Gasoline-diesel dual fuel intelligent charge compression ignition (ICCI) combustion: Conceptual model and comparison with other advanced combustion modes

The internal combustion engines can remain the advantage over competitor technologies for automotive driven, especially the engine efficiency, exceeded 50% while maintaining ultra-low emissions. In this paper, a novel combustion mode characterized by dual high-pressure common-rail direct injection systems, denoted as intelligent charge compression ignition(ICCI) combustion, is proposed to realize high efficiency and clean combustion in wide engine operating ranges. Specifically, commercial gasoline and diesel, which are considered to be complementary in physical and chemical properties, are directly injected into the cylinder by the two independent injection systems, respectively. Through this unique design, the in-cylinder air-fuel mixtures can be flexibly adjusted by regulating injection timing and duration of different fuels, consequently obtaining suitable combustion phase and heat release rate. The ICCI mode can widely run from indicated mean effective pressure 2 bar to 16 bar with an utterly controllable cylinder pressure rising rate, around 50% indicated thermal efficiency and low NOxemissions. A series of experiments were carried out to compare the combustion and emissions of ICCI with other combustion modes(including conventional diesel combustion, reactivity-controlled compression ignition, partially premixed combustion, and gasoline compression ignition). The results show that at the medium engine loads, ICCI mode can reach much high indicated thermal efficiency, especially up to 52% along with extremely low NOxemissions. Prospectively, ICCI mode can realize real-time adjustments of in-cylinder mixture stratification and instantaneous combustion mode switch in one cycle at any operating conditions, and has an excellent commercial application prospect for energy conservation and environmental improvement.     

高压喷射的高速直喷柴油机混合气形成及燃烧过程

为了有效组织燃烧室内气流特性,改进了车用缩口直喷高速柴油机燃烧室结构,并在此基础上基于CFD商用软件FIRE对匹配不同轨压的喷雾特性时燃烧室内气液混合流的速度场、浓度场和温度场的动态分布特性进行了仿真计算分析。研究了高速直喷柴油机的混合气形成规律,并通过试验研究了这种混合气形成特性对燃烧过程及排放特性的影响。结果表明:通过对缩口直喷燃烧室内气流特性和轨压的优化匹配,可以有效地控制燃烧过程的滞燃期、预混合燃烧比例和扩散燃烧过程,从而控制高温燃烧持续期,在保证经济性的前提下,可以有效地降低NOx和烟度排放。     

甲醇喷射定时对甲醇柴油双燃料压燃式发动机性能的影响

将甲醇作为主燃料,用柴油作为点火燃料,研究了不同甲醇喷射定时对压燃式发动机性能的影响。结果表明:引燃柴油在上止点前21℃A喷射条件下,在上止点前23℃A喷射甲醇时发动机的经济性最佳,缸内的统计最大压力在小负荷时随着甲醇喷射定时提前而降低,在大负荷时随着甲醇喷射定时提前而提高。双燃料发动机的最大压力标准方差随着甲醇喷射定时提前而增大,在上止点前26℃A喷射甲醇时发动机的动力性最佳,气缸内压力波动随甲醇喷射定时提前而变大,当在上止点前29℃A喷射甲醇时点火柴油不能把甲醇燃料可靠点燃。     

浅形缩口直喷式柴油机燃烧室结构特点及其对排放特性的影响

利用AVL公司的FIRE软件对重型车用柴油机缩口直喷式燃烧室内的气体流动特性进行了数值模拟计算。引入涡流强度保持性的概念 ,计算分析了不同缩口直径对燃烧室内涡流强度保持性的影响。在此基础上 ,对不同缩口直径燃烧室进行了喷射系统参数的优化匹配试验研究。结果表明 :采用缩口直喷式燃烧室结构可有效组织燃烧室内的气流运动 ,并能与喷射系统参数进行优化匹配 ,在保持动力性和经济性基本不变的条件下有效地改善柴油机的排放特性     

