Friction characteristic of micro-arc oxidative Al2O3 coatings sliding against Si3N4 balls in various environments

The alumina ceramic coatings were prepared on 2024Al alloy by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technique. The phase structure of the MAO Al₂O₃ coating was determined using X-ray diffraction. The thickness and micro-hardness of the MAO Al₂O₃ coatings was measured using eddy current thickness equipment and micro-hardness tester. The friction property of MAO Al₂O₃ coatings sliding against Si₃N₄ ceramic balls were investigated in air, water and oil by a ball-on-disk tribo-meter, and the worn surfaces of the MAO Al₂O₃ coatings were observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the MAO Al₂O₃ coatings mainly contained -Al₂O₃ and γ-Al₂O₃ phase. The micro-hardness of the polished MAO coatings was HV1740 ± 87. With an increase in normal load and sliding speed, the friction coefficient in air increased from 0.74 to 0.87, while decreased from 0.72 to 0.57 in water and 0.24 to 0.11 in oil. This indicates that the fluid lubrication could improve the friction behavior of the MAO Al₂O₃ coatings. The worn surfaces' observation indicated that the wear mechanism of the MAO Al₂O₃ coatings changed from abrasive wear in air to mix wear in water, and became microploughing wear in oil.     

Microstructure and tribological properties of laser clad Ti2Ni3Si/NiTi intermetallic coatings

Wear resistant Ti₂Ni₃Si/NiTi full intermetallic composite coatings with a microstructure consisting of ternary metal silicide Ti₂Ni₃Si primary dendrites and interdendritic Ti₂Ni₃Si/NiTi eutectic were fabricated on a substrate of 0.2%C low carbon steel by the laser cladding process using Ti-Ni-Si alloy powders as the precursor materials. Microstructure of the coatings was characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS). Wear resistance of the laser clad Ti₂Ni₃Si/NiTi intermetallic coatings was evaluated under dry sliding wear test conditions at room temperature. Results indicate that the Ti₂Ni₃Si/NiTi intermetallic coatings have excellent abrasive and adhesive wear resistance under dry sliding wear test conditions because of the unique combination of high yield strength and toughness of the intermetallic compound NiTi and the high hardness, strong covalent dominant atomic bonds and possible strong hardness anomaly of the ternary metal silicide Ti₂Ni₃Si with MgZn₂ type Laves crystal structure.     

Effect of nano-CeO2 on cobalt-based alloy laser coatings

Cobalt-based alloy coatings with/without nano-CeO₂ addition prepared by a 5 kW CO₂ laser on Q235 low carbon steel were introduced. The effects of nanoparticles on the macro-quality, microstructure, phase composition, and wear resistance of the coatings were investigated. The microstructure and phases composition of the coatings were analyzed using Olympus-Pme-3 type microscope, Philip Xl 30 type scanning electron microscope and XD-3A type X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The wear resistance was tested using MM-200 type sliding wear machine, and the wear mechanism was analyzed by JSM-35C type scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that defect (such as crack, gas hole, etc.) -free coatings were obtained. There existed γ-Co and Cr₂₃C₆ in cobalt-based alloy coatings. Another two phases of CeCo₂ and -Co were identified with nanoparticles addition. Fine microstructure and equiaxed dendrite were obtained by adding nano-CeO₂. The relative wear resistance is improved with the increased amount of nano-CeO₂, and the coatings with the best wear resistance when laser power was 2.0 kW by adding 1.5 wt.% CeO₂. The mechanism was found from abrasive/adhesive wear to fretting wear. The wear resistance decreased with 2.0 wt.% CeO₂ addition.     

Fabrication and wear characteristics of MoSi2 matrix composite reinforced by WSi2 and La2O3

MoSi₂ matrix composites (RWM) reinforced by the addition of both WSi₂ and La₂O₃ were fabricated by mechanical alloying and self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) technique. This composite was analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is difficult to synthesize RWM composite by mechanical alloying with Mo–W–Si–La₂O₃ powder mixture, and suitable by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. The hardness and toughness of MoSi₂ was improved significantly by the addition of both, WSi₂ and La₂O₃ more than by only WSi₂. By adding 0.8 wt.% La₂O₃ and 50 mol.% WSi₂ into the MoSi₂ matrix, this composite has the highest hardness and toughness and exhibits more wear resistance than monolithic MoSi₂ during the sliding wear test under oil lubrication, in this case, the material removal mechanism has been observed to be micro-cutting and micro-fracture.     

