Enhancing the reliability on data delivery and energy efficiency by combining swarm intelligence and community detection in large-scale WSNs

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) to address the duality between the cost-effective energy efficiency and the reliable data delivery is a relevant issue. This paper presents a novel bio-inspired routing protocol, named CB-RACO, that combines the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) meta-heuristic with the computationally cheap and distributed community detection technique Label Propagation (LP). CB-RACO creates communities in the WSNs and meets the balance of energy consumption by routing data inside-communities through swarm intelligence. As a consequence, CB-RACO demands low memory and overhead in construction and maintenance of routing paths. Additionally, CB-RACO achieves high data delivery reliability through a data retransmission strategy based on acknowledgments between communities. We simulated CB-RACO in large-scale scenarios according to the goodput, delivery delay and energy consumption metrics. The results have shown that the proposed approach may provide significant improvement in comparison to ant-based strategies that do not rely on community structures.     

用PSO优化基于QoS的WSN路由协议

在过去的10年中,提供服务质量(QoS)保证的路由协议很好的用在了有线网络中,随着无线传感网络(WSN)的广泛使用,就需要考虑如何在无线传感网络中实现QoS的效率.很多QoS度量值都需要被考虑,如数据包时延、带宽效率、能量消耗等.同时QoS也受路由的影响,由于路由解空间随着网络的规模变大而呈指数级的增长,研究路由协议算法的效率就成为一个必然.在研究了智能粒子群最优算法(PSO)后,提出了一个基于PSO的路由算法,不仅考虑了QoS的需求同时也有一个不错的搜索能力.仿真结果表明,与一些典型QoS常规机制比较基于粒子群最优路由算法是有效的.     

A Graphical-based educational simulation tool for Wireless Sensor Networks

Many routing protocols have been developed to improve the lifetime, bandwidth reusability and scalability of the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The operation of routing protocols is difficult to understand and some problems may occur while developing these protocols. Simulation is a relatively fast way of estimating these protocols and understating what is happening in the network. Thus, this paper presents an open source Graphical-based educational simulation tool called Gbest-WSN for simulating routing protocols of the static and mobile, homogeneous and heterogeneous WSNs. Gbest-WSN tool has a user-friendly interface that helps the user to select the routing protocol and define the network configuration. It is provided with four routing protocols; namely LEACH, LEACH-Mobile, immune algorithm-based and genetic algorithm-based routing protocols. Also, it allows the user to update the existing routing protocols and add a new routing protocol. Gbest-WSN is provided with radio, coverage and mobility models for modeling the hardware of the sensor node. It shows a detailed 2D and 3D graphical perception for what is happing during the routing process. Also, it has the ability to compare the simulation results of different simulation methods or different network configurations. In addition, it allows the user to save and load simulation scenarios and also exports the graphical results on PDF files and the statistical results on excel or mat files. Moreover, Gbest-WSN is provided with html help documents to help the user how to use it. The illustrative simulation examples clarified that the Gbest-WSN is a helpful tool for the students, teachers and researchers who work in the field of WSNs.     

无线Ad Hoc网络能量感知地理路由协议研究进展

无线Ad Hoc网络（以下简称为Ad Hoc网络）能量感知地理路由协议深度影响网络性能,具有降低网络能量消耗、延长网络寿命等功效,受到越来越多的关注.系统阐述了Ad Hoc网络能量感知地理路由协议的研究进展.首先介绍了Ad Hoc网络地理路由,进而详细概述了能量感知地理路由协议形成的背景、度量指标、节点选择规则、研究意义及分类;然后,详细介绍了典型能量感知地理路由协议,并从多角度对其进行了归纳总结与比较;最后,阐述了能量感知地理路由协议研究存在的问题,指出了未来需要研究的内容,并在此基础上进行总结.     

Network resource management mechanisms in SDN enabled WSNs: A comprehensive review

Wireless technologies usually have very limited computing, memory, and battery power that require the optimal management of network resources to increase network performance. The optimization of these network resources provides an efficient network topology, traffic control, routing, and data aggregation. This study presents a qualitative and quantitative investigation to evaluate the efficient network resource management mechanisms for software defined wireless sensor networks (SDN-enabled WSNs) from the beginning of network design to reliable data delivery. In this paper, a taxonomy of network resource management research studies is proposed. A detailed analysis of SDN-enabled WSNs architecture, SDN controllers, topology discovery, routing approaches, flow rules installation, and data aggregation is also discussed. Furthermore, the comparative analysis of resource provisioning methods along with various simulation tools is presented. Moreover, this review outlines open research challenges and prospective future directions for network resource management in SDN-enabled WSNs.     

