我国市场常见饮料中糖含量调查

目的:了解我国市场上饮料中糖含量的分布状况,为修订食品安全国家标准GB 28050《预包装食品营养标签通则》提供科学依据。方法:在全国各地大中型超市进行采样或拍照,收集饮料标签信息并录入Excel表格,去除重复样本并进行分类,对各类饮料的糖含量进行统计,计算无糖、低糖、高糖饮料所占比例及其糖含量标示率。结果:共纳入903个样本,糖含量标示率为18.7%,其中碳酸饮料的糖含量标示率达到60%。饮料中糖含量范围为0~18.7g/100m L,中位数为8.7g/100m L,其中碳酸饮料和果蔬汁及其饮料糖含量水平为10.6g/100m L、植物蛋白饮料为3.7g/100m L。饮料中无糖饮料占3.2%、低糖饮料占15.6%、高糖饮料占21.3%,糖含量标示率分别为46.2%、14.1%和14.6%,其中果蔬汁及其饮料、含乳饮料和碳水饮料中高糖饮料所占比例分别为31.6%、29.4和24.7%。结论:目前我国饮料中糖含量较高,需对经饮料中摄入的糖进行控制,建议在标准修订时增加对饮料中糖含量标示的强制要求,并考虑进行"高糖"的警示标示。     

新论饮食养生

养生保健是人们非常关心和重视的话题,这里介绍几个饮食养生研究的新发现。一、什么时间吃比吃什么更重要科学家经过研究发现,每天早上一次摄入8400J热量的食物,对体质量影响不大;而晚上摄入这么多的食物,就会增加体质量。两组人进食同样的食品,一组是早晨七点钟进食,另一组在晚上五点半钟进食(这些人每日就这么一顿),结果早晨进食的人体质量普遍下降,而晚上进食的人体质量却不断上升,不管什么人何种体质来试验,结果都是如此,真是什么时间吃比吃什么更重要。肥胖的中老年人,一定要早餐多吃,晚餐少吃。     

新论饮食养生

养生保健是人们非常关心和重视的话题,这里介绍几个饮食养生研究的新发现。 一、什么时间吃比吃什么更重要 科学家经过研究发现,每天早上一次摄入8400J热量的食物,对体质量影响不大;而晚上摄入这么多的食物,就会增加体质量。两组人进食同样的食品,一组是早晨七点钟进食,另一组在晚上五点半钟进食（这些人每日就这么一顿）,结果早晨进食的人体质量普遍下降,而晚上进食的人体质量却不断上升,不管什么人何种体质来试验,结果都是如此,真是什么时间吃比吃什么更重要。肥胖的中老年人,一定要早餐多吃,晚餐少吃。     

某市高校大学生膳食营养与近视的相关性分析

目的:通过调查分析安徽省池州地区高校大学生膳食营养对近视患病率的影响,为高校学生的合理饮食提供科学的建议。方法:通过调查问卷膳食频率调查法和食物称重法对613名学生进行了饮食调查,对照食物成分表计算出学生每天摄入的各种营养素和热能的情况。使用EPIDATA录入数据,使用SPSS21.0进行分析,统计方法包括描述性统计分析和方差分析。结果:近视组与非近视组比较,平均每天摄入维生素A、B1、C、钙、铁的量要高;近视组比非近视组平均每天进食更多量的碳水化合物、铜、糖、叶酸,更爱吃甜食。结论:对学生有必要进行膳食指导,眼营养知识的普及,多食动物的内脏、奶制品和有色蔬菜,新鲜水果,提高维生素的摄入,促进微量元素的吸收利用,以降低近视患病率的发生。     