球形碳化钨增强钴基堆焊涂层的组织及低温耐磨性

目的提升低温钢的摩擦磨损性能,为极地特殊船板的焊补和延寿技术提供试验依据。方法利用等离子转移弧技术,在低温钢E32表面堆焊制备3组球形不同碳化钨含量的钴基涂层,比较该改性涂层和E32钢在低温条件下(–20℃)的摩擦磨损性能。通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析仪、3D光学轮廓仪等研究手段,分析碳化钨含量对堆焊层耐磨损性能和显微组织的影响规律,并揭示其耐磨损机理。结果在载荷为50 N、滑动速度为20 mm/s条件下,经2 h干滑动摩擦磨损后,3组涂层较低温钢E32的摩擦系数和体积磨损率均下降,磨痕的宽度和深度均变小。富含WC、W₂C增强相以及Cr₂₃C₆、Cr₇C₃、Co₆W₆C和Fe₆W₆C等碳化物硬质相的涂层,显著提升了E32钢的硬度和低温耐磨性。涂层的低温耐磨性能随着碳化钨含量的增大而提高,未添加碳化钨的涂层的主要磨损机理为磨粒磨损和粘着磨损,当碳化钨的质量分数为30%和60%时,主要磨损机理为三体磨粒磨损。结论通过在E32钢表面进行等离子转移弧堆焊,得到了结构致密、高硬度和抗低温耐磨性的球形碳化钨增强钴基表面改性涂层,在一定程度上提升了低温钢的服役寿命。     

Characterization and wear behavior of modified silicon nitride

Silicon nitride-based materials are applied to many tribological components because of their superior thermal and mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the wear performance of modified silicon nitride which contained 3 wt.% La₂O₃ and 3 wt.% Y₂O₃. The relationships between microstructure and mechanical properties have been also addressed. Vickers microhardness and toughness were measured, the later being determined by means of the direct crack measurement method (DCM). Scanning electron microscopy technique (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used for the morphological characterization of the samples as well as for the characterization of the wear scars. Wear properties were studied under a load of 10 N by using the ball-on-disk tribometer. AISI 52100 steel balls and balls of WC + 6% Co (6 mm diameter) were used as static counterparts, respectively. Steady state friction coefficients of 0.66 and 0.62 were measured for the tribological pairs WC + 6 % Co/Si₃N₄ and AISI 52100/Si₃N₄, respectively. The wear mechanism was determined in each case, and comparison between the wear performance of the traditional and modified silicon nitride is also presented.     

Microstructure and properties of CVD γ-Al2O3 coatings

This work deals with the microstructures and wear properties of chemical vapour deposited γ-Al₂O₃. The γ-Al₂O₃ coatings were deposited at 800 °C on TiN and Ti(C,N) pre-coated cemented carbide substrates. The microstructures developed in the γ-Al₂O₃ coatings and the influence of the nucleation surface on the growth of γ-Al₂O₃ were characterised using transmission electron microscopy, electron energy-loss spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The γ-Al₂O₃ coatings were fine-grained with a high density of {1 1 1} growth twins and contained some residual sulphur. γ-Al₂O₃ was found to grow epitaxially on the investigated substrates. The mechanical properties were evaluated in metal cutting and were compared with those of κ-Al₂O₃ coated tools. As compared with the κ-Al₂O₃ coatings, the γ-Al₂O₃ coatings exhibited slightly worse adhesion and tendency for edge chipping. However, the γ-Al₂O₃ coatings showed better crater wear resistance on the rake face than κ-Al₂O₃ coatings.     

Fabrication and dry sliding wear behavior of in situ Al–K2ZrF6–KBF4 composites reinforced by Al3Zr and ZrB2 particles

Aluminum matrix composites reinforced by Al₃Zr and ZrB₂ particles were fabricated from Al–x wt.%(K₂ZrF₆–KBF₄) (x = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25) systems via magnetochemistry in situ reaction and the dry sliding wear properties and behavior of the composites were investigated. XRD and SEM analysis show that ZrB₂ and Al₃Zr reinforcement phases have been obtained and been distributed uniformly in the aluminum matrix. Wear test results show that the values of wear weight loss of the composites decrease with the increase of x under all identical wear conditions, and that of the relative wear resistance R_relat. increases under the applied load of 100 N. Especially, when x = 25, the wear weight loss (under a sliding time of 120 min and an applied load of 100 N), which is 0.245 to that of the A356 alloy, and the R_relat. (under the intermediate wear-sliding stage and an applied load of 100 N) is 4.772, which is 1.513 to that of the primary stage, respectively. Two modes of the wear mechanisms of the as-prepared composites were identified.     

