采用序批式反应器短程生物脱氮工艺处理高氨氮制药废水

根据制药废水高氨氮、高pH值、高碱度的特点,采用序批式反应器(SBR)对该废水短程生物脱氮的可行性和影响因素进行了研究.在常温(23±1)℃的条件下,实现了低碳氮比制药废水的短程硝化与反硝化,脱氮效率达99%以上.结果表明,在高游离氮条件下,硝酸菌比亚硝化菌对游离氨更为敏感,反应体系中亚硝酸盐的平均积累速率远大于硝酸盐的平均积累速率.在处理该制药废水的短程硝化与反硝化过程中,pH值的变化表现出一定的规律性,其变化反映了硝化和反硝化进行的程度.可以利用pH值变化的特征点来准确判断硝化和反硝化过程的结束,进而实现对该过程的在线模糊控制.     

污水生物脱氮新技术研究现状与发展方向

综述了国内外生物脱氮领域最近开发出的短程硝化反硝化、同步硝化反硝化和厌氧氨氧化等新技术,指出了这些新技术的特点以及存在的不足.重点论述了目前实现短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮技术的方法,如控制温度、溶解氧浓度和pH值,并提出应用序批式反应器(SBR)实现短程硝化-反硝化生物脱氮工艺今后研究的发展方向和开发应用的前景.建议加强同步硝化反硝化和厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮工艺反应机理方面的研究.     

焦化废水生物处理技术的发展

焦化废水是一种氨氮和有机物浓度较高的难生化降解的有机废水.随着排放指标的日益严格,出现了很多焦化废水处理技术,而焦化废水生物处理技术的发展是其中一个非常重要的方面,主要包括传统活性污泥法、生物脱氮缺氧/好氧法等.本文系统分析了近年来国内外在焦化废水生物处理技术的研究进展,并简要介绍了国内外一些生物处理新技术,包括以活性污泥法为基础的序批式反应器(SBR)工艺、生物强化技术、同步硝化-反硝化工艺及短程硝化-反硝化工艺等.     

CANON工艺实现污水经济高效生物脱氮的研究进展

新的生物处理技术给传统的污水处理工艺带来了巨大的变化。对于高氨氮浓度的有机废水,如垃圾渗滤液、污泥消化液、粪便污水,其氨氮的去除一直是水处理界的一大难题。目前对高氨氮浓度有机废水的处理,主要有氨吹脱、生物硝化／反硝化、化学沉淀等方法,但这些处理方法都有能耗大、费用高的缺点,而且由于硝化／反硝化过程中产生氮氧化物（N2O）给环境造成二次污染。为克服传统硝化／反硝化生物脱氮的缺点,一些新工艺应运而生。新工艺基于短程硝化,将氨转化到亚硝酸盐氮阶段并和厌氧氨氧化过程结合,     

焦化废水生物脱氮技术研究进展

焦化废水是一种氨氮和有机物浓度较高的难生化降解的有机废水,本文介绍了近年来焦化废水生物脱氮处理技术的特点及研究进展,包括传统的硝化反硝化工艺及新型的短程硝化反硝化、同时硝化反硝化以及厌氧氨氧化工艺,最后指出目前生物脱氮研究的主要方向。     

高氨氮垃圾渗滤液SBR法短程深度生物脱氮

以实际垃圾填埋场渗滤液为研究对象,应用SBR系统对该类废水短程生物脱氮的可行性进行研究,重点考察了短程生物脱氮实现、稳定及系统的脱氮性能.结果表明,经过95天的运行,SBR系统成功实现并维持了稳定短程生物脱氮,平均亚硝积累率在92.5%以上.获得了稳定的脱氮性能,NH4+-N,TN平均去除率分别在97.2%和91.7%以上.DO、ORP和pH曲线的特征点能够准确判断硝化和反硝化终点,可作为SBR处理垃圾渗滤液短程生物脱氮过程的控制参数.相对于氨氧化菌,亚硝酸盐氧化菌对FA、FNA更敏感,因此两者协同作用抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌活性,再辅以过程控制,能够准确判断硝化终点,实现NOB从系统硝化菌群中逐渐被淘洗,AOB成为优势菌种的目标,这是系统长期维持稳定短程生物脱氮的决定因素,FISH检测结果证明了这一点.     

常温下短程硝化反硝化实验研究

以人工模拟氨氮废水为研究对象,采用序批式活性污泥法,研究了实时控制条件下短程生物脱氮的实现及稳定性.结果表明:控制硝化过程中pH在7.7～8.6、DO在0.35～0.80 mg/L,经过24 d的运行,曝气结束时出水主要以亚硝酸盐为主.在此基础之上,逐渐提高曝气量、降低进水pH,短程硝化并没有被破坏,亚硝化率依然维持在...     

