2010—2020年中国大陆副溶血性弧菌引发食源性疾病暴发调查

目的 分析2010—2020年中国大陆副溶血性弧菌引起的食源性疾病暴发事件的流行病学特征,获得其发生时间和地区的分布特点以及引发事件的场所、高危食品和危险因素。方法 对我国食源性疾病暴发监测系统收集的2010—2020年副溶血性弧菌引起的食源性疾病暴发资料进行统计分析。结果 2010—2020年共上报副溶血性弧菌引起的食源性疾病暴发事件1 772起,累计发病27 212人,住院5 944人,死亡2人。发生高峰时间是7～9月。发达地区发病率（28.8例/百万人）高于不发达地区（8.2例/百万人）,沿海地区发病率（31.7例/百万人）高于内陆地区（9.2例/百万人）。病因食品以水产食品（61.2%）、肉类食品（25.3%）为主。发生场所以宾馆饭店占比最高,占49.6%。污染环节主要是烹饪水产食品时未充分烧熟煮透,加工即食肉类食品和蔬菜类食品时生熟交叉污染。结论 应重点加强餐饮服务场所中水产食品和肉类食品的加工、储存等环节监管,降低副溶血性弧菌导致食源性疾病发病的风险。     

2010—2020年中国大陆生熟交叉污染导致食源性疾病暴发事件流行病学特征分析

目的 了解2010—2020年中国大陆由生熟交叉污染导致的食源性疾病暴发事件的流行病学特征,为有效防控生熟交叉污染食源性疾病暴发提供依据。方法 收集2010—2020年国家食源性疾病暴发监测系统报告的食物加工环节为生熟交叉污染导致的食源性疾病暴发事件,分析其流行病学特点。结果 2010—2020年国家食源性疾病暴发监测系统报告生熟交叉污染导致的食源性疾病暴发事件667起（1.85%）,发病11 766例,死亡4例;高发季节为第二、三季度;高发地区为南方地区;发生场所以餐饮服务场所（66.4%,443/667）和集体食堂（22.6%,151/667）为主;原因食品（除去不明食品、多种食品、混合食品）主要为肉类（26.2%,175/667）和水产类食品（14.1%,94/667）;致病微生物及毒素是导致生熟交叉污染食源性疾病暴发事件的主要致病因素,排在前3位的是副溶血性弧菌、沙门菌和金黄色葡萄球菌及其肠毒素;副溶血性弧菌事件的高危食品是水产类（55.1%,75/136）和肉类（37.5%,51/136）;沙门菌事件的高危食品为肉类（62.2%,46/74）;主要致病因子有地域性差异,其中华东、华南、西南地区副溶血性弧菌污染事件（χ²=26.3,P<0.001）和沙门菌事件（χ²=18.3,P<0.001）的构成比有差异。结论 生熟交叉污染食源性疾病事件是不容忽视的重要食品安全问题,在高温季节和南方地区,尤其要加强餐饮服务场所和集体食堂制备动物类食品时的卫生管理和食品从业人员的操作规范、微生物性食源性疾病的认知培训。     

一起检出多种致病菌的食源性疾病暴发调查与病因探讨

目的对一起食源性疾病暴发中检出多种致病菌的情况进行探讨分析,找出真正的致病菌,为研究类似的食源性疾病病因提供参考。方法利用标准化的食源性疾病暴发个案调查表收集信息,采用描述流行病学描述事件特征、分析流行病学探索危险食物,采集的样本按照GB 4789系列食品卫生微生物学检验标准进行可疑致病菌分离培养,分离出的副溶血性弧菌按照DNA指纹图谱分析方法进行基因分型。结果搜索到共同进餐者30例,失访5例,其中符合病例定义的17例,罹患率为56.67%(17/30);临床表现主要以腹泻(17/17)、腹痛(16/17)为主,腹痛以上腹部疼痛为主(10/16);发病潜伏期为11~25 h;回顾性队列研究未发现可疑食物。在病例肛拭子中检出9株副溶血性弧菌,8株奇异变形杆菌,1株沙门菌混合副溶血性弧菌,1株空肠弯曲菌;在从业人员肛拭子中检出1株奇异变形杆菌;在环境涂抹拭子中检出1株副溶血性弧菌,4株奇异变形杆菌;在食品样品中检出1株副溶血性弧菌,4株奇异变形杆菌。对从9例病例检测到的副溶血性弧菌进行脉冲场凝胶电泳分子分型,结果发现其遗传相似性达97%以上。结论综合现场流行病学调查和食品卫生学以及实验室检测结果分析,排除其他致病因子引起该起事件暴发的可能,认为这是一起由副溶血性弧菌引起的食源性疾病暴发事件。     