The oxidation of micro-crystalline Co–Cr alloys under balanced oxygen pressure of Co2O3/Co powders

Surface micro-crystallizing was applied to Co–5Cr, Co–10Cr and Co–15Cr alloys by electro-spark deposition (ESD) and the oxidation behaviors of both cast and micro-crystalline alloys were investigated at 1000 °C under balanced oxygen pressure of Co₂O₃/Co-mixed powders. Surface and cross-section SEM morphologies, EDS and XRD analysis show that micro-crystallizing promotes both the external oxidation and internal oxidation of Co–5Cr alloy. Micro-crystallizing provides more grain boundaries so that the diffusion is enhanced. The inwards diffusion of O makes internal oxidation zone thicker while the outwards diffusion of Cr makes external oxidation more prominent for the micro-crystalline Co–5Cr alloy. For both the cast and micro-crystalline Co–10Cr and Co–15Cr alloys, 10 wt.% Cr is enough to form complex selective oxides (AO/AB₂O₄/BO) scales and 15 wt.% Cr is still not enough to form a single Cr₂O₃ oxide scale. Micro-crystallizing promotes the outwards diffusion of Cr and selective Cr₂O₃ scales are easier to form so that the external oxides scales of micro-crystalline Co–10Cr and Co–15Cr alloy are much thinner and their Cr/Co ratios are higher. The oxidation model of A–B alloy under oxygen pressure that both A and B can be oxidized is also proposed.     

不同偏压对沉积CrMoN涂层耐磨性能的影响

采用非平衡闭合场磁控溅射技术,在冷作模具钢Cr12MoV表面制备不同偏压CrMoN涂层。通过XRD、SEM、显微硬度和磨损试验分析等方法考察涂层的相结构、力学性能与耐磨性。实验结果表明:呈面心立方结构的CrMoN涂层不同程度地强化了基体表面(HV_0.25N1 000～1 800),摩擦系数降低至0.3～0.35,经18 h磨损试验后,60、75 V偏压沉积的涂层的磨损体积(2.01×10 ^-3mm³)约为未处理试样磨损体积(10.01×10^-3mm³)的1/5。涂层磨损机理主要为"微犁沟"的磨粒磨损。     

Surface modification of die casting mold steel by a composite technique of hot-dipping and plasma electrolytic oxidation

The hot dipping process of pure aluminum on H13 steel substrates followed by plasma electrolytic oxidation（PEO） was studied to form alumina ceramic coatings for protective purpose.H13 steel bars were first dipped in pure aluminum melts,and then,a reactive iron-aluminum intermetallic layer grew at the interface between the melt and the steel substrate.The reactive layer was mainly composed of intermetallic Fe-Al（Fe₂Al₅）;the thickness of aluminum layer and Fe-Al intermetallic layer were mainly influenced by dipping time（1.5～12.0 min） and dipping temperature（710～760 ℃）.After PEO process,uniform Al₂O₃ ceramic coatings were deposited on the surface of aluminized steel.The element distribution,phase composition and morphology of the aluminized layer,and the ceramic coatings were characterized by SEM/EDS and XRD.The distribution of hardness across the composite coating is demonstrated,and the maximum value reaches 1864 HV.The thermal shock resistance of the coated sample is also well improved.     

Preparation of ceramic coatings on inner surface of steel tubes using a combined technique of hot-dipping and plasma electrolytic oxidation

A new method for inner surface modification of steel tubes, named a combined technique of hot-dipping and plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) was proposed and demonstrated in this paper. In this work, metallurgically bonded ceramic coatings on inner surface of steel tubes were obtained using this method. In the combined process, aluminum coatings on steel were firstly prepared by the hot-dip process and then metallurgically bonded ceramic coatings were obtained on the aluminum coatings by PEO. The element distribution, phase composition and morphology of the aluminide layer and the ceramic coatings were characterized by SEM/EDX and XRD. The corrosion resistance of the ceramic coatings were also studied. The results show that, after hot-dip treatment, the coating layers consist of two layers, where Al, Fe_xAl _(1−x) were detected from external topcoat to the aluminide/steel substrate. Then after PEO process, uniform Al₂O₃ ceramic coatings have been deposited on inner surface of steel tubes. The ceramic coatings are mainly composed of -Al₂O₃ and γ-Al₂O₃ phase. The compound coatings show favorable corrosion resistance property. The investigations indicate that the combination of hot-dipping and plasma electrolytic oxidation proves a promising technique for inner surface modification of steel tubes for protective purposes.     