乙醇燃料均质压燃发动机的试验研究

利用进气预热和废气再循环(EGR)控制方法,在由CA6110柴油机改造的单缸发动机上进行了以乙醇为燃料的均质混合气压燃(Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition,HCCI)试验研究。结果表明:在过量空气系数λ=1~9时,发动机可以实现HCCI燃烧,但由过量空气系数和EGR率表示的HCCI工作范围受爆震和部分燃烧的限制。乙醇燃料HCCI燃烧最大平均指示压力可达到0.6 MPa,指示效率可达到60%。在HCCI燃烧中只产生少量的NOx,但是未燃HC和CO的排放较高。     

浅形缩口直喷式柴油机燃烧室结构特点及其对排放特性的影响

利用AVL公司的FIRE软件对重型车用柴油机缩口直喷式燃烧室内的气体流动特性进行了数值模拟计算。引入涡流强度保持性的概念，计算分析了不同缩口直径对燃烧室内涡流强度保持性的影响。在此基础上，对不同缩口直径燃烧室进行了喷射系统参数的优化匹配试验研究。结果表明：采用缩口直喷式燃烧室结构可有效组织燃烧室内的气流运动，苷能与喷射系统参数进行优化匹配，在保持动力性和经济性基本不变的条件下有效地改善柴油机的排放特性。     

利用n-heptane详细模型对水乳化柴油燃烧的化学动力学研究

以4100QBZL-2型直喷柴油机为模拟对象,采用化学动力学计算软件CHEMKIN与LLNL的n-heptane详细氧化模型为基础,对柴油机燃用纯柴油,10%、20%、30%的水乳化柴油进行化学动力学模拟。数值模拟结果表明：水乳化柴油带来的滞燃期延长、着火滞后等现象,是乳化燃料中的水分在缸内的物理现象引起的。从纯化学动力学方面来看,掺入一定的水分可以促进H、O、OH、HO2等自由基在低温燃烧（LTC）阶段的生成,使得着火提前。通过敏感性分析可知,掺入的水分会对n-heptane氧LTC时期过氧烷基的异构化过程及过氧化氢酮的分解都会产生促进作用,从而导致n-heptane的快速分解及氧化。     

天然气制油/柴油混合燃料对小型柴油机燃烧特性的影响

应用自行开发的柴油机瞬态工况测控系统,研究了GTL(Gas to liquid)添加比例对小型直喷式柴油机稳态及恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下燃烧特性的影响规律。结果表明:在稳态和恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下,GTL添加比例对燃烧参数的影响具有基本相同的规律,随着GTL燃料添加比例的增加,着火始点提前,滞燃期缩短,预混合燃烧期和预混合燃烧量减小,缸内压力峰值、放热率峰值、燃烧温度有所降低,有利于降低NOx的排放量和燃烧噪声。当添加少量GTL燃料时,燃烧持续期延长,随着GTL添加比例的增加,燃烧持续期有所缩短。100%GTL燃料的燃烧持续期与柴油相当。     

柴油机缸内燃烧过程对羰基物排放的影响

采用生物柴油、柴油及其调合油进行柴油机台架试验,测量了缸内瞬变压力随曲轴转角的变化情况,通过放热规律计算,结合柴油机羰基物排放的测量结果,分析了缸内燃烧过程与羰基类污染物生成之间的内在关系。研究结果表明,预混燃烧阶段发生燃料氧化反应,形成甲醛、C7、C5、CO、C2H2等燃烧中间产物;随着负荷的增加,扩散燃烧期延长,成为羰基类燃烧中间产物再次氧化分解的主要阶段;随着负荷的增大,缸内温度、压力提高,滞燃期缩短,在高温、高压区域的滞留时间延长,羰基类污染物被再次氧化、转化几率增加;高负荷时,排气温度较高,有利于羰基类物质发生再次氧化。     

乙醇燃料SI-HCCI-SI燃烧模式发动机的工作区域

为了研究火花点火和均质压燃两种燃烧方式的转换,在一台ZS1105柴油发动机的基础上通过改变压缩比、燃料供给方式和进气系统,采用进气预热成功实现了HCCI和SI两种燃烧方式的转换。试验结果表明:所开发的双燃烧模式发动机运行可靠,可方便地实现火花点火和均质压燃两种燃烧方式的转换,可作为研究这两种燃烧方式转换的平台。确定了乙醇燃料HCCI工作区域的上、下边界判断方法,得到了乙醇燃料SI-HCCI-SI燃烧的工作区域。     