Robust and secure routing scheme for wireless multihop network

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an appealing technology that has attracted lots of research efforts. On-demand routing protocol such as AODV may suffer from frequent topological changes. Due to frequent communication failures, multipath MANET is preferred than single-path MANET in many applications as former is used for achieving robustness and load balancing and improving reliability. Although multipath MANET is attractive solution, there are still some major flaws that prevent commercial growth. Security is one of these main barriers; MANETs are known to be particularly vulnerable to security attack. The paper presents a design of robust and secure framework for multipath MANET. In this paper, we propose not only a robust multipath routing protocol but also an extended security scheme. We discuss security analysis for proposed security scheme. And we also conduct simulation to evaluate such a framework through different performance metrics. Results show that the proposed routing protocol achieves better performance in terms of various metrics than other protocols.     

基于能量模型的自组织网络路由协议的研究

Adhoc网络节点能量受限的路由协议的研究是目前的一个热点,IETF的MANET小组提出的几种经典的路由协议,属于最短路由,即最小跳数路由,没有考虑能量因素。由于Adhoc网络中的节点是由电池供电,整个网络是一个能量受限系统,如何节省节点的能量,尽可能延长网络的可操控时间逐渐成为衡量路由协议性能的重要指标。但是,目前针对这几种路由协议基于节点能量约束的评估很少。文章基于节点能量的约束,以能量消耗程度、节点终止情况和连能性为指标,对AdHoc四种典型的路由协议在不同的运动场景下进行了比较,系统的仿真研究,得出了与相关文献不一致的结论;基于我们的仿真结果,该文认为基于能耗研究Adhoc网络路由协议应以节点能耗的平衡性而不仅仅是能耗量的多少来考虑问题。     

IEEMARP- a novel energy efficient multipath routing protocol based on ant Colony optimization (ACO) for dynamic sensor networks

In the past few years, research and development in Wireless Sensor networks (WSNs) have gained momentum due to its numerous applications in agriculture, industrial manufacturing, military surveillance, environmental monitoring, consumer electronics, medical & healthcare, disaster recovery operations etc. Dynamic WSNs offer a robust blend of distributed sensing, computing and communication. Dynamic sensor networks are characterized by large scale deployment, dynamic and unstructured topology, power limitations, less memory and limited computational capabilities. Sensor nodes deployed in real-time environment’s for sensing data have power-limitations which hampers the overall performance of WSNs. So, the only obvious solution is to propose an energy efficient routing protocol to optimize WSN real-time performance. Different specialists have proposed various directing conventions for WSNs dependent on Fuzzy Logic, Genetic Algorithms, Meta-Heuristics, and other improvement strategies. However, every solution suggested till date has its advantages and limitations. In this paper, our primary objective is to utilize Swarm-Intelligence based approach i.e. “Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)”, for routing protocol development. Ant colony optimization (ACO) based approach gives optimal solution in terms of efficient routing path determination, energy efficiency and delivering high performance in terms of packet delivery and throughput. In this paper, we propose a novel energy efficient ACO based multipath routing protocol for WSN i.e. IEEMARP (Improvised Energy Efficient Multipath ACO based Routing Protocol). The proposed protocol works in three phases (Neighbor Discovery via Link Knowledge, Packet Transmission via exponentially weighted moving average method and ACKR packet delivery for assuring end-to-end delivery. To validate the performance of the protocol proposed, extensive simulations were conducted using NS-2.35-allinone simulator on diverse parameters like (PDR), throughput, routing overhead, energy consumption and end-to-end delay. In addition to this, the performance of protocol is compared with traditional routing protocols like Basic ACO, DSDV and DSR and other ACO based WSN protocols like ACEAMR, AntChain, EMCBR, IACR, AntHQSeN, FACOR and ANTALG. Simulation based results, clearly states that as compared to Basic ACO, DSDV and DSR, the performance of WSN network is improvised to around 10% in all performance metrics via IEEMARP routing protocol. And as compared to ACEAMR, AntChain, EMCBR and IACR, IEEMARP performs 20% better in overall functionality and almost 10–12% better as compared to AntHQSeN, FACOR, ANTLAG routing protocols in varied WSN scenarios. It is also observed that IEEMARP protocol is highly efficient in TCP packet transmission from source to destination node.