钛合金表面激光熔覆高温自润滑耐磨复合涂层

为了提高钛合金的摩擦学性能,采用激光熔覆技术在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面制备了γ-NiCrAlTi/TiC与γ-NiCrAlTi/TiC/CaF₂复合涂层. 采用 X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)分析了涂层的物相和显微组织,在球-盘式高温摩擦磨损试验机上测试了不同温度下(室温,300 ℃,600 ℃)复合涂层的摩擦学性能. 结果表明,激光熔覆的复合涂层与基体呈冶金结合,γ-NiCrAlTi/TiC/CaF₂复合涂层主要由"原位"生成的小块状,针状TiC颗粒及TiC树枝晶,γ-NiCrAlTi固溶体基体及弥散分布的球状CaF₂颗粒组成. 由于硬质增强相 TiC与增韧相γ-NiCrAlTi的共同作用,γ-NiCrAlTi/TiC与γ-NiCrAlTi/TiC/CaF₂复合涂层的磨损率在试验温度下都远低于Ti-6Al-4V基体;在600 ℃时,γ-NiCrAlTi/TiC/CaF₂涂层的平均摩擦系数为0.21,相对于基体与γ-NiCrAlTi/TiC涂层分别降低了43%,50%,表现出良好的高温自润滑减摩性能.     

Wear and Friction Properties of Electrodeposited Ni-Based Coatings Subject to Nano-enhanced Lubricant and Composite Coating

This paper presents research findings on the tribological performance of electrodeposited coatings subject to nano-lubricants with the addition of nano-Al_2O_3 and graphene and Ni/nano-Al_2O_3 composite coatings. Electrodeposited coatings were produced by using a pulse electrodeposition method. Tribological experiments were conducted by using a linear reciprocating ball on flat sliding tribometer. Experimental results confirmed that the wear and friction resistance properties were significantly enhanced by doping of nano-effects in the lubricating oil and composite coating. The addition of Al_2O_3 nanoparticles in the lubricating oil showed the best tribological properties, followed by Ni–Al_2O_3 composite coatings and nano-oil with graphene. The surface morphology and microstructure of electrodeposited coatings were examined by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The wear mechanisms of these coatings subjected to tribological testing were investigated by post-test surface analyses. This research provides a novel approach to design durable nano-coatings for tribological applications in various industries such as automotive,aerospace, locomotive and renewable energy technologies.     

等离子喷涂NiCoCrAlYTa-Al2O3复合涂层的高温摩擦性能

采用大气等离子喷涂(APS)技术在0Cr25Ni20奥氏体不锈钢表面制备了NiCoCrAlYTa-Al₂O₃涂层,并对该涂层的显微组织、相组成、显微硬度以及在500 ℃时涂层的高温摩擦性能进行了研究。结果表明,NiCoCrAlYTa-Al₂O₃涂层呈典型层状结构,各层间结合良好。涂层内存在大量微孔隙,且硬质相与软质相分散分布,有效抑制了高温磨擦过程中裂纹的产生和扩展,涂层耐磨性能较奥氏体不锈钢基体材料显著提高。高温磨损过程中,涂层表面形成氧化产物,起到固体润滑作用。NiCoCrAlYTa-Al₂O₃涂层的磨损失效形式主要是磨粒磨损、疲劳磨损和粘着磨损。     

红壤中变电站接地网金属材料的腐蚀行为分析

采用扫描电镜 (SEM)、能谱 (EDS) 和X 射线衍射 (XRD) 等技术对红壤中变电站接地网服役长达13 a的镀锌扁钢进行了形貌分析和腐蚀产物分析。结果表明,该镀锌扁钢受到严重腐蚀,腐蚀产物主要由FeOOH,Fe₃O₄和Fe₂O₃等组成,腐蚀产物分层的原因是新生成的腐蚀产物沉积在金属/腐蚀产物层界面或腐蚀产物开裂处,同时S和Cl对内层腐蚀产物具有较大的影响。Tafel测试结果表明,在腐蚀电流峰值附近,SO₄^2-与Cl^-的百分比为1∶2时,两者对镀锌Q235碳钢在该红壤中的腐蚀性影响具有等效作用。通过室内加速实验模拟镀锌Q235碳钢在该红壤中的腐蚀发现,镀锌Q235碳钢的腐蚀速率呈现先增大后减小的规律,该加速实验在未改变镀锌Q235碳钢腐蚀机理的同时具有较好的加速效果。     

