石油生产光纤-电导组合探针阵列多分相测井仪研究

为解决石油生产多分相测量问题,基于课题组研制的创新型光纤-电导组合探针设计研制一种用于石油生产多参数测量的高精度、高灵敏度探测仪器。采用ZEMAX光线追迹方法和FEM数值分析方法对光纤-电导组合探针阵列多分相测井仪电场分布、响应特性进行了理论分析,且验证了其在流量为5、10、20、30 m~3/d,持气率为10%、20%、30%、40%,持水率为90%、80%、70%、60%等工况下良好的测量效果。为进一步证明其优良性能,以液相流量30 m~3/d,液相持水率25%、45%、65%及85%,气流量6、12、24 m~3/d等多相流工况为例进行动态实验分析,其持气率测量误差在5%以内,持水率误差在10%以内。实际动态实验与仿真模拟结果保持相同。充分表明光纤-电导组合探针阵列多分相测井仪的良好的性能。     

一种永置式石油生产地面多井组单井轮巡 三相流监测装置及应用研究

为了解决传统石油开发集中计量方式难以获取单口油井油气水三相流相关参数的难题,采用流体体积和有限元分析等方法在建立该测量装置的数值仿真模型基础上对其结构参数、气液分离效果等进行了深入研究与优化,从而确定了该监测装置的最优结构参数,并研制了可以在现有集中计量环境中长期、稳定与可靠使用的一种永置式石油生产多井组单井轮巡三相流监测装置。另外,还在搭建的永置式石油生产地面多井组单井轮巡三相流多参数监测平台上开展了实验研究,实验结果表明,所研制的装置在气、液相流量5～70 m³/d,液相持水率50%～90%等混合流体下持水率、气量测量误差均小于10%,流量测量误差小于4%。仿真和实验均证明了永置式监测装置具有良好的多分相测量性能。     

石油生产多组分监测光纤电导一体式传感器研究

为了解决石油生产多组分监测问题,基于光纤技术和电导技术成功研制了一种用于石油生产多组分监测光纤电导一体式传感器。利用ZEMA光线追迹方法和FEM方法建立FOCIS仿真模型。对电导测量模块(CMM)电场分布、CMM响应特性、光纤测量模块(OFMM)返回光照强度分布、OFMM响应特性等进行了仿真分析。不同油气水三相流流型条件下CMM和OFMM测量值与标准含率值呈现出良好的线性关系,测量相含率误差均在5%以内。在内径为32 mm垂直管道内进行了FOCIS现场实验测试,实验结果表明:在气流量5、20、40 m~3/d,油水总流量10、30、50、70 m~3/d,液相含水率50%、60%、70%、80%、90%等工况下,测量含水率与含气率误差在5%以内。仿真与实验均证明FOCIS油气水多组分监测是可行和有效的。     

基于CPW的油水两相流持水率检测方法研究

为了提高原油的开采效率,各油田越来越多地采用注水采油的措施和水平井开采的方法。这对井下油水两相持水率的在线检测提出了更高的要求,其一要求传感器在高持水条件下具有与低持水段一样高的检测精度,其二要求单支传感器体积结构小,便于在油井截面上布置多支传感器形成检测阵列,提供水平井或大斜度井油水截面上持水率分布的差异信息,提高测量的空间分辨率。为此,提出基于共面微带传输线的油水两相流持水率检测方法。通过保角变换法分析了共面微带传输线传感器的结构参数和材料参数与电磁波传播特性之间的关系,采用片状双面S形布线结构,在小型化传感器的同时提高了检测的动态范围。数值模拟和实验结果表明,信号在传输线上的相移与持水率间具有近似线性的关系,传感器在持水率0%~100%全程范围内具有小于3%的分辨率,该方法弥补了电容法和电导法仅适合于低持水率和高持水率的弊端。     

自力式油气水三相流气液分离装置的设计与实验

针对油井油气水三相流量测量难、测准更难这一实际问题,对溢气型集流伞的结构作了优化和改进,设计出一种自力式油气水三相流气液分离装置,装置上安装了涡轮流量计和电导持水率计,完成油气水产出剖面测井仪的研制。利用多相流测试系统对产出剖面测井仪进行了流量测量实验,实验结果表明,产出剖面测井仪能有效降低油井气相对油井液相流量和持水率测量的影响,可提高油田测量精度及采收率。     

基于三轴加速度探头的涡街湿气分相流量测量

针对涡街湿气测量过读问题，提出了基于加速度检测的涡街过读校正和分相流量测量方法。设计了高频响三轴加速度探头，分别对敏感元件、探头尺寸和封装进行了优化设计。干气标定结果表明，在4.43×10⁴～1.81×10⁵雷诺数范围内，测量精度为±1.0%,线性度为1.06%。然后，在不同湿气工况(载气压力和流量、液相流量)下测试了输出频率和加速度幅值特性，以气、液相韦伯数为参数，分别建立了涡街过读和两相加速度幅值模型。最后，联立两方程建立了湿气测量模型，并利用牛顿迭代算法进行求解。预测结果表明，气相测量误差在±1.0%以内，不确定度0.46%,液相全量程误差在±15%以内，不确定度10.04%。与未过读校正时最大8%的测量误差相比，气相测量精度大大提升，同时实现了湿气中分相流的在线测量。     