2015—2019年江西省细菌性食源性疾病暴发事件分析

目的 分析江西省2015—2019年细菌性食源性疾病暴发事件的流行病学特征,为预防和有效控制细菌性食源性疾病提供科学依据。方法 收集江西省2015—2019年食源性疾病暴发监测系统中报告的细菌性食源性疾病暴发事件资料,采用描述性流行病学方法进行分析。结果 2015—2019年江西省共报告细菌性食源性疾病暴发事件161起,累计发病1 682人,住院794人,年均报告发病率为0.73/10万,事件集中发生在5~10月。沙门菌及副溶血性弧菌是细菌性食源性疾病的主要致病菌,导致的暴发事件数和发病人数最多,分别占总数的45.4%（73/161）和56.4%（949/1 682）,肉与肉制品是主要的原因食品。家庭、宾馆饭店、农村宴席、学校食堂、单位食堂是事件发生的主要场所,食品加工、储存不当、原料（辅料）污染或变质是事件的主要引发因素。结论 细菌性食源性疾病仍是江西省主要的公共卫生问题,高发季节应针对重点食品、重点场所和相关人群加强监管或教育培训,增强家庭食品安全意识,减少细菌性食源性疾病的发生。     

2010—2012年浙江省食源性疾病事件流行病学特征分析

目的分析2010—2012年浙江省食源性疾病事件的流行病学特征,提出当前防控重点。方法对2010—2012年食源性疾病(食物中毒)报告系统上报的食源性疾病事件进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 2010—2012年浙江省共上报食源性疾病事件95起。以微生物类事件为主,占58.9%,其中又以副溶血性弧菌为最常见,占23.2%;5~9月为食源性疾病事件高发月份,占66.1%,微生物类事件夏秋季发生更为频繁,在确定的中毒食物种类中,以肉与肉制品最多,且每个季度均较多,以副溶血性弧菌、非伤寒沙门菌污染为主;其次是水产品,在二、三季度较多,主要是受到副溶血性弧菌污染;误食毒蕈、误将亚硝酸盐当成食盐等调味品引起的食源性疾病事件仍有发生。结论应加强食品安全监管,重点是肉与肉制品、水产品及亚硝酸盐的监管;落实食品安全健康教育,减少蕈类中毒发生;防控的重点场所为宾馆饭店、集体食堂,重点类型为副溶血性弧菌等常见微生物污染事件。     

2018年中国大陆食源性疾病暴发监测资料分析

目的 分析2018年中国大陆食源性疾病暴发事件的流行病学特征。方法 对我国食源性疾病暴发监测系统收集的2018年食源性疾病暴发数据进行描述性统计分析。结果 2018年31个省（区市）和新疆生产建设兵团共上报食源性疾病暴发事件6 537起,累计发病41 750人,死亡135人。发生在家庭的食源性疾病暴发造成了80%的死亡病例,毒蘑菇引起的事件数和死亡人数最多,分别占25.13%和37.78%。微生物性因素引起的发病人数最多,占29.28%。结论 家庭是报告食源性疾病暴发死亡病例的重要场所,尤其注意有地域特点的饮食习惯,比如采食野生蘑菇等。微生物性食源性疾病是我国重要的食品安全问题,副溶血性弧菌和沙门氏菌是最常见的食源性致病菌,致病菌代谢产物（如米酵菌酸）引起的中毒需要引起重视。     

