欧盟颁布转基因食品标识法

近年来,欧美在转基因食品问题上的争斗愈演愈烈。欧盟曾在1999年通过决定,建议在“从农田到餐桌”这一严格的监管体系尚未建立之前在欧盟范围内冻结批准新的转基因作物播种和产品上市。此举主     

欧盟停止进口美国转基因玉米

总部位于德国汉堡的油籽分析机构《油世界》近期表示,美国对欧盟玉米产品出口事实上已停止,因市场担忧其中可能包含未经批准的转基因成分。     

欧陆分析领先的转基因检测服务供应商

转基因现状 自1994年第一例转其因产品（番茄）在美国批准上市以来,消费者对转基因产品安全的话题关注度日益提高．因此．已有包括欧盟国家在内的多个国家和地区制定了有关转基因生物及其产品标识管理的法律、法规。我国国务院也于2001年5月23日颁布了《农业转基因生物安全管理条例》,从此保障了我国消费者对转基因产品的知情权。     

欧盟转基因产品市场现状及趋势

<正> 在以欧盟为代表的欧洲市场上,转基因食品受关注的程度丝毫不亚于有机食品,但两类产品却面临"冰火两重天"的待遇。"有机"旗号高高飘扬,转基因食品却仍然徘徊在市场门外,前途未卜。一、法律环境无论在欧盟内部,还是欧盟与世界主要转基因产品出口国之间,争论的焦点始终围绕产品对人体和环境的影响。尽管如此,欧盟最终还是允许基因工程在农业     

欧盟发布应用转基因食品和饲料授权的相关规则和草案

<正> 欧盟于2010年1月12日发布了G/TBT/N/EEC/304号通报:关于依照欧洲议会和理事会法规(EC)No 1829/2003,应用转基因食品和饲料授权的执行规则,以及修订法规No(EC)641/2004和(EC)No 1981/2006的委员会法规草案。涉及供食品/饲料使用的转基因植物(GM植物),含有或由GM植物组成的食品/饲料,以及由GM植物生产的食品/饲料。     

欧盟转基因食品安全的法律基础

食品安全的法律建设 ,既是保证食品安全 ,搞好“放心菜篮子”的需要 ,也是在国际贸易中实施本国环境战略的需要。简要介绍欧盟转基因食品安全的法律要求 ,以期在我国相应的法律建设中起参考作用。     

欧盟停止进口美国转基因玉米

总部位于德国汉堡的油籽分析机构《油世界近期表示,美国对欧盟玉米产品出口事实上已停止因市场担忧其中可能包含未经批准的转基因成分。欧洲生物技术产业机构在2011年10月警告称,农产品进口风险逐渐增加,因此对转基因作物新品种的核准缓慢。     

欧盟与美国规范转基因作物为何不同

欧盟与美国有关转基因作物的规章制度截然不同。尽管美国和加拿大的形势比较平静,欧洲的形势却越来越跌荡起伏。分歧是由多种因素造成的,包括政治体系、规章制定风格、消费者观念,甚至还包括历史、社会学和地形学。由于存在所有这些分歧,因此很难期望这两个地区对用“现代生物技术”培育的转基因作物达成共识并建立起相同的规章。然而,这两个地区都有一个共同的愿望,即使用科学分析的客观工具为消费者提供安全的食物。然而这两个地区怎么会对规范新品种的玉米、大豆、油菜籽等产生分歧的呢？答案在于人们对于转基因作物与非转基因作物…     

我国农业转基因生物安全战略

一、我国农业转基因生物安全存在的问题 (一)全球转基因生物技术产业的迅猛发展与国内安全意识滞后之间矛盾 中国进口的农产品中已经包含有转基因成分,但是我国消费者对于已经连续进口多年的转基因农产品知之     

转基因食品标识法律问题研究综述

近年来,为了能够更加充分地保障消费者权益免遭损害,学者们开始关注转基因食品标识制度相关法律问题.笔者通过对国内外转基因食品标识制度法律问题现有研究进行梳理和分析,探讨我国现有转基因食品标识制度研究的疏漏与不足,以期推动我国相关研究工作的进一步开展.     

转基因食品的营养学评价研究进展

转基因食品给人类带来丰富的食品与巨大的经济效益,其安全与营养性问题引起人们广泛关注.对近十年来国内外转基因食品的营养学评价的概况及进展作一综述.     

Development of an innovative immunoassay for CP4EPSPS and Cry1AB genetically modified protein detection and quantification

An innovative immunoassay, called enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA) Reverse, based on a new conformation of the solid phase, was developed. The solid support was expressly designed to be immersed directly in liquid samples to detect the presence of protein targets. Its application is proposed in those cases where a large number of samples have to be screened simultaneously or when the simultaneous detection of different proteins is required. As a first application, a quantitative immunoassay for Cry1AB protein in genetically modified maize was optimized. The method was tested using genetically modified organism concentrations from 0.1 to 2.0%. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation of the method were determined as 0.0056 and 0.0168 (expressed as the percentage of genetically modified organisms content), respectively. A qualitative multiplex assay to assess the presence of two genetically modified proteins simultaneously was also established for the case of the Cry1AB and the CP4EPSPS (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase) present in genetically modified maize and soy, respectively.     

