Stability of a rigid rotor in turbulent hybrid porous journal bearings

Stability characteristics of hybrid porous journal bearings with a turbulent fluid film have been investigated theoretically following Constantinescu's turbulent lubrication theory. The stability curves have been drawn for different Re, eccentricity ratios, slenderness ratios and bearing speed parameters. In the absence of any experimental data, laminar flow results obtained by this analysis have been compared and found to be in excellent agreement with the previous results. It is observed that turbulence deteriorates the stability of the rotor and for better performance the value of the bearing feeding parameter, β, should be kept small.     

Conical whirl instability of turbulent flow hybrid porous journal bearings

An analysis of conical whirl instability of an unloaded rigid rotor supported in a turbulent flow hybrid porous journal bearing has been presented, following Constantinescu's turbulent lubrication theory. The effect of bearing feeding parameter (β), Reynolds number (Re), ratio of wall thickness to journal radius (H/R) and anisotropy of porous material on the stability of rotor-bearing system has been investigated. It is observed that higher values of β gives better stability and higher stability is predicted if the porous bush is considered to be isotropic.     

Numerical Calculation of Rotation Effects on Hybrid Air Journal Bearings

Hybrid air journal bearings are of great importance in the precision engineering. Despite much progress, the influence of the aerostatic effect and the aerodynamic effect on the bearings is still not clear. Numerical calculation is a useful technique to evaluate bearing performance. Many theoretical problems related to Reynolds equation have been figured out by numerical simulation. The present study analyzes the effects of rotational speed—that is, the bearing speed number—on the performance of hybrid bearings. The behaviors of the pure aerostatic bearing and the pure aerodynamic bearing are investigated for comparison. The second-order finite difference method (FDM) and an iterative procedure are proposed to solve the Reynolds equation and derive the air film pressure distribution. The bearing characteristics such as load capacity, stiffness, friction coefficient, attitude angle, and mass inflow rate are taken into consideration. The research reveals the very dependence of the hybrid bearing's performance on the journal rotation and eccentricity ratio. The numerical results indicate that at a small bearing speed number of 0.223 and eccentricity ratio of 0.15, about 99.8% of the load capacity and 99.7% of the stiffness are determined by the aerostatic effect, whereas at a large bearing speed number of 2.229 and eccentricity ratio of 0.55, about 63.2% of the load capacity and 83.3% of the stiffness are determined by the aerodynamic effect.     

提高小孔供气静压气体径向轴承稳定性方法的探讨

对通过向轴承系统引入附加阻尼以提高小孔供气静压气体径向轴承稳定性的方法进行了回顾和分析，介绍了“O”形橡胶圈加稳、Sixsmith式、双气膜、切向进气四种附加阻尼的小孔供气静压气体径向轴承和胶圈加稳切向小孔供气及双气膜切向小孔供气两种复合形式的小孔供气静压气体径向轴承。并对这几种轴承的结构型式、研究发展、应用范围和优缺点进行了详细的描述。     

Comparative study of the performance of six-pocket and four-pocket hydrostatic/hybrid flexible journal bearings

This paper compares the performance of a six-pocket capillary compensated hydrostatic/hybrid flexible journal bearing to that of a simi ar four-pocket journal bearing. The comparison is based on theoretically computed results. The finite-element method has been used to obtain simultaneous solutions of the three-dimensional elasticity equations and the Reynolds equation. It is observed that the six-pocket journal bearing may be more efficient from a stability point of view as compared to a similar four-pocket journal system.     