2013年中国大陆食源性疾病暴发监测资料分析

目的 分析2013年中国食源性疾病暴发事件的流行病学特征。方法 对我国食源性疾病暴发监测系统收集的2013年食源性疾病暴发资料进行统计分析。结果 2013年29个省、自治区、直辖市和新疆生产建设兵团共上报食源性疾病暴发事件1 001起,累计发病14 413人,死亡90人,微生物性因素引起事件起数和发病人数最多,分别占32.0%(320/1 001)和49.7%(7 162/14 413),毒蘑菇引起的死亡人数最多,占52.2%(47/90)。结论 微生物性食源性疾病仍是引发我国食品安全问题的重要原因,副溶血性弧菌和沙门菌是最常见的食源性致病菌。毒蘑菇中毒不容忽视。     

2012—2021年江西省食源性疾病暴发事件流行病学特征分析

目的 分析2012—2021年江西省食源性疾病暴发事件的流行病学特征,为制定预防措施提供依据。方法 收集江西省2012—2021年食源性疾病暴发监测系统中报告的食源性疾病暴发事件资料,采用描述性流行病学方法对资料进行分析。结果 2012—2021年江西省共报告食源性疾病暴发事件1 285起,累计发病7 222人,死亡48人,病死率为0.66%（48/7 222）,各年度的病死率比较差异有统计学意义（P≤0.001）。10年间暴发事件数呈总体上升趋势,事件集中发生在5—9月份。在查明原因的768起暴发事件中,毒蘑菇引起的事件数和死亡人数最多,分别占50.78%（390/768）和93.75%（45/48）;微生物性因素引起的发病人数最多,占49.41%（2 266/4 586）,主要致病菌为沙门菌和副溶血性弧菌。家庭和餐饮服务场所是事件的主要发生场所,其中家庭发生的事件数和死亡人数最多,分别占64.75%（832/285）和95.83%（46/48）,主要致病因子为毒蘑菇;餐饮服务场所的发病人数最多,占51.77%（3 739/7 222）,主要致病因子为微生物性因素。结论 家庭是毒蘑菇死亡事件发生的主要场所;微生物性致病因子是餐饮服务场所和学校的主要致病因素。建议重点针对广大农村家庭开展食用野生蘑菇的危害性宣传,同时加大重点场所食品安全监督管理和健康教育力度,减少食源性疾病及死亡病例的发生。     

2010—2020年全国农村宴席食源性疾病暴发事件分析

目的 分析2010—2020年全国农村宴席食源性疾病暴发事件流行病学特征,为农村宴席食源性疾病防控工作提供科学依据。方法 对2010—2020年国家食源性疾病暴发监测系统中报告的农村宴席食源性疾病暴发事件数据进行统计分析。结果 2010—2020年共报告农村宴席食源性疾病暴发事件1 421起,发病31 078例,死亡64例,分别占总数的3.94%(1 421/36 037)、11.33%(31 078/274 304)和4.35%(64/1 472),病死率为0.21%,平均每起事件发病22例,总体呈上升趋势;报告事件数前5位的省份为云南、江苏、湖南、四川、安徽,共报告728起,占51.23%(728/1 421);时间分布主要集中在第二、第三季度;致病因子方面,引起事件数、发病人数最多的是副溶血性弧菌和沙门菌等致病微生物,引起死亡人数最多的是甲醇,其次是含乌头碱类植物、毒蕈毒素（毒蘑菇）和有毒野生蜂蜜。肉类食品（畜肉、禽肉）和甲壳类、软体类、鱼等水产品为主要原因食品。结论 针对我国农村宴席食源性疾病的高发地区、高发季节、主要致病因子和原因食品,采取有效措施进行重点监测和管理,有效防控...     