Presentation and comments on EU legislation related to food industries–environment interactions: sustainable development, and protection of nature and biodiversity – genetically modified organisms

The European Union (EU) legislation regarding sustainable development moves along two distinct lines: the impact of industries (food industries included) on the environment (release of gases and green house effect and the effect of cultivating genetically modified organisms (GMOs) on the environment. EU voted three communications [ COM(2002)524 , COM(2003)301 , COM(2004)38 ] in an attempt to set an action plan based on technologies to manage pollution, by promoting less polluting and less resource‐intensive products and services and ways to manage resources more efficiently. As such environment‐friendly technologies pervade practically all economic activities and sectors it is anticipated that they will reduce effectively energy and resource consumption thereby creating fewer emissions and less waste. As regards the cultivation and/or importing of GMOs, EU legislation was based on two directives ( E.U. 90/219/EEC, E.U. 2001/18/EC) and four regulations [ Regulation (EC) No. 258/97 , Regulation (EC) No. 1830/2003 , Regulation (EC) No. 1830/2003 and Regulation (EC) No. 1946/2003 ]. The directives aimed at adopting measures for limited use of GM micro‐organisms, making the procedure for granting consent to the deliberate release and placing on the market of GMOs more efficient and more transparent, making GMO labelling compulsory and thereby enhancing GMOs traceability along the entire food chain.     

Principles for the risk assessment of genetically modified microorganisms and their food products in the European Union

Genetically modified microorganisms (GMMs) are involved in the production of a variety of food and feed. The release and consumption of these products can raise questions about health and environmental safety. Therefore, the European Union has different legislative instruments in place in order to ensure the safety of such products. A key requirement is to conduct a scientific risk assessment as a prerequisite for the product to be placed on the market. This risk assessment is performed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), through its Scientific Panels. The EFSA Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms has published complete and comprehensive guidance for the risk assessment of GMMs and their products for food and/or feed use, in which the strategy and the criteria to conduct the assessment are explained, as well as the scientific data to be provided in applications for regulated products. This Guidance follows the main risk assessment principles developed by various international organisations ( and ). The assessment considers two aspects: the characterisation of the GMM and the possible effects of its modification with respect to safety, and the safety of the product itself. Due to the existing diversity of GMMs and their products, a categorisation is recommended to optimise the assessment and to determine the extent of the required data. The assessment starts with a comprehensive characterisation of the GMM, covering the recipient/parental organism, the donor(s) of the genetic material, the genetic modification, and the final GMM and its phenotype. Evaluation of the composition, potential toxicity and/or allergenicity, nutritional value and environmental impact of the product constitute further cornerstones of the process. The outcome of the assessment is reflected in a scientific opinion which indicates whether the product raises any safety issues. This opinion is taken into account by the different European regulatory authorities prior to a decision regarding authorisation to commercialise the product.     

转基因食品的检测方法进展

为满足转基因食品标记的需要，必须检测鉴定食品中外源基因或其基因产物的有无。对转基因食品检测的方法进行了综述。     

An update of EU legislation (Directives and Regulations) on food-related issues (Safety, Hygiene, Packaging, Technology, GMOs, Additives, Radiation, Labelling): presentation and comments

This review aims at providing an update of the current European Union (EU) Regulations and Directives on food‐related issues. Initially, a brief presentation of EU legislation in terms of structure (horizontal, vertical) was attempted. EU Regulations and Directives were classified into the following categories: food safety (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points, pesticides, radioactive, hormones, contaminants, freezing – ionisation, food additives, flavourings, packaging), genetically modified organisms, food quality, labelling, food products of plant or animal origin, imports from third countries. Apart from a synoptical presentation of all laws related to the above‐mentioned topics, proper tables were compiled where the main points of each law are cited in conjunction with its effect on previous laws (repeal, modification, amendments, replacement). In such a way the reader can rapidly acquire a first approach to the topic of his interest.     

South Africa: A case study for voluntary GM labelling

South Africa is the only country in Africa growing genetically modified (GM) crops, yet, consumer knowledge of biotechnology is limited and labelling regulations regarding consumer preference is lacking. In the absence of mandatory GM labelling, voluntary GM labelling is being used as a marketing strategy to attract discerning consumers. The aim was to detect and quantify the GM content in food products in South Africa, specifically labelled to indicate an absence of genetic modification. Of the products labelled ‘GMO-free’, ‘non-GM’ and ‘organic’, it was found that 31% had a GM content above 1.0% and 20% a GM content above 5.0%. Product batches differed by up to 40% in terms of GM content. In the absence of specific regulations, voluntary GM labelling is not providing discerning consumers with the choice intended. Thus, unregulated GM labelling is not a viable alternative to a regulated approach in terms of consumer protection.     

Differences between conventional and glyphosate tolerant soybeans and moisture effect in their discrimination by near infrared spectroscopy

Previous studies showed that Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) could distinguish between Roundup Ready® (RR) and conventional soybeans at the bulk and single seed sample level, but it was not clear which compounds drove the classification. In this research the varieties used did not show significant differences in major compounds between RR and conventional beans, but moisture content had a big impact on classification accuracies. Four of the five RR samples had slightly higher moistures and had a higher water uptake than their conventional counterparts. This could be linked with differences in their hulls, being either compositional or morphological. Because water absorption occurs in the same region as main compounds in hulls (mainly carbohydrates) and water causes physical changes from swelling, variations in moisture cause a complex interaction resulting in a large impact on discrimination accuracies.