Beer brewing using a fusant between a sake yeast and a brewer's yeast

Beer brewing using a fusant between a sake yeast (a lysine auxotrophic mutant of sake yeast K-14) and a brewer's yeast (a respiratory-deficient mutant of the top fermentation yeast NCYC1333) was performed to take advantage of the beneficial characteristics of sake yeasts, i.e., the high productivity of esters, high tolerance to ethanol, and high osmotolerance. The fusant (F-32) obtained was different from the parental yeasts regarding, for example, the assimilation of carbon sources and tolerance to ethanol. A brewing trial with the fusant was carried out using a 100-l pilot-scale plant. The fusant fermented wort more rapidly than the parental brewer's yeast. However, the sedimentation capacity of the fusant was relatively low. The beer brewed using the fusant contained more ethanol and esters compared to that brewed using the parental brewer's yeast. The fusant also obtained osmotolerance in the fermentation of maltose and fermented high-gravity wort well.     

Isolation and characterization of a high-acetate-producing sake yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The result of sensory evaluation of sake showed that acetic acid imparted desirable acidity when the proportion of acetic acid to lactic acid was about 1/3, even if the concentration of acetic acid was 0.75 g/l. Glycerol balanced the acidity and brought about a harmony between sweetness and acidity in sake. A high-acetate producing sake yeast (MHA-3) was isolated from mutants having low NADH dehydrogenase (NDE) activity. MHA-3 produced 15 times more acetate and 5 times more lactate than the parental strain Kyokai no. 901 (K-901) in a small-scale sake brewing test using 10 kg of rice. In addition, the concentrations of glycerol in sake brewed with MHA-3 were approximately 1.5-fold higher than in that brewed with K-901. The proportion of acetic acid to lactic acid was about 1/3 in sake fermented with MHA-3 and it exhibited a good balance between sweetness and acidity. The activities of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALD) in MHA-3 were 1.4-fold and 3.1-fold, respectively, higher than those in K-901 while the activity of NDE was 40% that of K-901. MHA-3 accumulated higher amounts of acetate and glycerol than K-901 in static YNB10 medium. The concentrations of acetic acid produced, depending on the quantity of yeast cells added, increased in conjunction with increases in glycerol produced. We suggest that NDE might be linked with GPD and that the nde mutants, which can be used in sake brewing, produced higher amounts of acetate and glycerol.     

巴氏醋酸杆菌AS1.41产醋酸关键酶研究

巴氏醋酸杆菌（Acetobacer pasteurianus）将乙醇氧化成醋酸的关键酶是乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）和乙醛脱氢酶（ALDH）。在不同初始乙醇含量条件下,ADH和ALDH的酶活呈现动态变化,乙醇含量为4%时,ADH和ALDH的酶活达到最大,分别为7.43 U/mg和7.18 U/mg。同时,酶活与产酸速率呈现出较高一致性：酶活越高,产酸速率越快。发酵温度为32 ℃时,菌体生长最为活跃,酶活最大,产酸最快;加入0.5%的乙酸后,ADH和ALDH的酶活分别由8.12 U/mg和7.06 U/mg提高到了9.43 U/mg和8.52 U/mg,产酸速率也得到相应提升。ALDH对乙醇、乙酸、温度的稳定性均高于ADH。     

Quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase is involved in catabolic acetate production, while NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase in ethanol assimilation in Acetobacter pasteurianus SKU1108

The relationship between quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and NAD-dependent ADH was studied by constructing quinoprotein ADH-deficient mutants. Quinoprotein ADH-deficient mutants were successfully constructed from Acetobacter pasteurianus SKU1108 by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) mutagenesis and also by adhA gene disruption with a kanamycin cassette. The NTG mutant exhibited a complete loss of its acetate-producing ability and acetic acid resistance, while the disruptant also exhibited a loss of its acetic acid resistance but retained a weak ADH activity. The immunoblot analysis of quinoprotein ADH indicated that there are no appreciable ADH subunits in the membranes of both mutant strains. The NTG mutant grew better than the wild-type strain in ethanol-containing medium, despite the absence of quinoprotein ADH. In the mutant, the activities of two NAD-dependent ADHs, present in a small amount in the wild-type strain, markedly increased in the cytoplasm when cultured in a medium containing ethanol, concomitant to the increase in the activities of the key enzymes in TCA and glyoxylate cycles. The disruptant showed a poorer growth than the wild-type strain, producing a lower amount of acetic acid in ethanol culture, and it induced one of the two NAD-dependent ADHs and some of the acetate-assimilating enzymes induced in the NTG mutant. This study clearly showed that quinoprotein ADH is extensively involved in acetic acid production, while NAD-dependent ADH only in ethanol assimilation through the TCA and glyoxylate cycles in acetic acid bacteria. The differences between the NTG mutant and the disruptant are also discussed.     