1998—2017年南平市食源性疾病事件流行病学特征分析

目的 分析南平市食源性疾病事件的流行病学特征和规律,为制定食源性疾病事件的预防控制策略提供依据。方法 收集1998—2017年南平市所辖10个县(市、区)上报的食源性疾病事件,对事件归因变量进行统计,回顾性的描述性分析。结果 20年间,南平市共报告食源性疾病事件184起,发病人数2 871人,死亡人数40人,年均发病率5.12人/10万,病死率为1.39%。食源性疾病事件的高发期为第三季度,8月份事件起数和死亡人数最多。报告事件起数和发病人数最多的为致病微生物事件,分别为80起(43.48%,80/184)和1 862人(64.86%,1 862/2 871);其次为有毒植物性事件,分别为66起(35.87%,66/184)和310人(10.80%,310/2 871)。引发事件的致病因子中,误食毒蕈共55起(29.89%,55/184),副溶血性弧菌污染共23起(12.50%,23/184);毒蕈为主要致死因子,死亡人数为35人(87.50%,35/40)。事件发生场所以家庭为主(39.13%,72/184),其中有毒植物性事件占66.67%(48/72);其次为宾馆饭店(22.28%,41/184),其中致病微生物事件占80.49%(33/41)。结论 南平市食源性疾病事件的控制策略应针对高发时段、多发地区、易发场所和高危致病因子实施重点监管,建立有效的预警、监测及政府监管机制,进一步遏制食源性疾病事件的发生。     

Arsenic content of some edible mushroom species

The arsenic contents of 162 fruit body samples of 37 common edible mushroom taxa were analyzed. The samples were gathered from different habitats of Hungary (mainly from mountains) between 1984 and 1999. The arsenic content of the samples was measured by the inductively coupled plasma spectrometry method. Very low [lower than 0.05 mg/kg dry matter (DM)] concentrations were found in the samples of 13 taxa, while higher (or very high) contents were quantified in other common taxa (the highest arsenic content was recorded in the fruit body of Laccaria amethysthea at 146.9 mg/kg DM). The species of eight genera (Agaricus, Calvatia, Collybia, Laccaria, Langermannia, Lepista, Lycoperdon, Macrolepiota) belong to the so-called accumulating taxa, and this tendency is evident on all habitats. This arsenic accumulation capability is found in two orders of Basidiomycetes (Agaricales and Gasteromycetales), which is to say this phenomenon occurs in the families Agaricaceae, Tricholomataceae and Gasteromycetaceae. The accumulating taxa found all have a saprotrophic type of nutrition; arsenic accumulation is not detectable in xilophagous or in mycorrhizal species. The consumption of the accumulating species found has only a low toxicological risk for three reasons: the consumed fresh fruit bodies contain about a tenfold lower arsenic level than the dried ones, the majority of arsenic occurs not in poisonous inorganic, but in less dangerous (or not poisonous) organic forms, and the frequency of consumption is low.     

Organization and localization of the dnaA and dnaK gene regions on the multichromosomal genome of Burkholderia multivorans ATCC 17616

The Burkholderia multivorans strain ATCC 17616 carries three circular chromosomes with sizes of 3.4, 2.5, and 0.9 Mb. To reveal the distribution and organization of the genes for fundamental cell functions on the genome of this bacterium, the dnaA and dnaK gene regions of ATCC 17616 were cloned and characterized. The gene organization of the dnaA region was rnpA-rmpH-dnaA-dnaN-gyrB with a single consensus DnaA-binding box (TTATCCACA) between the rmpH and dnaA genes. This intergenic region, however, did not work as an autonomously replicating sequence in ATCC 17616. On the other hand, the gene organization of the dnaK region was grpE-orf1 (gene for thioredoxin homologue)-dnaK-dnaJ-pabB (gene for p-aminobenzoate synthetase component homologue). A putative heat-shock promoter that showed good homology to the sigma32-dependent promoter consensus sequence in Escherichia coli was found upstream of the grpE gene, suggesting that these five genes constitute an operon. In M9 succinate minimal medium the dnaJ mutant grew more slowly than the wild-type strain, indicating that this operon is functional. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern blot analyses indicated that both the dnaA and dnaK gene regions exist as single copies on the 3.4 Mb chromosome.     

