顺酐生产与市场概况

1990年世界顺酐生产能力为73．1万t／a，2000年增加到126．1万t／a，10年间年均增长率约5．6％。2002年世界顺酐生产能力达到约135万t／a，其中美洲生产能力约占22％，西欧生产能力约占36％，亚洲生产能力约占35％，东欧生产能力约占6％，非洲生产能力约占1％。世界顺酐生产能力最大的生产企业分别     

顺酐生产技术进展及用途

顺酐 (ＭＡ)是具有许多用途的单体和中间体 ,主要用于生产不饱和聚酯树脂 (ＵＰＲ)和 1,4 -丁二醇 (ＢＤＯ) ,还可用来生产增塑剂、表面涂料、农用化学品、润滑剂、苹果酸和富马酸等[1] 。1999年全球ＭＡ生产能力达 1 37Ｍｔ[2 ] ,1998～ 2 0 0 3年全球ＭＡ需求年均增长为 5 1% ,到 2 0 0 3年全球ＭＡ需求量达到 1 16Ｍｔ[3] 。 1999年我国ＭＡ生产能力达 15 0ｋｔ ,预测到 2 0 0 5年我国ＭＡ需求量为 180ｋｔ ,年均增长率为 9 84 %。苯氧化生产ＭＡ于 1930年初首次实现工业化 ,1980年以前一直以苯为原料生产ＭＡ。但因在苯原料中存在两个…     

硝酸生产氨氧化过程计算机控制系统

氨氧化过程是硝酸生产的首要工序。它的生产状况影响后续工艺的操作与肖酸生产的效益。龙山化工厂氨氧化过程，采用了浙江大学研制的ＺＤ－９２Ａ计算机控制系统，实现了优化控制与管理，获得了显著的经济效益；为改造我国硝酸生产的操作与管理成功地探索，从而为中小化工企业使用计算机控制生产过程和管理作出了示范。     

焊接钢管水压试验计算机控制系统

介绍了攀钢集团北海钢管有限公司在重庆大学联合开发的焊管水压试验计算机控制系统，该系统取代了原有电接触式压力表和笔式记录信的老式系统，采用工控机采样控制，实时补水保压，处理试验数据，具备形象，直观精确的特点，具有较高的实用价值，对类似系统有积极的借鉴意义。     

硝酸生产氨氧化过程计算机控制系统

氨氧化过程是硝酸生产的首要工序。它的生产状况影响后续工艺的操作与硝酸生产的效益。龙山化工厂的氨氧化过程，采用了浙江大学研制的ＺＤ－９２Ａ计算机控制系统，实现了优化控制与管理，获得了显著的经济效益；为改造我国硝酸生产的操作与管理做出了成功地探索，从而为中小化工企业使用计算机控制生产过程和管理作出了示范     

计算机控制系统中的抗干扰措施

实时控制系统中可靠性、稳定性经常是系统调试及运行中的主要问题，干扰是其中的主要原因。因此就过程控制系统中的干扰及消除或抑制干扰的措施进行了论述。     

顺酐的生产及市场

介绍了顺酐生产现状，对苯法和正丁烷法顺酐生产路线进行了技术分析，重点介绍正丁烷法生产顺酐的生产工艺，包括ALMA工艺、BP工艺、SD工艺及CONSER－PANTOCHIM工艺。详细介绍了国内外顺酐消费及市场，指出正丁烷法生产顺酐的关键是催化剂的研制，提出生产顺酐的建议。     

计算机控制系统室内仪表查线

介绍了如何判断仪表指示值错误，现场表、安全栅、卡件的问题，并排除故障，同时提出了自己的见解和看法。     

顺酐生产现状分析与发展

顺酐是一种重要的有机化工原料,仅次于苯酐,醋酐,为第三大酸酐,主要用于生产不饱和聚酯,醇酸树脂,另外还用于逐药,涂料,油墨,润滑油添加剂,造纸化学品,纺织品整理剂,表面活性剂等领域,以顺酐为原料可以生产1,4－丁二醇,r-丁丙酯,四氢呋喃,马来酸,富马酸和四氢酸酐等一系列重要的有机化学品和精细化学品。     

镍负载型活性白土催化剂用于顺酐加氢制丁二酸酐

用5wt%镍/白土催化剂进行顺酐加氢制丁二酸酐的活性测试。并用X射线衍射（XRD）,氢气程序升温还原（TPR）和热重分析（TGA）光谱对这些催化剂进行表征。 XRD和TPR研究表明,镍是以Ni2+的形式存在于载体上,在未还原的催化剂样品上不存在单质镍和三氧化二镍。TGA研究表明,当焙烧温度达到650℃,载体的结构会被破坏。顺酐的加氢活性测试表明,550℃焙烧的催化剂加氢效果最好。在反应温度为180℃,压力为1MPa,质量空速为4h-1的条件下,顺酐的转化率达到97.14%,丁二酸酐的选择性达到99.55%。     

Selective Hydrogenation of Maleic Anhydride to Succinic Anhydride Over Nickel-palladium Catalysts

Hydrogenation of maleic anhydride (MA) to succinic anhydride (SA) over Ni-Pd bimetallic catalysts prepared by impregnation method has been studied at different Pd contents, pressures and temperatures. Catalytic activity was greatly influenced by the Pd content, pressure and temperature. Use of 5wt%Ni-0.02wt%Pd/clay catalyst, the 100% conversion for MA and 100% selectivity for SA were obtained for MA hydrogenation at normal pressure. The catalysts were characterized by an array of techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and H₂ temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). XRD and TPR studies showed that nickel was present as Ni²⁺ species on the support, and that there was no elemental nickel (Ni⁰) and Ni₂O₃ in the unreduced samples. XRD and TPR also showed that Pd was as amorphous existence on the catalysts.     