Decreasing acetic acid accumulation by a glycerol overproducing strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by deleting the ALD6 aldehyde dehydrogenase gene

Glycerol is a major fermentation product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that contributes to the sensory character of wine. Diverting sugar to glycerol overproduction and away from ethanol production by overexpressing the glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene,GPD2, caused S. cerevisiae to produce more than twice as much acetic acid as the wild-type strain (S288C background) in anaerobic cell culture. Deletion of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene, ALD6, in wild-type and GPD2 overexpressing strains (GPD2-OP) decreased acetic acid production by three- and four-fold, respectively. In conjunction with reduced acetic acid production, the GPD2-OP ald6Delta strain produced more glycerol and less ethanol than the wild-type. The growth rate and fermentation rate were similar for the modified and wild-type strains, although the fermentation rate for the GPD2 ald6Delta strain was slightly less than that of the other strains from 24h onwards. Analysis of the metabolome of the mutants revealed that genetic modification affected the production of some secondary metabolites of fermentation, including acids, esters, aldehydes and higher alcohols, many of which are flavour-active in wine. Modification of GPD2 and ALD6 expression represents an effective strategy to increase the glycerol and decrease the ethanol concentration during fermentation, and alters the chemical composition of the medium such that, potentially, novel flavour diversity is possible. The implications for the use of these modifications in commercial wine production require further investigation in wine yeast strains.     

高耐受性醋酸菌的研究和应用进展

酿醋工业的核心微生物是醋酸菌,其中最常用的菌种属于醋酸杆菌（Acetobacter）。研究表明,具有高耐受性的醋酸菌菌株在高浓度乙醇和高温条件下的产酸量仍可达到较高水平,对高耐受性醋酸菌菌株的发现为现代酿造工业带来了新的发展,有利于对不同生长与代谢特征醋酸菌菌种的挖掘以及新型酿造工艺的开发。该文综述了目前已知的高耐受性醋酸菌的特性及其在酿造工业生产中的应用进展,对更多高耐受性醋酸菌菌株的筛选以及酿造工艺的改进都具有重要的现实意义。     

醋酸菌粉末对ICR小鼠的酒精性肝脂质蓄积和氧化应激的影响研究

该研究评估了醋酸菌粉末对急性摄入酒精引起的肝脂质蓄积和氧化损伤的影响。将25只雄性ICR小鼠随机分为对照组、乙醇组、醋冻干粉高（45 mg/kg）、中（15 mg/kg）、低（7.5 mg/kg）剂量组。油红O染色观察肝脏病理变化；测定各组小鼠肝脏中甘油三酸酯（TG）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、丙二醛（MDA)含量；分析醋酸菌粉末组小鼠的乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）和乙醛脱氢酶（ALDH）酶活性。结果表明，与乙醇组相比，高剂量组TG浓度显著降低（P＜0.05），GSH浓度极显著升高（P＜0.01），MDA含量无显著变化（P＞0.05），脂肪变性程度减轻；醋酸菌粉末组小鼠的ADH和ALDH酶活性分别为0.48 U/mg和1.38 U/mg。综上，摄入醋酸菌粉末可以减轻急性摄入酒精引起的肝脂质蓄积和氧化损伤。     

The PQQ-alcohol dehydrogenase of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus

The oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid is the most characteristic process in acetic acid bacteria.Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is rather unique among the acetic acid bacteria as it carries out nitrogen fixation and is a true endophyte, originally isolated from sugar cane. Aside its peculiar life style, Ga. diazotrophicus, possesses a constitutive membrane-bound oxidase system for ethanol. The Alcohol dehydrogenase complex (ADH) of Ga. diazotrophicus was purified to homogeneity from the membrane fraction. It-exhibited two subunits with molecular masses of 71.4 kDa and 43.5 kDa. A positive peroxidase reaction confirmed the presence of cytochrome c in both subunits. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) of ADH was identified by UV-visible light and fluorescence spectroscopy. The enzyme was purified in its full reduced state; potassium ferricyanide induced its oxidation. Ethanol or acetaldehyde restored the full reduced state. The enzyme showed an isoelectric point (pI) of 6.1 and its optimal pH was 6.0. Both ethanol and acetaldehyde were oxidized at almost the same rate, thus suggesting that the ADH complex of Ga. diazotrophicus could be kinetically competent to catalyze, at least in vitro, the double oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid.     