槲皮素、山柰酚和芦丁对高果糖和高脂饮食诱导的大鼠代谢综合征的影响（英文）

本研究在同一水平比较了3种结构相似的黄酮——槲皮素、山柰酚和芦丁对大鼠代谢综合征的影响效果。SD大鼠分为5组:基础饮食组、高糖高脂饮食组(模型组)、加入槲皮素(2.6mmol/kgm_b)的高糖高脂饮食组、加入山柰酚(2.6mmol/kgm_b)的高糖高脂饮食组、加入芦丁(2.6mmol/kgm_b)的高糖高脂饮食组,持续饲喂13周。测定血清生化指标、氧化应激指标、促炎细胞因子水平和肝脏组织学变化。结果表明:与喂食高糖高脂饲料的模型组((33.00±0.67)U/L)相比,槲皮素能显著降低大鼠血清谷丙转氨酶活力至(25.00±0.67)U/L(P0.05);山柰酚能有效降低大鼠体质量增加和减少脂肪堆积,且大鼠最终平均体质量比模型组降低了10.7%。在口服葡萄糖耐量实验中,模型组的曲线下面积为(13.80±0.45)mmol/(L·min),而芦丁组显著下降至(12.10±0.13)mmol/(L·min)(P0.05)。说明3种黄酮均可有效改善大鼠代谢综合征;且尽管这些化合物具有相似的结构,但产生的生物学作用不同。     

警惕饮食中的“糖”衣炮弹

正越来越多的科学证据显示,现代人的饮食中往往摄入了过多的“糖”。生活水平越来越高,各种慢性病、老年病的发生率越来越高,糖摆脱不了干系。“少糖”,成为了健康饮食的“三少”原则之一。世卫组织推荐:成年人每天摄入的游离糖应该控制到供能比不超过10%,最好是到5%以内来获得更多的健康益处。     

槲皮素、山柰酚和芦丁对高果糖和高脂饮食诱导的大鼠代谢综合征的影响

本研究在同一水平比较了3?种结构相似的黄酮——槲皮素、山柰酚和芦丁对大鼠代谢综合征的影响效果。SD大鼠分为5?组：基础饮食组、高糖高脂饮食组（模型组）、加入槲皮素（2.6?mmol/kg?mb）的高糖高脂饮食组、加入山柰酚（2.6?mmol/kg?mb）的高糖高脂饮食组、加入芦丁（2.6?mmol/kg?mb）的高糖高脂饮食组,持续饲喂13?周。测定血清生化指标、氧化应激指标、促炎细胞因子水平和肝脏组织学变化。结果表明：与喂食高糖高脂饲料的模型组（（33.00±0.67）U/L）相比,槲皮素能显著降低大鼠血清谷丙转氨酶活力至（25.00±0.67）U/L（P＜0.05）;山柰酚能有效降低大鼠体质量增加和减少脂肪堆积,且大鼠最终平均体质量比模型组降低了10.7%。在口服葡萄糖耐量实验中,模型组的曲线下面积为（13.80±0.45）mmol/（L·min）,而芦丁组显著下降至（12.10±0.13）mmol/（L·min）（P＜0.05）。说明3?种黄酮均可有效改善大鼠代谢综合征;且尽管这些化合物具有相似的结构,但产生的生物学作用不同。     

植物复合饮料对Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠的降糖作用

为探究青钱柳、桑叶及怀山药复合饮料的降血糖功效,以Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠为研究模型,将糖尿病小鼠随机分为糖尿病模型组、二甲双胍组、饮料低剂量组（150 mg/kg）、饮料中剂量组（300 mg/kg）以及饮料高剂量组（600 mg/kg）。同时设置正常饲养组灌胃生理盐水和正常灌胃饮料组（300 mg/kg）。监测小鼠在灌胃期的空腹血糖值、体质量、饮食量及饮水量的变化。灌胃期结束后,检测小鼠口服葡萄糖耐量、糖脂代谢指标、胰腺和肝脏组织病理水平以及胰岛素通路关键基因表达情况。结果显示：中、高剂量组小鼠尽管饮食量有上升趋势,但饮水量均显著低于糖尿病模型组（P＜0.05）,中剂量组抑制体质量下降效果最佳,体质量仅下降0.63%。同时,各饮料干预组小鼠空腹血糖值均显著降低（P＜0.05）,以中剂量组降血糖效果最显著,该组口服葡萄糖耐量、血清胰岛素水平、糖化血清蛋白水平均显著低于模型组（P＜0.05）;胰高血糖素样肽-1 水平显著高于模型组（P＜0.05）;且与二甲双胍组无显著差异（P＞0.05）。高剂量组降低血脂水平效果最显著（P＜0.05）。复合饮料干预各组小鼠肝脏及胰腺组织病变均有明显改善;肝脏胰岛素受体、胰岛素受体底物-1 的mRNA 表达水平显著高于模型组（P＜0.05）。     