车辆电容称重装置研制

针对传统车辆称重装置存在的不足,开发了一种车辆电容称重装置,利用电容称重传感器输出电压来反映车辆载荷.该装置安装于车辆上,采用四相检测电荷转移式微电容测量电路测量电容传感器输出电压,利用基于USB接口的电容称重传感器特性测试系统采集数据,采用实验方法测量称重系统的静态特性并进行静态标定,同时从速度、加速度、振动等因素影响方面对动态特性作了测试与分析.结果表明:该装置不仅适用于静态测量,同时适用于动态测量,具有较好的应用和推广价值.     

微弯型科氏质量流量计测量气-液两相流研究

与普通U形和Δ形科氏质量流量计相比,微弯型科氏质量流量计固有频率更高、相位差更小,测量气-液两相流时误差更大。为此,设计气-液两相流实验方案,采用课题组研制的科氏质量流量变送器进行气-液两相流实验,采用BP人工神经网络对测量误差进行建模,得到误差模型,实现对气-液两相流测量误差的在线实时修正。实验结果表明,当密度降在0%~30%范围内变化时,通过在线修正,气-液两相流测量误差从原来的最大为-50%减小到-5%~3%以内,取得了很好的效果。     

基于双截面ECT的气/固两相流参数检测系统

为了实现多相流的流动过程在线监测和多参数测量,设计并研发了一套应用于气/固两相流检测的双截面8电极电容层析成像系统.采用交流法电容检测原理实现具有16个独立电容检测通道的电容测量电路,实测系统的成像速度为590帧/秒.将双截面电容层析成像系统用于气/固两相流的实时检测,并将两层截面的图像作相关计算,获取成像截面的固相速度分布.由固相速度和浓度最终算出气/固两相流的固相质量流量,从而实现气/固两相流浓度、速度、流量等多参数的综合检测.将双截面ECT传感器算得的质量流量与发料罐重力传感器获取的质量流量作对比发现,两者具有较好的一致性,流量测量误差小于8％.     

基于V型内锥与电导环的油水两相流参数测量

油水两相流在石油工业过程中十分常见,对其流动过程参数(如流量与含率)的准确测量一直受其流态的复杂性限制而成为科学研究与工业应用中亟待解决的重要课题。差压法是常用的流量测量手段,作为差压式流量计的一种,V型内锥式流量计结合两相流动模型可实现两相流流量的测量。电学法通过测量两相混合物电学性质(如电导率与介电常数)的变化实现分相含率的测量。本文采用等效直径比0.65的V型内锥式流量计结合环形电导式传感器阵列实现50mm内径水平管道中油水两相流总流量、含率与分相流速的测量,针对油水两相流特性修正Chisholm分相流差压测量关系式实现油水两相流质量流量的测量,并利用环形电导式传感器阵列实现含水率与质量含油率的测量。实验结果表明,油水两相流含水率测量的平均相对误差为8.1%,质量含油率的平均相对误差为13.7%,基于修正关系式与含水率、质量含油率测量结果的油水质量流量测量平均相对误差为4.4%,油相与水相表观流速的平均相对误差分别为3.2%与15.7%。本工作为进一步提高油水两相流过程参数的测量精度打下基础。     

Design of a Conductance and Capacitance Combination Sensor for water holdup measurement in oil–water two-phase flow

Oil–water two-phase flow widely exists in the process of petroleum industry. The liquid holdup measurement in horizontal pipeline is very important and difficult. In this work, a Conductance and Capacitance Combination Sensor (CCCS) system with four conductance rings and two concave capacitance plates is designed and validated for its measurement performance of in situ water holdup through dynamic experiments. A set of fast electronic switches controls the conductance rings and the capacitance plates alternatively set up each own sensing field in the same sensing volume. This configuration ensures the water holdup estimation in the range from 0% to 100% regardless of flow direction. A set of quick closing valves was used to acquire the in situ holdup for the on-line calibration of the CCCS system. The theoretical correlations of conductance sensor and capacitance sensor were established to make the real-time measurement convenient. A real-time measurement method by CCCS system is provided based on the fusion of the conductance and the capacitance measurement without flow pattern recognition. This method delivers an average error of 1.06% for the CCCS system measuring the water holdup of oil–water two-phase flow, with a standard deviation of 0.038 and a relative error less than ±5%.     