啤酒酵母乙醛代谢关键酶相关性研究

乙醛是啤酒中的主要风味物质,其代谢主要来自酵母细胞。酵母中乙醇脱氢酶及乙醛脱氢酶是乙醛代谢的关键酶,对乙醛变化起着重要作用。跟踪啤酒酵母发酵过程中相对酶活力及乙醛变化,发现两种乙醇脱氢酶和乙醛脱氢酶的相对酶活力与发酵过程乙醛含量变化具有一定相关性。同时对低产乙醛啤酒酿酒酵母kb2-4与出发菌株啤酒酵母kb进行发酵试验,跟踪检测相对酶活力及乙醛含量,其乙醇脱氢酶Ⅰ和乙醇脱氢酶Ⅱ及乙醛脱氢酶相对酶活力均高于出发菌株,平均增幅分别为15.5%,11.6%和5%。3种酶活性的变化协同作用可以使乙醛含量降幅最大为33.8%。     

pH值对运动发酵单胞菌葡萄糖代谢酶活性影响的研究

以运动发酵单胞菌(Zymomonas mobilis)ATCC31821为模式菌株,研究pH值条件对其葡萄糖代谢关键酶活力的影响.结果表明:发酵液pH5.5时,胞内乙醇脱氢酶、丙酮酸脱羧酶、葡萄糖激酶、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶的活力较高,而异柠檬酸脱氢酶活性较低,能促进乙醇的生成;pH 5.0时,苹果酸脱氧酶的酶活力较低,使糖酵解反应向另一个方向发生偏移,促进乙醇的形成.pH 4.0～6.5时,丙酮酸激酶和甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶的酶活力水平相差不大,说明pH值对这2种酶的活性影响甚微.因此,pH5.0～5.5,代谢途径(如糖酵解途径、ED途径等)中的胞内代谢酶活性增强,有利于乙醇的产生.     

响应面法优化酿酒酵母乙醛脱氢酶和乙醇脱氢酶酶活检测方法

从酿酒酵母前处理方式方面对ALD和ADH酶活测定条件进行了优化,采用单因素试验对前处理方式进行了分析研究,结果表明破壁时间、超声波功率、超声时间、反应温度和缓冲液pH值对酶活测定值产生一定的影响.通过Box-Behnken中心组合设计和响应面分析法,确定了测定这2种酶的最理想酵母前处理条件,即超声功率420W,超声时间为11min,破碎时间为12min.     

Improving acetic acid production of Acetobacter pasteurianus AC2005 in hawthorn vinegar fermentation by using beer for seed culture

Fruit vinegar can be obtained biologically from the fermentation of fruit wine using species of the genera Acetobacter. However, the productivity of vinegar is generally low because of the inhibition by substrate ethanol and product acetic acid. In this research, the yield of acetic acid, as well as the cell growth, in hawthorn vinegar fermentation was enhanced using beer for seed preparation. The higher yield of acetic acid of AC2005 was because of the higher alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase activities caused by using beer for seed preparation. Furthermore, Acetobacter pasteurianus AC2005 showed acid stability during the fed‐batch fermentation of hawthorn vinegar.     

猪肝乙醇脱氢酶的分离纯化及部分性质

新鲜猪肝经匀浆、缓冲液抽提、硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE-Sepharose离子交换层析及Superdex-200凝胶过滤层析,获得电泳纯的乙醇脱氢酶（alcohol dehydrogenase,ADH）。纯化结果显示：该酶比活力为1 622.33 U/mg,回收率为29.05%,纯化倍数为34.58;该酶分子质量约为171.79 kD,亚基分子质量约为43.68 kD。ADH酶学性质研究显示：最适反应温度和pH值分别为45 ℃和10.0;在25～45 ℃及pH 7.5～9.0范围内稳定性较好;最适条件下测得该酶对乙醇的Km值为19 mmol/L;正丁醇、氯仿、异丙醇、十二烷基硫酸钠、草酸、Zn2＋、Cu2＋、Ag＋对该酶的抑制作用最强,Mg2＋对该酶有激活作用,EDTA对该酶有双重作用。     

乙醛脱氢酶基因过表达酿酒酵母在黄酒中降高级醇作用

为降低黄酒中高级醇产量,以酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）单倍体菌株AY12α为出发菌,利用同源重组技术构建乙醛脱氢酶基因过表达菌株,并在不同黄酒发酵工艺下探究其对酿酒酵母产高级醇的影响。结果表明,成功构建了5株乙醛脱氢酶基因（ALD2、ALD3、ALD4、ALD5和ALD6）过表达菌株,在大米加麦曲的传统黄酒发酵工艺下,所有改造菌株均可以促进乙酸、降低高级醇的生成,其中改造菌株α-ALD6效果最显著（P＜0.01）,乙酸产量是出发菌AY12α的2.92倍,总高级醇产量下降72.04%。在不同发酵工艺中,改造菌株α-ALD5与α-ALD6均可显著促进乙酸、降低高级醇生成（P＜0.01）;在纯种根霉曲做糖化剂的发酵工艺中,改造菌株在培菌糖化24 h后接入降高级醇效果更好。与纯种根霉曲相比,改造菌株以麦曲作糖化剂时降高级醇效果更好,且改造菌株α-ALD6在大米加麦曲的传统黄酒发酵工艺下降高级醇效果最好。     