Effect of La2O3 on resistance to high-temperature oxidation of laser clad ferrite-based alloy coatings

Ferrite-based alloy powders with different contents of La₂O₃ were laser-clad on AISI 1115 steel substrates. The oxidation kinetic of the coatings was studied by testing the weight gain. Cyclic oxidation tests were performed to determine the eventual weight loss due to spallation. The morphologies and phase structures of the coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The experimental results showed that Cr₂O₃ was formed on all coatings after oxidation. The coatings with La₂O₃ exhibited excellent high-temperature oxidation behavior including low oxidation rates and high resistance to spallation. In addition, the effect of La₂O₃ was discussed. This included the change of transport mechanism in the oxide scales, the increase in the nucleation rate of the oxide, the release of stresses in the oxide scales by refining the oxide grains and the improvement of the adhesion of the oxide scales to the coatings by changing the scale growth mechanisms.     

309SMOD奥氏体耐热不锈钢的高温氧化行为

采用增重法分析了309SMOD奥氏体不锈钢板材在不同温度下的氧化行为,获得了该钢高温氧化的抛物线动力学曲线,利用SEM、EDS及XRD对氧化物的形貌和物相进行了分析。结果表明,800 ℃氧化物形貌为板状和块状,900 ℃、1000 ℃的氧化物主要为尖晶石颗粒。309SMOD奥氏体不锈钢表面由于高温氧化生成具有3层结构的混合氧化物膜,最外层结构为MnCr₂O₄和FeCr₂O₄,次外层结构的氧化物为Cr₂O₃,最内层结构的氧化物为SiO₂,这种结构的氧化膜使得309SMOD奥氏体不锈钢具有良好的抗高温氧化性能。     

Ni-WB2复合熔覆层的微观组织及摩擦磨损性能

利用真空熔覆技术在45钢表面制备了Ni-WB₂复合熔覆层,利用SEM、EDS、XRD等分析其组织特征,利用销盘式摩擦试验机对其摩擦磨损性能进行了测试与分析。结果表明,Ni-WB₂复合熔覆层组织致密并与基体呈牢固的冶金熔合,熔覆层具有特殊的分层结构,分为网状结构层、过渡结构层和扩散熔合层,网状复合区又分为网状Ⅰ区和网状Ⅱ区。扩散区主要由铁基固溶体和镍基固溶体构成,过渡区的主要组成相为γ-Ni及Cr的碳化物,网状复合区的主要组成相有镍基合金、铬碳化物、WB₂、镍硅共晶以及WB₂与镍基合金中的元素形成的复杂硼化物和碳化物。当WB₂含量低于20%时,随着WB₂在复合熔覆层中含量的增加,其磨损率及摩擦因数均逐渐降低,当WB₂含量为15%时,Ni-WB₂复合熔覆层的磨损率及摩擦因数与基体相比,分别降低了48.94%与14.62%。网状分布的硬质相在摩擦过程中起到支撑载荷的作用,摩擦磨损过程中形成了WO_x...     

Characteristics of arc plasma deposited TiAlZrCN coatings

TiAlZrCN superhard coatings, in which Ti and Al were additions to ZrCN base compound, were prepared by the cathodic arc method. The films were deposited on Si, plain carbon steel and high-speed steel substrates in a mixture of N₂ and CH₄ gases. Elemental and phase composition, chemical bondings, texture, surface roughness, hardness, adhesion, tribological characteristics and erosive–corrosive resistance were investigates as a function of gas composition and total gas flow rate, using XPS, GDOES and XRD techniques, surface profilometry, microhardness and scratch adhesion measurements, tribological and erosive tests. It was shown that the properties and performance of the coatings were strongly dependent on the CH₄/(CH₄ + N₂) flow rate and also on the total gas flow. The tribological and anti-erosive characteristics of the TiAlZrCN coatings were found to be superior to those of reference films (ZrN, ZrC, ZrCN, and TiAlCN). Maximum hardness values (42–45 GPa) were obtained for the films prepared at CH₄/(CH₄ + N₂) ratios ranging from 0.2 to 0.4.