     

Cross-layer routing metrics for mesh networks: Current status and research directions

Despite efforts to improve the current IEEE 802.11 standard to fully optimize the physical layer, the performance of wireless mesh networks still depends on the routing process for a correct selection of routes. With regard to this question, several cross-layer routing metrics have been developed to improve wireless multi-hop mesh routing. This paper sets out a new taxonomy that can be used to help understand, classify and compare the state-of-the-art situation with regard to cross-layer routing metrics for wireless mesh networks. A simulation study has been carried out to evaluate the capability of the most recent and promising cross-layer routing metrics to support multimedia applications, such as Voice over IP. The evaluation of the routing metrics has been undertaken from three main perspectives: user perception, network performance, and routing stability. The simulation results show that the impact of routing metrics is more noticeable on the network and routing stability evaluation parameters than on the user-perception parameters. Furthermore, the results show that the routing metrics, the level of stability attained, and the application performance are interdependent. Finally, there is a discussion of the direction that future research might take with regard to some open issues in the design of routing metrics for wireless mesh networks.     

无线传感器网络能量多路径路由研究

研究了无线传感器分层网络模型及能量多路径路由机制．为解决现有协议的缺陷，提出了改进型能量多路径路由协议(IMP-EA)，建立了路由算法．以网络寿命和丢包率作为评价指标，对改进型能量多路径路由协议和其它3种路由协议进行了仿真实验．仿真结果表明，改进后的协议有效地延长了网络的生存时间，提高了数据转发效率．     

无线传感器网络随机投递传输协议性能分析

无线传感器网络(wireless sensor networks,简称WSNs)通常是资源有限的,且具有较高的链路差错率.在这样的网络环境中,高可靠性的传输协议会消耗过多的能量并产生较大的传输延迟.而另一方面,许多部署在WSNs 环境中的应用可以容忍一定程度的数据包丢失.因此,在这种特殊的网络背景和应用需求环境中,随机投递传输协议应运而生.这种类型的传输协议在有限的网络资源和传输可靠性之间实现了适当的折衷,符合众多传感器网络应用系统的特殊需要.为了对已有的几种随机投递传输协议进行性能分析与评价,采用带吸收态的有限状态马尔可夫链模型对其进行建模.这种建模方法使得协议性能参数的分析计算过程更加直观、简练、易于理解.分析了不同网络参数条件(如源到目的节点之间的跳距,无线链路位差错率等等)对于协议性能的影响.为了提高随机可靠传输协议的效率,部分协议中引入了逐条应答机制或利用无线链路广播特性.分析结果显示,这些措施对协议性能的影响在不同的网络参数条件下也有所不同.最后,为体现分析模型的作用,基于理论分析结果对部分协议进行了改进,并仿真显示改进的效果.     

Ad Hoc路由协议在两种节点配置模型下的性能分析

对无线传感器网络中存在的两种节点配置模型,随机节点配置模型和四连通全覆盖优化节点配置模型进行性能分析.根据通信半径(表示为rc)和感知半径(表示为rs)的不同比率,提出一种新的仿真方法,并对这两种配置模型在不同Ad Hoc路由协议下的性能进行分析.大量的实验结果表明,四连通全覆盖优化节点配置模型不仅能减少配置成本和通信开销,而且对于不同的网络拓扑,其覆盖度、连通度和多个网络性能指标都有较大的提高.     