Contamination with storage fungi of human food from Cameroon

In a mycological study, a total of 95 human food samples were investigated to evaluate the incidence of fungal contamination in Cameroon by conventional identification method and partly confirmed by DNA sequencing. The isolated fungal spp. were further studied to determine their toxigenic potentials. The investigation revealed the predominance of Aspergillus and Penicillium with 96% of samples contaminated with at least one species of these fungi, whereas the incidence of co-contamination of samples was 85%. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus (Flavi section) were the most predominant species contaminating mainly maize and peanuts. In addition, P. crustosum and P. polonicum were the most common contaminants belonging to the genus Penicillium. On the other hand, A. ochraceus (Circumdati section) registered a low incidence rate of 5%, including other members of the Aspergillus group. Other members of the genera Rhizopus and Alternaria spp. were also registered in the study. A majority of fungal strains of A. ochraceus, A. parasiticus, P. crustosum and P. polonicum isolated were toxigenic, producing the mycotoxins tested for, while none was detected in cultures of A. fumigatus. The high incidence rate of fungi contamination coupled with their potentials in producing mycotoxins gives a strong indication that the samples tested may likely be contaminated with various mycotoxins. There is need for further study to assess the incidence of mycotoxins contamination in similar food samples.     

Microbial profiles of frozen trimmings and silver sides prepared at Indian buffalo meat packing plants

To assess microbiological quality of buffalo meat trimmings (TT = 114) and silver sides (SS = 41), samples were collected from four different Indian meat packing plants. The aim of this study was: (i) to evaluate standard plate count (SPC), psychrotrophic count (PTC), Enterococcus feacalis count (EFC), Staphylococcus aureus count (SAC) and Escherichia coli count (ECC) and the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes; and (ii) also to determine vero toxic E. coli (VTEC) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). TT samples had significantly higher (P < 0.001) SPC, PTC, EFC, and SAC than SS, while across the meat types there was no difference (P > 0.05) in ECC. E. coli was recovered from 32.4% TT and 19.5% SS samples. The prevalence rate of Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes in TT was 1.75% and 0.87%, respectively. But no SS sample was found to be positive for any of these two pathogens. VTEC was found in 2.58% of all the tested samples. This finding suggests that TT contain higher microbes but only small numbers of pathogens of latent zoonotic importance. The present study confirmed the importance of maintaining good process hygiene at meat plants for microbiological status of buffalo meat.     

Susceptibility of stored product insects to high concentrations of ozone at different exposure intervals

Ozone is a highly reactive gas with insecticidal activity. Past studies have indicated that ozone technology has potential as a management tool to control insect pests in bulk grain storage facilities. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of short periods of exposure to high ozone concentrations to kill all life stages of red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), adult maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and adult rice weevil (S. oryzae (L)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insects were treated with six ozone concentrations between 50 and 1800 ppm. The specific objective was to determine minimal time needed to attain 100% mortality. The most ozone-tolerant stages of T. castaneum were pupae and eggs, which required a treatment of 180 min at 1800 ppm ozone to reach 100% mortality. Eggs of P. interpunctella also required 180 min at 1800 ppm ozone to reach 100% mortality. Ozone treatments of 1800 ppm for 120 min and 1800 ppm for 60 min were required to kill all adult S. zeamais and adult S. oryzae, respectively. The results indicate that high ozone concentrations reduce the treatment times significantly over previously described results. Our results also provide new baseline information about insect tolerance to ozone treatment.     

Effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil and nisin on Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus in a food model system and on the bacterial cell membranes

The effects of different concentrations of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil (EO: 0, 5, 15 and 30 μl 100 ml⁻¹) and nisin (N: 0, 0.25 and 0.5 μg ml⁻¹), temperatures (T: 25 and 8 °C), and storage times (up to 21 days) on growth of Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus in a commercial barley soup were evaluated in a factorial design study. The growth of S. typhimurium was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by EO concentrations and their combinations with N concentrations at 8 °C. For S. aureus, the viable count was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by EO and N concentrations and their combinations, incubated at both storage temperatures. The mechanism of the antimicrobial action of EO, N, and their combinations against cell membranes of the tested organisms were also studied by measurement of the release of cell constituents and by the electronic microscopy observations of the cells. The significant increase of the cell constituents’ release of both organisms was observed as a result of treatments with EO and EO in combination with N. Electronic microscopy observations revealed that the cell membranes of S. typhimurium treated by EO and EO in combination with N were significantly damaged, while cells treated with only N looked similar to untreated cells. The electron micrographs of treated cells of S. aureus with EO, N, and their combination also showed important morphological damages and disrupted membranes.     

Formation of cereulide and enterotoxins by Bacillus cereus in fermented African locust beans

Afitin, iru and sonru are three spontaneously fermented African locust bean Benin condiments. The fermentation processes are exothermic, with temperatures mostly being above 40 °C. A total of 19 predominant Bacillus cereus isolates from afitin, iru and sonru, were investigated. The enterotoxin genes nhe (A, B, C) were present in all 19 isolates, the hbl (A, C, D) in one (afitin), and the cytK gene in three isolates (afitin). Levels of cytotoxicity to Vero cells and NheA production in BHI-broth was within the range of known diarrheal outbreak strains. Autoclaved cooked African locust beans inoculated with emetic (cereulide producing) B. cereus Ba18H2/RIF supported growth at 25, 30 and 40 °C with highly different maximum cereulide productions of 6 ± 5, 97 ± 3 and 0.04 ± 0.02 μg/g beans, respectively (48 h). For non-autoclaved cooked beans inoculated with 2, 4 and 6 log₁₀B. cereus Ba18H2/RIF spores/g beans, cereulide production was 5 ± 4, 64 ± 8 and 69 ± 34 μg/g beans, respectively at 24 h, while it was 70 ± 43, 92 ± 53 and 99 ± 31 μg/g at 48 h of fermentation at 30 °C. Even though high toxin levels were observed, to date there are no known reports on diarrhea or vomiting due to the consumption or afitin, iru and sonru in Benin, which also according to the present study is likely to be expected from the low levels of cereulide produced at 40 °C.     

Assessment of the microbiological safety of salad vegetables and sauces from kebab take-away restaurants in the United Kingdom

The purpose of this study was to establish the microbiological safety of salad vegetables and sauces served in kebab take-away restaurants. Comparison with published microbiological guidelines revealed that 4.7% of 1213 salad vegetable samples were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality due to Escherichia coli and/or Staphylococcus aureus levels at ≥10² cfu g⁻¹. Another 0.3% of salad samples were of unacceptable quality due to S. aureus at ≥10⁴ cfu g⁻¹ (2 samples) or the presence of Salmonella Kentucky (1 sample). Cucumber was the most contaminated salad vegetable with regards to unsatisfactory levels of E. coli (6.0%) or S. aureus (4.5%). Five percent of 1208 sauce samples were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality due to E. coli, S. aureus at ≥10² cfu g⁻¹ and/or Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus spp. at ≥10⁴ cfu g⁻¹. A further 0.6% of sauce samples were of unacceptable quality due to Bacillus spp. (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis) at ≥10⁵ cfu g⁻¹ or the presence of Salmonella Agbeni (1 sample). More samples of chilli sauce (8.7%) were of unsatisfactory or unacceptable microbiological quality than any other sauce types. The results emphasize the need for good hygiene practices in kebab take-away restaurants handling these types of ready-to-eat products.