混合轴承柔性转子系统稳定性研究

用数值解方法分析了多腔混合轴承的动态特性。对于典型的毛细管节流４腔轴承计算了在各种设计参数下的线性化的刚度系数和阻尼系数,从而得到了轴承相应的刚度和稳定性速度阈值,指出了动压效应对这两者的负面影响。讨论了转子柔性对自激涡动的作用,提出了在设计转子混合轴承系统中实用的确定稳定性阈值的方法。     

Thermal characteristics of misaligned finite journal bearings

Adiabatic analysis of a journal bearing is presented for maximum allowable misalignment with a length: diameter ratio of one. The direction of journal misalignment is allowed to vary up to the axial plane containing the load vector. Reynolds and energy equations are solved simultaneously using finite differences, considering both axial and spiral oil inlet conditions. The results show that bearing behaviour is significantly affected by journal misalignment. It is also noted that thermal effects are more pronounced for bearings with axial rather than spiral oil inlet grooves.     

Controllable high speed journal bearings, lubricated with electro-rheological fluids. An analytical and experimental approach

The problem of journal bearings control is of great importance in mechanical engineering. A very recent method for doing this is the creation of ‘smart' journal bearings using electro-rheological (ER) fluids. If such a fluid is used to lubricate a journal bearing system, it is expected that the imposition of an electric field between the rotor and the stator will cause an alteration in the dynamic properties of the journal bearing. In this paper an experiment in a high speed journal bearing (16 000 to 35 000 s⁻¹), with small radial clearance is presented. The alternation of the attitude locus (eccentricity and attitude angle) and the stiffness coefficients in a loaded journal bearing lubricated with ER fluid is investigated and presented. The Reynolds equation is solved using the finite element method in order to get the dynamic characteristics of the ER bearings vs the electric field and to simulate its dynamic behavior. The Bingham plastic model of non-Newtonian fluid flow behavior is used to described the ER lubricant. The accuracy of the algorithm is obtained by comparing the results published by previous investigators and the experimental data described in this paper. It is concluded that ER fluids can be used to create ‘smart' journal bearings. and vibration controllers can be constructed to control the dynamics and stability of the ER fluid lubricated bearings.     

水润滑动静压轴承三维压力及温度场分布理论研究

以4腔、毛细节流形式下的深腔动静压轴承为研究对象,采用有限差分数值方法求解了广义雷诺方程,该过程考虑了紊流、粘度和密度随压力及温度变化的影响。研究得到了在水介质润滑下的动静压轴承三维压力分布、温度场分布及动特性系数。结果表明在高速高压水润滑条件下的动静压轴承表现出了与粘度较大的油润滑条件下不同的液腔压力分布、温度分布等特性。水润滑轴承第3和第4个液腔压力较大,第1个液腔主要用来增加其稳定性,而同等条件下的油润滑轴承第2和第3个油腔压力较大,第4个液腔增加其稳定性。相比油润滑轴承,水润滑轴承温升较高,因此对于低粘度介质润滑下的轴承性能研究需要考虑温升影响。     

应变式油膜压力测量传感器特性研究

对用于滑动轴承油膜压力测量的应变式压力传感器进行了改进设计,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS对其进行了分析,包括静力分析和模态分析。通过静力分析得到两个方向的应变的大小,并且通过比较决定应变片粘贴的方向,以获得较大的灵敏度。对边界最薄处进行了强度校核,画出了传感器的灵敏度曲线,通过模态分析得到传感器的前四阶固有频率。分析结果表明,改进的传感器具有良好的灵敏度、线性特性和可靠性,并且具有较高的一阶固有频率。     

Transient response of a journal supported on elastic bearings

By considering the inherent flexibility of the bearing liner, the non-linear dynamic response of a journal bearing system is determined in this study. The transient analysis is presented and the journal centre motion trajectories are plotted for rigid and flexible bearings. Effects of the different parameters such as the eccentricity ratio, and the deformation coefficient etc on non-linear trajectories are reported in this paper. The transient response of the system is also obtained for different values of the normalized journal mass which shows that a rotating system supported in a flexible bearing may have a better performance under dynamic conditions than one supported in rigid bearings.     

