富硒野菜鸡屎藤的挥发性活性成分研究

本实验用原子吸收法测定了恩施富硒地区野菜鸡屎藤的总含硒量(102.987μg/g)及挥发性成分中的含硒量(31.546μg/g);用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取了鸡屎藤挥发油,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对鸡屎藤挥发性物质的化学成分进行了分离和鉴定,分离并鉴定出33个组分,占峰面积的91.76%,并用峰面积归一化法测定了各成分的质量分数。其主要挥发性成分为:谜类、醇(烯醇)类、酮类及酯类化合物等各四种,含N化合物八种,含S化合物两种,其它为酸酐、醛、萜、烷烃、烯烃等物质。含量较高的β-丙内酯、二甲基砜、乙偶姻、安乃近、2,3-二甲基-2,4,6-环庚三烯-1-酮、3-丁烯-2-酮、4-丁二醇-丙烯酸酯、反-1,2:4,5-二环氧萜烷、N-甲磺酸咪唑。     

Odour‐active compounds in mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Corazón)

Simultaneous distillation–extraction combined with GC‐FID and GC‐MS were used to analyse volatile compounds from mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Corazón) and to estimate the most odour‐active compounds in the fruit. The analyses led to the identification of 167 components, from which 128 were positively identified. The aroma‐active areas in the gas chromatogram were screened by the application of the aroma extract dilution analysis and by odour activity values. Eighteen odorants were considered as the most odour‐active compounds: (E)‐β‐damascenone, ethyl butanoate, (E,Z)‐nonadienal, ethyl 2‐methylpropanoate, (E)‐2‐nonenal, (E)‐β‐ionone, terpinolene, δ‐3‐carene, β‐caryophyllene, ethyl 2‐methylbutanoate, limonene, myrcene, linalool, γ‐octalactone, nonanal, methyl benzoate, 2,5‐dimethyl‐4‐methoxy‐3(2H)‐furanone and hexanal.     

Comparison of Volatiles Produced by Selected Pseudomonads on Chicken Skin

Four pseudomonad cultures (one P. putida, one nonpigmented, and two P. fluorescens) were isolated from spoiled chicken breasts held at 2–6°C for 14 days. Each culture was grown on psychrotroph-free chicken skin for 14 days at 2–6°C. The volatiles produced by each organism were separated by high-resolution gas chromatography and identified by mass spectrometry. Some of the more significant volatile spoilage compounds produced by these microorganisms were sulfur-containing, e.g. methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, propylene sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide.     

顶空固相微萃取气质联用分析香葱挥发性风味成分

采用顶空固相微萃取气质联用分析检测了香葱的挥发性风味成分,共检测到30种化合物,占总峰面积的98.18%。主要成分是二丙基二硫醚(31.94%)、二丙基三硫醚(16.4%)、1-丙硫醇(11.27%)、二甲基硫醚(10.36%)、甲基-2-丙烯基二硫(6.11%)、1-丙烯-1-甲基硫醇(3.49%),占总成分的79.57%。     

Identification and evaluation of volatile odor-active pollutants from different odor emission sources in the food industry

In order to elucidate the nature of different odor-emission sources in the food industry, odor-active pollutants of the exhaust air in the cooling gases from coffee bean roasting, the exhaust air of fish meal production, and the exhaust air of swine breeding were investigated. Knowledge of what pollutants are present in the odor emission and are responsible for the malodor is vital to the development of suitable adsorbers/absorbers and filters, and combinations of the same. Therefore, the objective of these investigations was to identify and evaluate the characteristic impact of compounds in the exhaust air of these odor-emission sources. The volatile compounds were collected by using a microprocessor-controlled gas sampler through sorbent tubes of Tenax TA. The adsorbed compounds were analyzed by thermal desorption into a cryotrap and subsequent gas chromatography separation, followed by simultaneous olfactometry and mass spectrometry. In cooling gases of the coffee bean roasting numerous compounds (up to 100) were identified of which only 22 were important for the characteristic odor. These compounds were aldehydes (2-methyl propanal, 2- and 3-methyl butanal, 2-furancarboxyaldehyde, 5-methyl-2-furancarboxyaldehyde), diketones (2,3-butandione, 2,3-pentandione), pyrazines, pyridine, acetic acid, and furanmethanol. Other compounds with low concentrations but with a very low odor threshold and, therefore, important for the total odor were 3-methyl butanoic acid and guaiacol. Up to 50 compounds were identified in the exhaust air of fish meal production, the most significant of these being trimethylamine. Trimethylamine, with a very low odor threshold (0.0025 g/l air) and the highest content (up to 60% in the total ion chromatogram, more than 100 g/l) in the exhaust air of fish meal production, was responsible for the characteristic fishy odor. Beside trimethylamine only a few compounds, e.g., sulfides (dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide), aldehydes (2-methyl propanal, 2- and 3-methyl butanal), ethanol, and guaiacol, played a secondary role for the total odor. In the exhaust air of the pig house up to 50 compounds were identified. Beside ammonia, the most important odor-active compounds were various carboxylic acids (acetic acid, butanoic acid, 3-methyl butanoic acid), sulfides (dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide), trimethylamine, and the intensive odor-active p-cresol and 4-ethylphenol.     