甘蔗渣固定化酵母酿造百香果果酒的研究

以甘蔗渣为载体吸附固定酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）YJSF190,并以游离酵母作为对照,采用固定化酵母酿造百香果果酒,比较两种酵母发酵果酒中的乙醇、残糖、有机酸和乙酸乙酯含量。结果表明,游离酵母酿造百香果果酒乙醇产量为96.36 g/L,乙醇产出速率为2.01 g/（L·h）,总残糖含量为5.14 g/L,乙酸乙酯含量为14.3 mg/L,乙酸、草酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸含量分别为21.67 g/L、0.44 g/L、0.91 g/L、3.80 g/L、44.54 g/L、3.16 g/L;固定化酵母酿造果酒乙醇产量为98.22～124.37 g/L,乙醇产出速率为2.05～3.11 g/（L·h）,总残糖含量为3.62～4.09 g/L,乙酸乙酯含量为15.7～22.86 mg/L;乙酸、草酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸含量分别为15.11～20.18 g/L、0.27～0.44 g/L、0.78～0.96 g/L、2.61～3.80 g/L、33.40～45.83 g/L、2.22～2.68 g/L。表明固定化酵母可应用于酿造百香果果酒。     

米根霉乙醇脱氢酶粗酶液的特性研究

米根霉细胞中乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)催化丙酮酸向乙醇支路的转化,导致丙酮酸向乳酸转化通量减少,降低了乳酸转化率。本文初步从米根霉菌丝体中提取制备ADH粗酶液,并研究其酶学特性,结果表明,ADH粗酶液体系反应的最适温度为25℃,温度高于30℃将降低ADH活力。ADH催化体系pH值对其活力有很大影响,最适pH值在7.5左右,高于或低于此值,反应速度均很快下降。在反应体系中添加0.1μmol的EDTA、Mg2+、Ca2+或Zn2+,对该酶都有一定的抑制作用。ADH以乙醛为底物的米氏常数Km为6.90×10-4mol/L。     

THE NUTRITIVE CONTENT OF AFRICAN BEERS BREWED WITH MAIZE GRITS OR SORGHUM ADJUNCT

Sorghum beer samples were brewed in a pilot plant operation using either sorghum grain or maize grits as starchy adjunct in order that the nutritive content of the beers could be compared. Significantly higher ethanol, thiamin, nicotinic acid, ash, phytate, zinc, copper, manganese, iron, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus concentrations were found in beers brewed with sorghum adjunct. Sorghum adjunct beers can therefore make a greater contribution to the nutritional requirements of the Southern African beer drinker than beers brewed with maize grits. The results obtained suggest that the use of sorghum adjunct in the brewing of sorghum beer should be encouraged for economic and dietary reasons.     

Isolation and characterization of sake yeast mutants deficient in gamma-aminobutyric acid utilization in sake brewing

Sake yeasts take up gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derived from rice-koji in the primary stage of sake brewing. The GABA content in sake brewed with the UGA1 disruptant, which lacked GABA transaminase, was higher than that brewed with the wild-type strain K701. The UGA1 disruptant derived from sake yeast could not grow on a medium with GABA as the sole nitrogen source. We have isolated the sake yeast mutants of K701 that were unable to grow on a medium containing GABA as the sole nitrogen source. The growth defect of GAB7-1 and GAB7-2 mutants on GABA plates was complemented by UGA1, which encodes GABA transaminase, and UGA2, which encodes succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH), respectively. DNA sequence analysis revealed that GAB7-1 had a homozygous nonsense mutation in UGA1 and GAB7-2 had a heterozygous mutation (G247D) in UGA2. The GABA transaminase activity of GAB7-1 and the SSADH activity of GAB7-2 were markedly lower than those of K701. These GAB mutants displayed a higher intracellular GABA content. The GABA contents in sake brewed with the mutants GAB7-1 and GAB7-2 were 2.0 and 2.1 times higher, respectively, than that brewed with the wild-type strain K701. These results suggest that the reduced function of the GABA utilization pathway increases the GABA content in sake.