表观厌氧环境下短程硝化同步反硝化的实现与特征分析

近年来,水体富营养化引起的水环境安全事件频发。总氮(TN)是引起水体富营养化的其中一个关键因素,废水脱氮处理能够有效减少TN的排放。研究采用序批式反应器(SBR),通过控制曝气量,建立溶解氧(DO)低于0.01 mg/L的表观厌氧环境,成功启动并维持了短程硝化及同步反硝化。低氨氮进水(80 mg/L)下,氨氮氧化率和亚硝酸盐氮(NO₂^--N)转化率分别为99%和94%;高氨氮进水(160 mg/L)下,氨氮氧化率和NO₂^--N转化率分别为98%和88%。比较分析发现,进水碳氮比(C/N)为2∶1时,短程硝化同步反硝化具有最高的成本效益,TN去除率和出水氨氮平均质量浓度分别约为50%和4.8 mg/L,去除1 g TN实际消耗4.94 g碱度(以CaCO₃计)。     

新型生物脱氮工艺的研究和进展

该文介绍了新型的脱氮理论及工艺,如将硝化反应控制在亚硝酸阶段、随后脱氮的短程硝化反硝化,在一个反应器中同时完成,硝化和反硝化的同步硝化反硝化以及在反硝化氨氧化菌作用下,由亚硝酸盐直接氧化氨氮完成脱氮的厌氧氨氧化等。     

常温下SBBR反应器中短程同步硝化反硝化的实现

采用自主设计的序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)处理城市污水,在常温(25～27℃),pH值7.2～7.6条件下,通过恒定低曝气量实现了稳定的短程同步硝化反硝化。试验还考察了碳氮比对SBBR系统短程同步硝化反硝化的影响。结果表明:在SBBR中处理城市污水实现短程同步硝化反硝化较为适合的碳氮质量比在5～8之间,亚硝酸盐氮积累率在85%以上,TN去除率可以达到80%以上。     

Effects of free ammonia and dissolved oxygen on nitrification and nitrite accumulation in a biofilm airlift reactor

The purpose of this research is to find out the effects of free ammonia concentration and dissolved oxygen on nitrification and nitrite accumulation in a biofilm airlift reactor. Free ammonia seriously inhibited the activity of nitrite oxidizers at the concentration higher than 0.1 mg NH₃-N/L and it was very effective for nitrite accumulation. Dissolved oxygen limitation in the biofilm also caused nitrite accumulation. Long term inhibition decreased the growth rate for nitrite oxidizers, and ammonia oxidizers were the dominant nitrifiers in the wastewater nitrification. Selective accumulation of ammonia oxidizers in the biofilm could be another reason for nitrite accumulation. Free ammonia inhibited nitrite oxidizers immediately, and adaptation to free ammonia was not observed. Therefore, the optimum control of free ammonia and dissolved oxygen concentration is critical for nitrite accumulation and the strategy can be used for selective accumulation of ammonia oxidizers in a bioreactor system.     

Nitrite accumulation characteristics of high strength ammonia wastewater in an autotrophic nitrifying biofilm reactor

Selective nitrification was carried out to accumulate nitrite from high strength ammonia wastewater in an autotrophic nitrifying biofilm reactor. Nitrification efficiencies and nitrite accumulation characteristics were investigated at various operating conditions such as ammonium load, oxygen supply and free ammonia concentration. The biofilm reactor showed very stable nitrification efficiencies of more than 90% at up to 2 kg NH₄‐N m^?3 d^?1 and the nitrite content was maintained at around 95%. Inhibition by free ammonia on nitrite oxidizers seems to be the major factor for nitrite accumulation. Batch kinetic analyses of ammonium and nitrite oxidation showed that nitrite oxidation activity was selectively inhibited in the presence of free ammonia. However, the activity recovered quickly as the free ammonia concentration decreased below the threshold inhibition concentration. Examination of specific ammonia and nitrite oxidation activities and the most probable number indicated that the number of nitrite‐oxidizing microorganisms in the nitrite‐accumulating system was less than that in the normal nitrification system due to long‐term free ammonia inhibition of the nitrite oxidizers. The reduced population of nitrite oxidizers in the biofilm system was also responsible for the accumulation of nitrite in the biofilm reactor. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