Analysis of Volatile Compounds in Traditional Chinese Fish Sauce (Yu Lu)

Yu lu is a traditional Chinese fish sauce with a strong and distinctive odor. The volatile compounds in the fish sauce made from anchovy (Engraulis japonius) and the snakehead fish (Channa asiatica) were isolated by simultaneous distillation–solvent extraction (SDE) and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS). About 70 volatile compounds were identified, including 20 acids, 4 carbonyls, 14 nitrogen-containing compounds, 14 hydrocarbons, 8 esters, and 3 sulfur-containing compounds. The major contributors to the characteristic odor of the fish sauce are dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, 3-(methylthio)-propanol, 2-methylbutenal as well as some nitrogen-containing compounds. Nitrogenous and sulfurous compounds in the fish sauce made from anchovy were more abundant than the fish sauce made from snakehead, while snakehead fish sauce had a greater amount of volatile fatty acids. 3-(Methylthio) propanol could be another important contributor to the distinctive odor of fish sauce.     

顶空固相微萃取与气质联用法分析大葱的挥发性风味成分

本文以经过切碎和打浆两种方法处理后的新鲜大葱为研究对象，采用顶空固相微萃取和气质联用的方法测定其挥发性成分，分别分离得到了多种风殊物质。其中，经过两种处理方法后共同检测出的物质为：正丙醛，二硫化碳，二甲基二硫醚，2．甲基1-2．戊醛，甲丙基瑚啾，二-塞烷，二甲基三硫醚，十一烷，二丙基鞠隧，2-十一酮，二丙鲞三硫醚，3，5二乙基-1，2，4-三硫窥杂环戊烷，2-十三酮，N-环己基吡咯烷酮。     

固相微萃取与GC-MS法分析发酵型臭豆腐中挥发性成分

采用固相微萃取技术结合气质联用分析了北京产发酵型臭豆腐中挥发性香成分,共鉴定出31种成分,其中酯类9种、含硫类化合物6种、醛酮类5种、醇类4种、酸类2种、舍氮化合物1种、酚类1种、其他3种,检测到的含量较高的化合物有二甲基三硫、吲哚、二甲基二硫、苯酚、乙酸丁酯、正丁醇、丁酸乙酯、二甲基四硫、丁酸、正己醛、丁酸丙酯.     

SDE结合GC-MS分析王致和臭豆腐中的特征香气成分

采用同时蒸馏萃取的方法对王致和臭豆腐的挥发性成分进行提取,经气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析,采用计算的保留指数和NIST 11谱库检索,确定所含挥发性化合物的种类,并用内标法确定其在王致和臭豆腐中的含量,根据挥发性成分的香气特征,结合香气活性值,确定王致和臭豆腐中的特征性香气成分。经同时蒸馏萃取法结合气相色谱-质谱联用分析鉴定出44 种挥发性成分,包括醇类6 种（10.43 μg/g）、酯类17 种（6.88 μg/g）、酚类1 种（0.26 μg/g）、醛酮类3 种（0.15 μg/g）、硫醚类5 种（1.01 μg/g）、杂环类6 种（2.67 μg/g）、其他化合物6 种（2.66 μg/g）。其中含量较高的挥发性成分有正丁醇（7.21 μg/g）、正丙醇（2.33 μg/g）、乙酸乙酯（1.71 μg/g）、丁酸丁酯（1.44 μg/g）、乙酸丁酯（1.13 μg/g）等。而吲哚（0.70 μg/g）、正丁醇（7.21 μg/g）、正丙醇（2.33 μg/g）、二甲基二硫（0.42 μg/g）、二甲基三硫（0.36 μg/g）、二甲基四硫（0.15 μg/g）等挥发性成分对北京王致和臭豆腐特征性香味的贡献较大。     