Influences of Catalytic Combustion on the Ignition Timing and Emissions of HCCI Engines

The combustion processes of homogeneous charge compression ignition(HCCI)engines whose piston surfaces have been coated with catalyst(rhodium or platinum)were numerically investigated.A single-zone model and a multi-zone model were developed.The effects of catalytic combustion on the ignition timing of the HCCI engine were analyzed through the single-zone model.The results showed that the ignition timing of the HCCI engine was advanced by the catalysis.The effects of catalytic combustion on HC,CO and NOx emissions of the HCCI engine were analyzed through the multi-zone model.The results showed that the emissions of HC and CO(using platinum(Pt)as catalyst)were decreased,while the emissions of NOx were elevated by catalytic combustion.Compared with catalyst Pt,the HC emissions were lower with catalyst rhodium(Rh)on the piston surface,but the emissions of NOx and CO were higher.     

柴油机缸内过程的三维数值模拟

以不稳定性理论为基础为描述油滴破碎过程,以粘附、反弹／粘附和飞溅／附壁射流3个相互重叠的过程来描述喷雾碰壁,建立了燃油喷雾模型。将燃烧划分为低温着火、高温预混燃烧和相关火焰微元扩散燃烧3阶段建立了燃烧模型。开发了微机化三维模拟计算程序,在微机上对涡流室式柴油机的空气运动、喷雾和燃烧全过程进行了数值模拟。     

柴油机起动测控系统的开发及初步应用

开发了基于循环的柴油机起动过程燃烧、排放测控系统。对一台单缸直喷式柴油机进行了改造,匹配了电控燃油喷射系统,能够实现燃油喷射量及喷油定时的调节。利用瞬时转速、缸压分析了起动过程燃烧组织的优劣,利用单循环采样系统研究起动过程中气体排放物的变化历程。试验结果表明:该系统能够满足柴油机起动过程研究的需要,为研究柴油机起动过程提供了一种有效的测试手段。     

Investigation of the combustion deterioration of an automotive diesel engine under transient operation

With increasingly stringent emission regulations and demand for fuel economy by the public,the combustion and emission problems of automotive diesel engines during transient operation have become vital and urgent issues.In this study,combustion deterioration has been experimentally analyzed using a heavy-duty turbocharged diesel engine running under transient conditions(constant speed and increasing torque).Optimization of the transient combustion process was performed by adjusting the fuel injection parameters.The results indicated that the notable combustion deterioration relative to steady state operation while transient was a function of the delay in the air-supply to the turbocharged engine,and took the form of combustion phasing delay,resulting in rapidly increasing smoke emission and fuel consumption.However,the delay in combustion phasing can be controlled by advancing the fuel injection timing,effectively increasing thermal efficiency.Unfortunately,smoke and NO x emissions increased at the same time.The deterioration in combustion phasing can also be improved by increasing injection pressure,resulting in decreased smoke emission while NO x emission increased.It is worth noting that the effective thermal efficiency first increased and then decreased as fuel injection pressure increased during transient operation.     

缸内双直喷系统压燃式试验机的开发

为了研究多种燃料在压燃式发动机上的应用,在T1115单缸卧式直喷柴油机基础上增加一套独立的直接喷射系统,开发成双直喷系统压燃式试验机。详细论述了喷油泵的安装和驱动、喷油器的布置、气缸盖和摇臂座的改造以及气缸压力传感器、曲轴转角信号光栅盘轴的安装。该机可作为研究压燃式发动机同时燃烧两种燃料或柴油掺入助燃剂对发动机动力性、经济性、排放性影响的试验平台。试验运行表明:所开发的试验机工作可靠,并获得了一些有价值的试验成果。     

柴油机燃烧过程模拟分析

为了解柴油机燃烧的微观情况,利用商用计算软件STAR-CD对增压中冷柴油机进行了燃烧模拟分析。在试验台架上调整供油提前角,针对烟度及NOx排放性能进行了试验,为模拟计算获取了温度、压力等初始条件。对试验工况进行了燃烧模拟,结果表明,喷油过程会形成喷注头部,在喷油后期喷注尾部又从喷注整体上脱落;未来得及燃烧的燃油撞壁后,其小部分向上运动逐渐进入余隙狭缝之中,大部分向下沿ω形壁面形成滚流运动;着火首先发生在油束外缘区域,并且随着燃烧的进行,高温区一直出现在燃油蒸汽的外层。     