高氮豆制品废水的亚硝酸型同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺

采用序批式活性污泥法,通过控制溶解氧浓度开发出处理高氮豆制品废水的新工艺.实验结果显示,当曝气阶段反应器内溶解氧浓度保持在0.5 mg•L^-1左右时,曝气过程中NO^-₂-N/NO^-_x-N的比率始终维持在93%以上,并且曝气结束时,有大约87.6%的氨氮是通过同步硝化反硝化途径去除的.因此,控制反应器内溶解氧浓度在0.5 mg•L^-1左右时,在一个反应器内同时实现了亚硝酸型硝化反硝化和同步硝化反硝化.经过理论计算和机理分析,在此溶解氧下,亚硝酸菌的比增殖速率近似为硝酸菌的2.22～2.43倍,并且低溶解氧容易在活性污泥颗粒内形成进行反硝化作用的缺氧区.因此,在常温下,只要采用溶解氧传感器控制SBR反应器内溶解氧浓度在0.5 mg•L^-1左右,就可以实现稳定的亚硝酸型同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺.     

MUCT工艺处理实际生活污水实现亚硝酸型硝化

采用MUCT工艺处理低C/N比实际城市生活污水,研究在连续流工艺中实现亚硝酸型硝化的调控措施。试验在常温下共进行了121 d,结果表明：经过87 d的启动期,最终在水力停留时间（HRT）8h,溶解氧浓度（DO）0.3～0.5 mg·L^-1,污泥回流比80%,缺氧回流比120%,硝化液回流比300%的条件下,成功启动了短程硝化,并稳定维持了35 d。 短程硝化期间,好氧区亚硝酸盐积累率平均62%,最高达到80%;氨氮去除率65%,最高达87%。短程硝化影响因素的分析表明：pH值,游离氨（FA）,游离亚硝酸（FNA）对本试验短程硝化无影响;温度和污泥停留时间（SRT）影响较小;HRT和DO是短程硝化实现的控制因素。荧光原位杂交（fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH）试验结果表明：当系统由全程硝化状态转为短程硝化状态后,氨氧化细菌（ammonia oxidizing bacteria, AOB）的比例明显提高,最高达到9.3%;亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(nitrite oxidizing bacteria,NOB)以Nitrospira为主,其所占比例明显下降。     

高效气升循环式短程硝化工艺性能

采用模拟含氨废水和气升循环式好氧反应器研究了短程硝化(partial nitrification,PN)工艺的高效性能。试验结果表明,气升式短程硝化工艺具有很高的容积效率,在30℃、进水氨氮浓度358.5～942.3mg·L-1时,反应器水力停留时间可缩至0.86～2.00h,反应器每天周转次数高达12～28次,平均容积去除速率高达5.5kgN·m-3·d-1,处于文献报道的最高水平范围。该工艺具有超常的运行稳定性,在进水基质浓度、进水流量和pH波动的情况下,氨氮去除率、出水氨氮浓度和亚硝氮积累率的相对标准偏差分别为3.1%～16.8%,4.3%～26.5%和0.4%～5.3%。该工艺的高效稳定性可归因于气升循环式反应器的强污泥持留能力和短程硝化污泥的高反应活力。系统内持留的污泥浓度高达4.0～5.2g VSS·L-1,动力学试验测得的最高比污泥活性达到2.71gN·(g VSS)-1·d-1。     

ANAMMOX滤池的启动及运行研究

利用上向流生物膜反应器进行了厌氧氨氧化（ANAMMOX）工艺的启动及运行研究。在常温下,以含氨氮模拟废水为进水,采用反硝化菌成功地培养出ANAMMOX菌,启动期间进水氨氮和亚硝态氮浓度分别为8-36mg／L和8-43mg／L,启动结束氨氮去除率稳定在52％以上。研究表明,厌氧氨氧化反应的适宜温度在20℃以上,pH值为7．3～8．2,氨氮容积负荷处于0．14～0．25kg／（m^3·d）之间,C／N比在2．6—4．7之间。根据Monod方程和实验,得到ANAMMOX反应动力学模型,与实验数据相关关系显著,具有实际参考价值。     

基于基质浓度的厌氧氨氧化工艺运行策略

考察了不同操作模式对厌氧氨氧化工艺性能的影响。采用高基质浓度运行厌氧氨氧化反应器,设置出水回流（回流比R为1.07）,最大基质氮去除速率为3.78 kg·m^-3·d^-1;采用低基质浓度运行厌氧氨氧化反应器,不设出水回流,最大基质氮去除速率可达25.04 kg·m^-3·d^-1;两者的最大基质氮去除速率相差6.62倍,低基质浓度操作模式明显优于高基质浓度操作模式。亚硝酸盐的毒性强于氨,反应器运行中可控制氨氮适当过量,同时应根据反应器对亚硝酸盐的转化能力来控制亚硝酸盐负荷,以避免亚硝酸盐过载所致的抑制作用。在处理高浓度含氮废水时,可采用出水回流来缓解基质抑制,也可配水稀释,使NO^-₂-N浓度低于临界抑制浓度。     