HS-GC-O-MS分析细叶韭花易挥发性风味成分

采用顶空-气相色谱-质谱联用技术对细叶韭花中易挥发性成分的萃取条件及气相色谱-质谱分离检测条件进行系统研究,并结合嗅闻仪确定挥发性风味成分。在选定HP-5MS色谱柱的分离条件下,最优顶空条件为样品用量1.0 g/20.0 mL顶空瓶,平衡温度100℃,平衡时间40 min。结果表明:经气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱联用分析,共分离得到52种化合物,确定结构46种,占总易挥发性成分的99.15%。其中,含硫类17种、醛类10种、烃类4种、酮类4种、呋喃类3种、醇类4种、酸类2种、芳香族类1种、萜类1种。根据嗅闻结果结合相对气味活度值可得,细叶韭花挥发性风味成分主要是二甲基硫醚、二甲基二硫醚、二甲基三硫醚、3-甲基丁醛、2-甲基丁醛、1,3-二噻烷。     

Evolution of aroma compounds of murtilla fruits (Ugni molinae Turcz) during storage

BACKGROUND: ‘Murtilla’, ‘mutilla’ or ‘murta’ (Ugni molinae Turcz) is a native Chilean species that produces a small berry fruit with a special aroma, whose volatile compounds have not yet been identified. The fruit may be consumed raw and also as jams, juice, canned products, confections and liquor. RESULTS: At the beginning and end of the storage, 24 volatile compounds were identified in murtilla fruit aroma and the concentration of these compounds in murtilla fruit ranged from 1.2 to 250.5 µg kg^?1 fresh weight. Methyl 2‐methyl butanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl 2‐methyl butanoate, methyl hexanoate, ethyl hexanoate, methyl benzoate and ethyl benzoate were the major components, all of which have been reported as potent odors in other aromatic fruits. Based on estimated odor activity value, the most potent compound in the murtilla fruit aroma were ethyl hexanoate and 4‐methoxy‐2,5‐dimethyl‐furan‐3‐one. The statistical analysis showed that the storage produced a distinct effect on the same volatile compounds released from the murtilla ecotypes. CONCLUSION: The volatile compounds identified in murtilla fruit aroma, which may be described as fruity, sweet and floral, have been found in other aromatic fruits. Concerning the aroma, the murtilla fruit from ecotype 19‐1 was shown to be the best in cooled storage. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

内蒙古野葱干的特征挥发性香气成分分析

目的:对内蒙古地区野葱干的特征挥发性香气成分进行分析。方法:采用顶空固相微萃取技术富集内蒙古野葱干中的挥发性香气成分,采用气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱（GC-O-MS）联用技术进行检测,并结合改进的香味萃取稀释分析（AEDA）和相对香气活性值（ROVA）进行分析。结果:在内蒙古野葱干中共鉴定出87种挥发性风味化合物,主要包括含硫化合物、烃类、醛类与酮类、杂环类、酯类、醇类与醚类、萜烯类、酸类和酚类化合物;AEDA分析确定了20种较关键的气味活性化合物,主要包括酸类、醇类、醛类、含硫化合物和杂环化合物;ROVA结合AEDA分析确定了内蒙古野葱干中4种特征挥发性气味活性物质依次为二甲基三硫醚（浓烈新鲜洋葱辛香香气）、乙酸（酸香）、2,3-丁二醇（奶油香）和苯甲醛（坚果香）。结论:二甲基三硫醚、乙酸、2,3-丁二醇和苯甲醛相互协调是导致内蒙古野葱干风味差异的主要物质。     

Volatile constituents from Romanesco cauliflower

The volatile and semi-volatile constituents of Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis L., Romanesco group, Navona variety, were extracted by steam distillation from leaves and inflorescence, using a Likens–Nickerson-type apparatus. The extracts from fresh, ripening and frozen vegetables were investigated by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. From the fresh leaves extract, a total of 61 compounds were identified, representing 96.8% of the oil. The major constituent was found to be hex-3(Z)-enol (61.1%). From fresh disrupted inflorescence tissues of Romanesco, 35 compounds were detected, representing 97.7% of the extract. Dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide and hex-3(Z)-enol were identified as major constituents of the hydrodistillation products, representing, respectively, 30.2, 24.2 and 21.7% of the volatiles. From ripening and frozen inflorescence tissues, dimethyl disulfide and trisulfide were again detected as predominant components. In the latter, hex-3(Z)-enol had almost disappeared (0.8%) whereas dimethyl trisulfide represented 49.7% of the oil. This is the first report concerning the steam distillation compounds present in the leaves and inflorescence tissues of this species.     

CARROT VOLATILES.