A numerical analysis method based on flow continuity for hydrodynamic journal bearings

A numerical method of hydrodynamic bearing analysis is presented which is simple in concept, yet capable of development to handle complex situations such as dynamic misalignment. It is similar to the finite difference solution of Reynolds equation, but incorporates a more realistic modelling of cavitation. The approach to a numerical solution is direct, and should facilitate a better ‘feel’ for the way in which the physical processes are modelled. Results produced with this analysis are compared with other published data for aligned crankshaft bearings and misaligned sterntube bearings.     

Dynamic performance of plain gas journal bearings

This paper presents dynamic performance characteristics of plain gas journal bearings. The perturbation formulation suggested by Lund has been modified to obtain stiffness and damping properties. Since rotor bearing axes are never perfectly parallel, the effect of skew has also been considered. Stability studies have been carried out for selected compressibility parameters     

基于热弹流体动力混合润滑的船舶柴油机主轴承摩擦研究*

基于柔性机体和柔性曲轴模型,运用JFO边界条件下的扩展Reynolds方程和Greenwood/Tripp微峰接触理论,计入温度对摩擦润滑的影响,建立船舶柴油机机体和曲轴耦合下的主轴承的热弹流体动力混合润滑模型,并与不同计算模型进行对比和验证。结果表明:在热弹流体动力混合润滑模型下,单轴承座模型的计算结果偏于保守,整机体模型较为合理;在全柔性整机体模型下,THD模型过于理想,计入定值温度影响的EHD模型较TEHD模型的摩擦功耗偏大,说明温度对油膜的影响对主轴承的摩擦特性有重要作用。同时,通过与ALLMAIER方法对比验证,表明TEHD计算模型更具可靠性。因此,对于大型船舶柴油机而言,全柔性、计入表面接触和温度对油膜及摩擦副影响的热弹流体动力混合润滑模型是适宜的选择。     

计入轴瓦弹性的应力偶流体润滑分析

推导了计入轴瓦弹性的应力偶流体润滑轴承的变形雷诺方程。数值分析表明,刚性轴瓦的最大油膜压力值比弹性轴瓦的最大油膜压力值大,且随着应力偶参数的增大,最大油膜压力提高明显;润滑油分别为牛顿流体和应力偶流体时,弹性系数越大轴承的承载力越小,应力偶参数越大轴承的承载力越大,且轴承的偏心率越大,应力偶参数对承载力的影响越明显,应力偶参数对刚性轴瓦材料的影响比对弹性轴瓦材料的影响大。     

Determination of the dynamic coefficients of the coupled journal and thrust bearings by the perturbation method

This paper proposes a method to calculate the stiffness and the damping coefficients of the coupled journal and thrust bearings. Reynolds equations and their perturbation equations of journal and thrust bearings are transformed to the finite element equations by considering the continuity of pressure and flow at the interface between the journal and the thrust bearings. It also includes the Reynolds boundary condition in the numerical analysis to simulate the cavitation phenomenon. The stiffness and damping coefficients of the proposed mathematical method are compared with those of the numerical differentiation of the bearing force with respect to finite displacements and finite velocities of bearing center. It shows that the proposed method can calculate the dynamic coefficients of a coupled journal and thrust bearing more numerically stable and computationally efficient than the differentiation method. It also investigates the coupling effect of the coupled journal and thrust bearing and it shows that the proposed method makes it possible to calculate the cross-coupled dynamic coefficients in the radial–axial direction of the coupled journal and thrust bearing.     

Elastohydrodynamic studies of circular journal bearings with non-Newtonian lubricants

A computer-aided study is presented for the static and dynamic performance characteristics of a hydrodynamic journal bearing with a non-Newtonian lubricant. The Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates representing the flow field in the clearance space of a journal bearing using Newtonian fluids have been solved by finite element method using Galerkin's technique; the non-Newtonian effect is introduced by modifying the viscosity term for the model in each iteration. Deformation of the bearing shell is obtained by solving the three-dimensional elasticity equations. Using a suitable iterative solution procedure, the converged solutions for the lubricant flow and elastic deformation fields are obtained.