温度和游离氨对絮状和颗粒污泥硝化系统的短期影响(英文)

The short-term effects of temperature and free ammonia (FA) on ammonium oxidization were investigated in this study by operating several batch tests with two different partial nitrification aggregates, formed as either granules or flocs. The results showed that the rate of ammonium oxidation in both cultures increased significantly as temperature increased from 10 to 30 °C. The specific ammonium oxidation rate with the granules was 2-3 times higher than that with flocs at the same temperature. Nitrification at various FA concentrations and temperatures combination exhibited obvious inhibition in ammonium oxidation rate when FA was 90 mg·L 1 and tempera- ture dropped to 10 °C in the two systems. However, the increase in substrate oxidation rate of ammonia at 30 °C was observed. The results suggested that higher reaction temperature was helpful to reduce the toxicity of FA. Granules appeared to be more tolerant to FA attributed to the much fraction of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and higher resistance to the transfer of ammonia into the bacterial aggregates, whereas in the floc system, the bacteria distributed throughout the entire aggregate. These results may contribute to the applicability of the nitrifying granules in wastewater treatment operated at high ammonium concentration.     

Sustained nitrite accumulation in a membrane‐assisted bioreactor (MBR) for the treatment of ammonium‐rich wastewater

A membrane‐assisted bioreactor (MBR) for sustained nitrite accumulation is presented, treating a synthetic wastewater with total ammonium nitrogen (TAN) concentrations of 1 kg N m^?3 at a hydraulic retention time down to 1 day. Complete biomass retention was obtained by microfiltration with submerged hollow fibre membranes. A membrane flux up to 189.5 dm³ day^?1 m^?2 could be maintained at a suction pressure below 100 kPa. Nitrification was effectively blocked at the nitrite stage (nitritation), and nitrate concentration was less than 29 g N m^?3. The rate of aeration was reduced to obtain a mixture of ammonium and nitrite, and after adjusting this rate the TAN/NO₂‐N ratio in the reactor effluent was kept around unity, making it suitable for further treatment by anaerobic oxidation of ammonium with nitrite. After increasing again the rate of aeration, complete nitrification to nitrate recovered after 11 days. It is suggested that nitrite accumulation resulted from a combination of factors. First, the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the reactor was always limited with concentrations below 0.1 g DO m^?3, thereby limiting nitrification and preventing significant nitrate formation. The latter is attributed to the fact that ammonium‐oxidising bacteria cope better with low DO concentrations than nitrite oxidisers. Second, the MBR was operated at a high ammonia concentration of 7–54 g N m^?3, resulting in ammonia inhibition of the nitrite‐oxidising microorganisms. Third, a temperature of 35 °C was reported to yield a higher maximum growth rate for ammonium‐oxidising bacteria than for nitrite‐oxidising bacteria. Nitrite oxidisers were always present in the MBR but were out‐competed under the indicated process conditions, which is reflected in low concentrations of nitrate. Oxygen limitation was shown to be the most important factor to sustain nitrite accumulation. Nevertheless, nitritation was possible at ambient temperature (22–24 °C), lower ammonia concentration (<7 g N m^?3) and when using raw nitrogenous wastewater containing some biodegradable carbon. Overall, application of the MBR for nitritation was shown to be a reliable technology. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

限氧条件下亚硝化的稳定运行及动力学

采用高氨氮人工配水和序批式反应器,在限氧(0.2～0.3mg/L)条件下,研究了进水氨氮负荷、游离氨和游离亚硝酸对氨氮转化率、亚硝化率和亚硝氮生成速率的影响及游离氨对氨氧化菌的基质抑制动力学。结果表明,在进水氨氮负荷逐步提升过程中,由于高浓度游离氨的抑制作用及负荷冲击的影响,亚硝化效果易出现波动,且负荷越高,亚硝化性能恢复的时间越长。反应系统最终可达到的氨氮容积负荷为3.60kg/(m³·d),亚硝氮生成速率为2.98kg/(m³·d),亚硝化率始终维持在85%左右。反应体系中较高的游离氨浓度(24.4～85.8mg/L)和低浓度溶解氧是维持亚硝化工艺稳定运行的主要因素。游离氨对氨氧化菌的抑制动力学符合Haldane模型,拟合得到最大氨氧化速率为6.71gN/(gVSS·d),游离氨半饱和常数和抑制常数分别为3.2mg/L和27.8mg/L。