苯氧化制顺酐催化剂新旧混用的研究

介绍的顺酐催化剂好的装填方法可使反应收率维持在新催化剂的水平，使新催化剂使用量节约一半。该方法已用于生产中。结果表明，方法可行，有效。并用动力学理论进行了分析，认为试验结果合理。     

膜催化氧化正丁烷制顺酐

以多孔玻璃管为基体，制备４种用于正丁烷氧化制顺酐的膜反应器。在一定的操作条件下，考察了固定床反应器与这４种膜反应器在正丁烷氧化制顺酐中的反应性能并加以比较，发现ＹＳＺ膜反应器可获得高于固定床反应器的选择性和收率。     

顺酐直接加氢制备γ-丁内酯工艺研究

在固定床反应器中,以顺丁烯二酸酐为原料,直接加氢制得γ-丁内酯。考察了反应温度、反应压力、顺丁烯二酸酐液态空速、氢酐摩尔比等条件对反应的影响,确定了最佳反应条件:反应温度265℃左右,压力0 4～0 8MPa,氢酐摩尔比250/1,液态空速不大于0 24h-1。提出了催化剂的再生方法,并进行了稳定性实验。结果表明,该催化剂稳定性良好。     

Mechanochemical-treated Cr-promoted Vanadyl Pyrophosphate Catalyst for n-Butane Oxidation to Maleic Anhydride

Cr-promoted vanadium phosphate (VPO) catalyst was synthesized by mechanotreating VOHPO₄·0.5H₂O in cyclohexane for 2 hr using a high energy planetary ball miller followed by calcination in a flow of n-butane/air mixture at 673 K. The physico-chemical properties of the sample were investigated by several characterization techniques such as BET, XRD, redox titration, SEM, and TPR. The data were compared to the unmilled material. BET surface area measurement of the milled catalyst showed that it possesses higher surface area (13.2 m² g^-1) compared to the unmilled catalyst (6.4 m² g^-1). Milling also caused a slight increment in the average oxidation state of vanadium as well as the percentage of V⁵⁺ oxidation state. XRD pattern of the milled material revealed that the major diffraction peaks were broadened thus indicating a reduction of particle size. SEM micrographs showed the lost in the blossom morphology and the formation of layer packages, with more circular particles in the milled catalyst. The amount of active lattice oxygen species being removed from V⁴⁺-O^- pairs increased significantly for mechanochemical treated Cr-doped VPO catalyst leads to the enhancement of the catalytic activity for n-butane oxidation to maleic anhydride.     

碳微球负载镍催化顺酐选择性加氢制备丁二酸酐

采用水热法制备了胶态碳微球(CMS),进一步制备了碳微球负载镍催化剂(Ni/CMS), 并进行了FTIR、XRD、SEM、TEM和N2吸附表征。对Ni/CMS催化顺酐(MA) 选择性加氢制备丁二酸酐(SA) 进行了考察,结果表明,以葡萄糖为碳源,经过500 ○C焙烧制备的Ni/CMS催化剂表现最佳的性能,氢气压力、反应温度和反应时间对加氢反应中顺酐转化率有很大影响。以乙酸酐作溶剂,在90 ○C、1.0 MPa H2压力、反应3小时的温和条件下,顺酐在Ni/CMS催化剂上转化率达到98.4%,丁二酸酐选择性为100%。     

Mechanochemical-treated Cr-promoted Vanadyl Pyrophosphate Catalyst for n-Butane Oxidation to Maleic Anhydride

Abstract

Cr-promoted vanadium phosphate (VPO) catalyst was synthesized by mechanotreating VOHPO₄·0.5H₂O in cyclohexane for 2 hr using a high energy planetary ball miller followed by calcination in a flow of n-butane/air mixture at 673 K. The physico-chemical properties of the sample were investigated by several characterization techniques such as BET, XRD, redox titration, SEM, and TPR. The data were compared to the unmilled material. BET surface area measurement of the milled catalyst showed that it possesses higher surface area (13.2 m² g^?1) compared to the unmilled catalyst (6.4 m² g^?1). Milling also caused a slight increment in the average oxidation state of vanadium as well as the percentage of V⁵⁺ oxidation state. XRD pattern of the milled material revealed that the major diffraction peaks were broadened thus indicating a reduction of particle size. SEM micrographs showed the lost in the blossom morphology and the formation of layer packages, with more circular particles in the milled catalyst. The amount of active lattice oxygen species being removed from V⁴⁺-O^? pairs increased significantly for mechanochemical treated Cr-doped VPO catalyst leads to the enhancement of the catalytic activity for n-butane oxidation to maleic anhydride.