超声多普勒谱修正的油水两相流流速测量

针对水平管道油水两相流流速的无扰动测量问题,提出一种基于超声/电学双模态传感器的流速测量方法。测量系统由连续波超声多普勒传感器和基于电容与电导的电学传感器构成,分别用于获取两相流流速和分相含率。由于连续波多普勒的测量区域集中于管道中心,受流速剖面、含率分布影响,所测得流速并非流体的总表观流速。在假设含率分布满足高斯分布的前提下,建立相含率加权的多普勒能量谱模型,将含率分布的影响因素引入总表观流速的测量,并建立总表管流速和分相表观流速的计算模型。在试验基础上,分别确定水连续和油连续时总表观流速计算模型的参数。试验表明,通过模型计算出的表观流速与实际测量的流速能够较好吻合,总表观流速的相对误差小于6.32%,分相表观流速的方均根误差小于5.64%。     

Liquid holdup measurement in horizontal oil–water two-phase flow by using concave capacitance sensor

Due to the complex flow structures of horizontal oil–water flows, the liquid holdup measurement is still a challenging problem. In this paper, we using the finite element analysis build a two-dimensional model of the concave capacitance sensor and investigate the effect of sensor geometry on the distribution of the sensitivity field. Through calculating the sensor static response for different horizontal oil–water flow patterns, we figure out the optimum geometry of the concave capacitance sensor. In addition, we conduct experiment to obtain the measured response of the concave capacitance sensor and achieve the oil-holdup by using quick closing valve. The results indicate that the optimized concave capacitance sensor shows good performance for liquid holdup measurement of horizontal oil–water two-phase flow.     

Novel characterization of the large water discharge

Measurement of water discharges is important in chemical engineering and pharmacy. However, high-accuracy measurements of the large water discharge are difficult due to long operational periods and large total water discharge. Here is reported a novel device for the highly accurate, continuous measurement of large water discharge at atmospheric pressure. The device is composed of two identical water discharge measurement subsystems. The computer-controlled system automatically switches the subsystems alternate operation to provide continuous, accurate measurements. Each subsystem used a slender glass tube 2300?mm in length, a pressure transducer, and a solenoid valve. After static calibration, the pressure transducer accurately measures the volume of water in the tube based on the pressure difference in the liquid levels. Moreover, the dynamic error caused by the fluidity of water was characterized. Comparison of simulations and measurements were used to characterize and reduce the dynamic error. Continuous large water discharge measurements were performed. The results show that the device is accurate, stability, and not limited by the measurement time, allowing continuous operation for extended intervals.     

Measurement of velocity of sand-containing Oil–Water two-phase flow with super high water holdup in horizontal small pipe based on thermal tracers

When oil fields enter the last production period, the water holdup in the well is extremely high. Chemical flooding and horizontal well technology are often used to enhance oil recovery. These techniques result in a high downhole fluid viscosity and serious sand production, which leads to the failure of common velocity measurements because of sticking sand, and yields new logging difficulties. This paper presents a method of the velocity measurement of sand-containing oil–water two-phase flow in a super high water holdup pipe diameter based on thermal tracers. The measurement accuracy of the thermal tracer velocity method is related closely to parameters that affect its performance. Parameter optimization is required to improve the measurement accuracy. ANSYS Fluent was used for a numerical simulation of the heat-source shape and material, thermistor probe installation position and fluid heating power, and the method was verified experimentally. The optimal parameters of the thermal tracer flowmeter were obtained by numerical simulation, the heat source material was aluminum and the shape was rectangular. The thermistor probe was located 160–220 mm from the heat source, and the pulse heating power was 350 W. The experiment results show that the accuracy of the thermal tracer flowmeter was 4%, the repeatability was 2.6%, and the measurement accuracy of the flow velocity was unaffected by water holdup and sand.     

冰雹撞击试验中冰雹粒子速度测量及其误差分析

航空飞行器冰雹撞击试验中,冰雹速度的准确测量是试验成功的关键。从航空飞行器冰雹撞击试验的要求和二级气体炮弹丸测速要求出发,通过对几种弹丸测速手段的分析,提出了遮光法冰雹测速技术。对测速装置的结构、误差以及相关的结构约束进行了分析,最后给出了详细的设计参数,具体设计参数选定为D=90mm,d=2．5mm,m=8mm,h=30mm,r=9mm～50mm,并经计算其测速误差为0．75％,≤1％的试验要求。整个理论分析结果和设计参数已应用到国内首台冰雹试验系统测速仪的研制中,测速仪通过高速摄像机测速校准和计量部门的测试标定,完全达到设计要求,说明整个理论分析是准确可靠的。     

A parallel-wire microwave resonant sensor for measurement of water holdup in high water-cut oil-in-water flows

In the present study, we propose a parallel-wire microwave resonant sensor (PMRS) with transmission-through configuration for water holdup measurement in high water-cut oil-in-water flows. Through the finite element method (FEM) analysis using HFSS software, the variations of sensor responses for changing water holdup and salinity are investigated. In this manner, the optimum working frequency of microwave resonant sensor is tuned to 1.8 GHz. With the designed PMRS measurement system, an experimental test of vertical high water-cut oil-in-water flows is conducted in a 20 mm inner diameter pipe, through which the relationship among dimensionless normalized phase output of PMRS which reflects the water holdup information, water-cut and total flow rate are investigated. The results show that PMRS presents a high resolution in measurement of water holdup. By establishing statistics models, water-cut can be accurately predicted. Besides, PMRS can still retain high resolution under the circumstance of high salinity. To conclude, PMRS can possess high resolution in measurement of water holdup with both high water-cut and salinity variation in oil-in-water flows, and satisfactory water-cut measurement results can be achieved.