气口喷射DMM/柴油混合燃料实现HCCI燃烧

为了促进缸内均匀混合气的形成,将不同比例的DMM/柴油混合燃料通过气口喷射,在单缸发动机上实现了具有超低排放特征的HCCI燃烧方式,考察了混合燃料中DMM的比例、冷却EGR率对HCCI燃烧的转速和负荷范围的影响,以及负荷、冷却EGR率和进气温度对HCCI燃烧的影响.研究表明,由于DMM/柴油混合燃料显著改善了燃料的雾化特性,因此混合燃料能够在较宽的转速和负荷范围内实现HCCI燃烧.此外,由于混合燃料含有很高比例的氧份,因此容许采用较大比例的废气再循环,并且因为冷却的废气再循环推迟了HCCI的着火时刻.通过燃料改性结合外部废气再循环在较大范围内实现了HCCI燃烧.     

双燃料发动机燃烧过程的模拟

本文建立了用于描述双燃料发动机中气体燃料燃烧过程的气相反应理论体系，结合引燃油的多区燃烧模型和辐射传热计算，实现了对双燃料发动机燃烧过程的模拟．通过对一单缸四冲程直喷柴油机上台架性能的实测比较，预测精度完全符合工程需要．     

Numerical study on the compression ignition of a porous medium engine

Homogeneous and stable combustion can be realized in a porous medium (PM) engine where a chemically inert PM is mounted in the combustion chamber. To understand the mechanism of the PM engine, we simulated the working process of a PM engine fueled with natural gas (CH₄) using an improved version of KIVA-3V and investigated the effects of the initial PM temperature, the PM structure as well as the fuel injection timing on the compression ignition of the engine. The improved version of KIVA-3V was verified by simulating the experiment of Zhdanok et al. for the superadiabatic combustion of CH₄-air mixtures under filtration in a packed bed. The numerical results are in good agreement with experimental data for the speed of combustion wave. Computational results for the PM engine show that the initial PM temperature is the key factor in guaranteeing the onset of compression ignition of the PM engine at a given compression ratio. The PM structure affects greatly both convective heat transfer between the gas and solid phase in the PM and the dispersion effect of the PM. Pore diameter of the PM is a crucial factor in determining the realization of combustion in the PM engine. Over-late fuel injection timing (near TDC) cannot assure a compression ignition of the PM engine. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50476073)     

Effects of mixture inhomogeneity and combustion temperature on soot surface activity and soot formation in diesel engines

The soot surface growth plays significant role on the soot mass accumulation,which starts with H(hydrogen)atom abstraction forming activated soot surface sites,and is followed by the acetylene addition process.In this study,the effect of the mixture inhomogeneity and combustion temperature on the soot surface activity and soot formation was investigated by developing a new multi-step phenomenological(MSP)soot model of diesel engines.A new detailed soot surface growth mechanism was proposed by correlation analysis of combustion parameters with soot formation.The inhomogeneity coefficient of soot surface activityαCH and the specific rate of soot surface growth R CH were derived to highlight the effect of inhomogeneity of mixture and combustion temperature on soot formation.The predicted diesel engine-out soot agreed well with experimental findings in wide ranges of combustion conditions.In the case of lower engine load with single fuel injection and higher EGR(exhaust gas recirculation)rate,it had quiet homogeneous mixtures before ignition when the combustion temperature dominated the soot surface activity.At medium engine load with multi-pulse fuel injections,it got mixture slightly stratified before ignition and revealed that the mixture inhomogeneity became more dominated on soot surface activity than the combustion temperature.An increased soot surface activity led to increased soot emission.Under the full engine loads with single fuel injection but quite high boost pressure over 0.4 MPa,it led to the combustion conditions of higher mixture density and higher mixture heat capacity,which benefits the mixture homogeneity.The decay rate of soot surface activity became lower due to the decreased combustion temperature and the soot surface activity decreased due to improved mixture homogeneity.In addition,the lowered intake oxygen concentration due to usage of EGR played a role to lower the specific rate of soot surface growth R CH,but to increase the soot surface activityαCH.