converter can produce the correct volt-second average at its output, while simultaneously achieving inductive voltage boosting by shooting through either an appropriately selected inverter phase-leg or two phase-legs being commanded simultaneously. More interestingly, these performance features are achieved with no increase in the number of semiconductor commutations, and hence, no increase in switching losses. The proposed converter therefore offers a low-cost alternative to applications that need to ride through frequent input voltage sags. For confirming the converter performance, experimental testing using a constructed laboratory prototype is performed with its captured results presented in a later section of the paper.     

压电微动平台的改进PI迟滞模型研究

为了建立既有较高精度又有较快运算速度的压电微动平台迟滞模型,对传统PI迟滞模型进行了改进研究。由于压电微动平台初载曲线前半升程斜率变化较大,而后半升程斜率变化较小,因此,采用非等分域值方法建立了其PI迟滞模型,通过求取所建模型与实测初载曲线误差的最小二范数辨识出了模型的相应参数,实验验证了所建模型的有效性。实验结果表明,在20.7μm的平台最大位移范围内,模型的最大误差为0.71μm,平均误差为0.23μm。     

超磁致伸缩执行器磁滞模型的参数辨识

准确辨识磁滞模型参数是保证超磁致伸缩执行器位移控制精度的关键,而单一算法难以实现对超磁致非线性模型参数的精确辨识。该文提出了一种新型混合优化策略,即改进的遗传退火算法,并将其应用于对超磁致伸缩执行器位移磁滞模型参数的辨识。该算法兼顾了遗传算法和模拟退火算法的优点,同时还引入了机器学习原理,将模拟退火算法作为遗传算法中的种群变异算子,并将模拟退火算法中的抽样过程与遗传算法相结合。此算法不仅充分发挥了遗传算法并行搜索能力强的特点,且增强和改进了遗传算法的进化能力,同时提高了系统的收敛性和收敛速度,避免最优解的丢失。通过仿真和试验研究表明,该算法相对于遗传算法有更高的精度,可有效精确辨识超磁致伸缩执行器磁滞模型的参数。     

基于时间序列预报模型的船摇前馈量计算

船摇前馈控制是船载雷达克服船摇扰动的主要手段之一,而船摇数据的精确预报是决定船摇前馈补偿量计算精度和补偿效果的关键因素.该文建立了船摇数据的时间序列AR(P)模型,介绍了模型定阶和参数识别方法,给出了船摇数据滤波值和预报值的计算公式.通过对时间序列船摇预报的精度和实时应用性能分析,结果表明该AR(P)模型船摇预报方法可提高一个数量级的精度,并且满足工程应用的实时性要求.在时间序列船摇预报的基础上,最后给出了船摇前馈补偿量的计算方法.     

Slowing DNA Transport Using Graphene–DNA Interactions

Slowing down DNA translocation speed in a nanopore is essential to ensuring reliable resolution of individual bases. Thin membrane materials enhance spatial resolution but simultaneously reduce the temporal resolution as the molecules translocate far too quickly. In this study, the effect of exposed graphene layers on the transport dynamics of both single (ssDNA) and double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) through nanopores is examined. Nanopore devices with various combinations of graphene and Al₂O₃ dielectric layers in stacked membrane structures are fabricated. Slow translocations of ssDNA in nanopores drilled in membranes with layers of graphene are reported. The increased hydrophobic interactions between the ssDNA and the graphene layers could explain this phenomenon. Further confirmation of the hydrophobic origins of these interactions is obtained through reporting significantly faster translocations of dsDNA through these graphene layered membranes. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm the preferential interactions of DNA with the graphene layers as compared to the dielectric layer verifying the experimental findings. Based on our findings, we propose that the integration of multiple stacked graphene layers could slow down DNA enough to enable the identification of nucleobases.     

Scattering Properties of the Ocean Surface: The Miller–Brown–Vegh Model Revisited

We review the model of Miller-Brown-Vegh (MBV) that is commonly used to describe scattering from the ocean surface. The model has been built on two essential elements: the Kirchhoff approximation and an assumption regarding the probability distribution of the ocean surface elevations. A comparison with theoretical results preceeding the MBV model as well as with experimental data suggest that the MBV model is inconsistent with the predicted and observed probability distribution of sea waves. Here, a scattering model based on more rigorous statistics of the ocean surface is considered instead. The analysis we present offers an explanation as well as a remedy for the reported tendency of models describing propagation in evaporation ducts to overestimate the signal's intensity at the receiver.     

Tristate Memory Using Ferroelectric–Insulator–Semiconductor Heterojunctions for 50% Increased Data Storage

Ferroelectric random‐access memory (FeRAM) is considered to be one of the best candidates for universal memory. However, difficult scaling of the memory cell size has hindered the realization of high density FeRAM. Given that size scaling is inherently limited by the complicated crystal structure and processing of ferroelectric materials, the highly stable and step‐wise three memory state of one cell can be another pathway to high‐density FeRAM. A feasible structure and actual operation of a tristate memory function for high‐density FeRAM is presented that uses stacked ferroelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃/insulating Al₂O₃/semiconducting ZnO layers with Pt top and bottom electrodes. The complicated electrical responses of the stacked structure to external stimuli are well understood based on the separated trapping of the compensating charges at the Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃/Al₂O₃ and Al₂O₃/ZnO interfaces and the discrete dissipation of the trapped charges during polarization switching in one direction. This unique function of the structure induces three discrete charge states that can be used to increase the memory density by 50% compared to conventional FeRAM at a given cell size.