板栗壳色素通过AMPK信号通路改善肥胖小鼠的脂代谢紊乱

目的:探讨板栗壳色素(CSP)对肥胖小鼠脂代谢紊乱的改善作用及其分子机制。方法:将雄性C57BL/6J小鼠分为正常饮食(N)组、高脂饮食(HFD)组、高脂饮食+20 mg/kg CSP(HFD-L)组、高脂饮食+50 mg/kg CSP(HFD-H)组、高脂饮食+20 mg/kg儿茶素(HFD-C)组,每周测量小鼠体质量和进食量,14周后检测小鼠肝脏和附睾脂肪质量、血清血脂水平,进行脂肪与肝脏形态学分析,检测肝脏中脂肪代谢关键蛋白的表达等。结果:与HFD组相比,HFD-L和HFD-H组小鼠体质量增长量分别降低28.67%和39.16%;附睾脂肪质量分别降低23.63%和42.80%;CSP能减少进食量、脂肪细胞的扩大和肝脏脂肪的积累,降低血清TG、TC、LDL-C、ALT和AST水平,升高HDL-C,显著升高小鼠肝脏组织中p-AMPK/AMPK、p-ACC/ACC、PPARα的表达量,显著降低SREBP-1c和HMGCR的表达量,且作用效果比单一儿茶素效果好。结论:板栗壳色素具有改善肥胖小鼠脂代谢的作用,此作用与激活AMPK信号通路相关。     

青年医务人员膳食和营养状况调查

目的:调查青年医务人员的值班期间的膳食摄入与营养健康现状,为有效改善医务人员营养健康状况提供科学依据。方法:采用随机抽样问卷调查的方法,对某医院年龄18—40岁的各系列医务人员进行调查,了解身高、体重、膳食摄入变化情况,回收有效问卷218份。结果:医务人员营养不良比例总计22%(49/218),其中营养过剩19%(42/218),营养不足3%(7/218),医生和医技人员体质指数和营养过剩的发生率均高于护士(P0.05)。医生营养摄入受损发生率(17%)高于护士和医技人员(P0.05)。高年龄组医务人员体质指数和营养过剩的发生率显著高于低年龄组医务人员,营养不足的发生率显著低于低年龄组医务人员(P0.05)。结论:医务人员膳食摄入和营养健康现状有待于改善,需采取有效措施关注医务人员健康管理。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Detection of adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum by capillary electrophoresis and polarized light microscopy

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and polarized light microscopy (PLM) were utilized in the detection of the adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum. For CE analyses, standards of locust bean and guar gums were extracted with 30% CH₃CN, removing the residual proteins from the gum matrix. A 8.75 mM NaH₂PO₄-20.6 mM Na₂B₄O₇ buffer, pH 9, was used to separate these proteins and to identify marker proteins that were present in the guar gum. These markers did not co-migrate with components in the extracts of mechanically processed locust bean gum, and are used as indicators of adulteration. Using PLM with toluidine blue and iodine staining techniques, unadulterated locust bean gum samples were distinguished from mixed samples through the differential staining of components in locust bean versus guar and tara gums. These experiments in the use of CE and PLM provide orthogonal and complementary methods for the verification of 'true' positives and the elimination of 'false' positives.