基于NS2的Ad Hoc网络路由协议性能对比分析

移动Ad Hoc网络是移动节点动态临时组建的自组织网络,路由协议一直都是Ad Hoc网络研究的关键问题。使用NS2网络仿真软件,在不同的场景下分析比较移动Ad Hoc网络的5种路由协议DSDV、OLSR、DSR、AODV和TORA性能,得出不同路由协议在不同场景下的优缺点和适用的网络环境。     

ECDC: An energy and coverage-aware distributed clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks

Clustering for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is an effective scheme in utilizing sensor nodes energy and extending the network lifetime, while coverage preservation is one of the most essential issues to guarantee the quality of service (QoS). However, the coverage problem has not been well understood so far. For mission-critical applications of networks, it is crucial to consider coverage requirements when we select cluster heads and routing nodes for the clustering topology. In this paper, we propose the ECDC (Energy and Coverage-aware Distributed Clustering Protocol), an integrated protocol involving both energy and coverage, which is different from previous clustering protocols. For different practical applications, we design corresponding coverage importance metrics and introduce them into the clustering algorithm. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that our protocol is effective in improving network coverage performance, reducing nodes energy dissipation and extending the network lifetime.     

无线传感器网络路由协议安全研究

路由算法是无线传感器网络（WirdessSensorNetworks,WSNs）感知信息传输和汇聚的基础,作为多跳网络,WSNs有其自身的特点,特别是在路由的安全性方面,需要进行深入的研究。文章对近年来的WSNs路由协议安全进行了分析和总结,首先介绍WSNs安全路由的基本概念,接着对路由协议易受到的安全威胁和攻击进行了分类对比,最后对WSNs中几种典型路由协议的安全陛进行了描述和分析。     

贪婪协议路由代数及其应用

在无线网络路由协议中,错误地使用路由尺度会降低网络的路由性能,甚至会导致某些节点之间根本无法正常通信,称为路由尺度的兼容性问题.基于路由代数理论,分析了贪婪协议中路由尺度的兼容性问题,推导出了贪婪算法用作数据分组的转发机制时贪婪协议具有可达性的充分必要条件,并以4个路由尺度实例说明了分析结论在贪婪协议设计中的具体应用,为贪婪协议的设计提供了重要的技术依据.     

An evaluation methodology for reliable simulation based studies of routing protocols in VANETs

Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) have attracted much attention in the last decade. Many routing protocols have been proposed for VANETs and their performance is usually evaluated and compared using simulation-based studies. However, conducting reliable simulation studies is not a trivial task since many simulation parameters must be configured correctly. The selected parameters configuration can considerably affect the simulation results. This paper presents a methodology for conducting reliable simulations of routing protocols in VANETs urban scenarios. The proposed methodology includes relevant simulation aspects such as measurement period, selection of source–destination pairs for the communication traffic flows, number of simulations, mobility models based on road city maps, performance metrics and different analyses to evaluate routing protocols under different conditions. The proposed methodology is validated by comparing the simulation results obtained for Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol with and without using the proposed methodology. The obtained results confirm that by using the proposed methodology, we can achieve more reliable simulations of VANETs routing protocols.     

无线传感器网络路由协议研究综述

无线传感器网络是一种新的计算模式,它对网络的路由协议提出了许多新挑战。首先简要介绍无线传感器网络的体系结构和性能标准,然后着重从路由协议方面比较分析无线传感器网络中多种典型的路由协议,指出了各自的特色,最后总结出未来的研究热点和发展趋势。     

无线传感器网络中的路由协议研究

无线传感器网络作为计算、通信和传感器三项技术相结合的产物,是一种全新的信息获取和处理技术.本文首先简要介绍无线传感器网络体系结构和性能标准,然后着重从路由协议方面比较分析无线传感器网络的多种典型的路由协议,指出了各自的特色,最后指出了下一步的研究趋势.     

Evaluation of quality of service provisioning in large-scale pervasive and smart collaborative wireless sensor and actor networks

With the production of low cost sensors, classical concept of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) evolved into large-scale concept hosting thousands of nodes within a network and generating abundant quantities of data. As these networks are being continuously developed a new class of WSNs are proposed: Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks (WSANs). These networks introduce the actuating component, alongside with the sensing component, where QoS is becoming a very significant factor. The authors of this paper approach the problem of QoS support in large-scale WSAN from a physical layer, where the deployment parameters effects on QoS metrics are demystified. The analysis is formulated on two scenarios: worst case scenario (all nodes transmit data towards the network sink) and best case scenario (a single node transmits a stream of data towards a network sink). For both scenarios two routing protocols were compared, a simple flooding algorithm and a simple distance vector protocol. Also, a new relation between hop count and latency based on transmission power is observed, not reported in the available literature, resulting in a new proposed empirical latency model.