ABSTRACT— Volatiles in aqueous extrack of raw, canned, and freeze-dried carrok were isolated and concentrated by an on-column entrainment procedure. Twenty-three compounds were identified by GLC-MS in the raw carrot. Of these, diethyl ether, acetaldehyde, acetone, propanal, methanol, ethanol and β-phellandrene had not been previously reported in raw carrots. Several other compounds were tentatively identified. Acetaldehyde, sabinene, myrcene, and terpinolene wzre considered important character-impact compounds in raw Carrot aroma; however, compound(s) responsible for carrot aroma remain elusive. Differences in volatile composition between canned, freeze-dried and raw carrok were found to be mainly quantitative rather than qualitative. Ethanethiol, dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl substituted styrene compounds formed with canning. Canning resulted in an approximate 50% loss of "higher boiling" compounds; however, it produced an increase in "lower boiling" compounds, particularly methanol, which increased from 0.05–60 ppm. Freeze drying resulted in an approximate 75% loss of total volatile content. Ethanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, acetaldehyde, octanal, 2-decenal and possibly dimethyl substituted styrene compounds are considered important in canned carrot flavor.     

Volatile Compounds Produced by Lactobacillus paracasei During Oat Fermentation

This study investigated the profiles of volatile compounds produced by Lactobacillus paracasei during oat fermentation using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry coupled with headspace solid‐phase microextraction method. A total of 60 compounds, including acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, furan derivatives, hydrocarbons, ketones, sulfur‐containing compounds, terpenes, and other compounds, were identified in fermented oat. Lipid oxidation products such as 2‐pentylfuran, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, hexanal, and nonanal were found to be the main contributors to oat samples fermented by L. paracasei with the level of 2‐pentylfuran being the highest. In addition, the contents of ketones, alcohols, acids, and furan derivatives in the oat samples consistently increased with the fermentation time. On the other hand, the contents of degradation products of amino acids, such as 3‐methylbutanal, benzaldehyde, acetophenone, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide, decreased in oat samples during fermentation. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to discriminate the fermented oat samples according to different fermentation times. The fermented oats were clearly differentiated on PCA plots. The initial fermentation stage was mainly affected by aldehydes, whereas the later samples of fermented oats were strongly associated with acids, alcohols, furan derivatives, and ketones. The application of PCA to data of the volatile profiles revealed that the oat samples fermented by L. paracasei could be distinguished according to fermentation time.     

Identification and characterisation of headspace volatiles of fish miso, a Japanese fish meat based fermented paste,with special emphasis on effect of fish species and meat washing

The present study investigated the suitability of four species of trash fishes for the production of fish miso, a Japanese fermented fish meat paste compared with soy and rice miso from the point of view of product aroma. The effect of washing fish meat on finished product was also evaluated. Headspace volatiles for different miso samples were analyzed by using solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique. A total of 107 volatile compounds have been identified, where 94 were common for all the miso samples. Considering the lower threshold perception and higher odour active values 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, methional, isoamyl acetate, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, 2,3-butanedione, 3-methylethyl butanoate, 3-methyl-1-butanol, ethyl hexanoate, 1-octen-3-ol, heptanol, heptanal and 2-undecanone were identified as key compounds for the miso products. Principal components analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of headspace volatiles clearly elucidated the relationship amongst different miso samples based on fish species and effect of fresh water washing of meat on aroma of finished product.     

Volatile flavour components of baked potato flesh. A comparison of eleven potato cultivars

Tubers of eleven cultivars of potato were baked and the flavour compounds from the flesh were isolated by headspace adsorption onto Tenax and analysed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Lipid degradation and the Maillard reaction were the main sources of flavour compounds, accounting for 22–69% and 28–77%, respectively, of the total yields. Various sulfur compounds, methoxypyrazines and terpenes were also identified at lower levels. Relative aroma impact values (RAVs) were calculated by dividing compound yields by the odour threshold value. Compounds contributing most to aroma (RAV > 10 000 in at least one cultivar) were 2‐isobutyl‐3‐methoxypyrazine, 2‐isopropyl‐3‐methoxypyrazine, β‐damascenone, dimethyl trisulfide, decanal and 3‐methylbutanal. The observed differences in yields and RAVs for compounds among cultivars would be expected to result in differences in perceived flavour.     

基于HS-SPME-GC-MS 法分析春生田头菇子实体不同部位挥发性成分

春生田头菇具有独特的香味风格。采用顶空固相微萃取法结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对春生田头菇子实体菌盖和菌柄的挥发性成分进行测定。从菌盖和菌柄分别鉴定出48种和47种化合物,其中16种为相同物质,占挥发性物质的20.25%。主要以烷类、酮类、酯类和酸类化合物为主,其中十甲基环五硅氧烷、2-甲基-3-庚酮、丙位壬内酯、3-羟基扁桃酸乙酯和苯乙酸为菌盖和菌柄共同含有且相对含量最高的化合物。对春生田头菇挥发性成分进行了系统研究,为进一步开发利用田头菇中活性物质提供支撑。