欧盟颁布转基因食品标识法

近年来,欧美在转基因食品问题上的争斗愈演愈烈。欧盟曾在1999年通过决定,建议在“从农田到餐桌”这一严格的监管体系尚未建立之前在欧盟范围内冻结批准新的转基因作物播种和产品上市。此举主     

欧盟停止进口美国转基因玉米

总部位于德国汉堡的油籽分析机构《油世界》近期表示,美国对欧盟玉米产品出口事实上已停止,因市场担忧其中可能包含未经批准的转基因成分。     

欧陆分析领先的转基因检测服务供应商

转基因现状 自1994年第一例转其因产品（番茄）在美国批准上市以来,消费者对转基因产品安全的话题关注度日益提高．因此．已有包括欧盟国家在内的多个国家和地区制定了有关转基因生物及其产品标识管理的法律、法规。我国国务院也于2001年5月23日颁布了《农业转基因生物安全管理条例》,从此保障了我国消费者对转基因产品的知情权。     

欧盟停止进口美国转基因玉米

总部位于德国汉堡的油籽分析机构《油世界近期表示,美国对欧盟玉米产品出口事实上已停止因市场担忧其中可能包含未经批准的转基因成分。欧洲生物技术产业机构在2011年10月警告称,农产品进口风险逐渐增加,因此对转基因作物新品种的核准缓慢。     

欧盟转基因产品市场现状及趋势

<正> 在以欧盟为代表的欧洲市场上,转基因食品受关注的程度丝毫不亚于有机食品,但两类产品却面临"冰火两重天"的待遇。"有机"旗号高高飘扬,转基因食品却仍然徘徊在市场门外,前途未卜。一、法律环境无论在欧盟内部,还是欧盟与世界主要转基因产品出口国之间,争论的焦点始终围绕产品对人体和环境的影响。尽管如此,欧盟最终还是允许基因工程在农业     

欧盟发布应用转基因食品和饲料授权的相关规则和草案

<正> 欧盟于2010年1月12日发布了G/TBT/N/EEC/304号通报:关于依照欧洲议会和理事会法规(EC)No 1829/2003,应用转基因食品和饲料授权的执行规则,以及修订法规No(EC)641/2004和(EC)No 1981/2006的委员会法规草案。涉及供食品/饲料使用的转基因植物(GM植物),含有或由GM植物组成的食品/饲料,以及由GM植物生产的食品/饲料。     

欧盟转基因食品安全的法律基础

食品安全的法律建设 ,既是保证食品安全 ,搞好“放心菜篮子”的需要 ,也是在国际贸易中实施本国环境战略的需要。简要介绍欧盟转基因食品安全的法律要求 ,以期在我国相应的法律建设中起参考作用。     

欧盟与美国规范转基因作物为何不同

欧盟与美国有关转基因作物的规章制度截然不同。尽管美国和加拿大的形势比较平静，欧洲的形势却越来越跌荡起伏。分歧是由多种因素造成的，包括政治体系、规章制定风格、消费者观念，甚至还包括历史、社会学和地形学。由于存在所有这些分歧，因此很难期望这两个地区对用“现代生物技术”培育的转基因作物达成共识并建立起相同的规章。然而，这两个地区都有一个共同的愿望，即使用科学分析的客观工具为消费者提供安全的食物。然而这两个地区怎么会对规范新品种的玉米、大豆、油菜籽等产生分歧的呢？答案在于人们对于转基因作物与非转基因作物…     

我国农业转基因生物安全战略

一、我国农业转基因生物安全存在的问题 (一)全球转基因生物技术产业的迅猛发展与国内安全意识滞后之间矛盾 中国进口的农产品中已经包含有转基因成分,但是我国消费者对于已经连续进口多年的转基因农产品知之     

加强对转基因大米管理和检测,以应对欧盟严格检查

<正>2011年11月15日,欧委会发出通报,为防止非法转基因成分传入,欧盟各成员国于2012年2月1日起对来自中国米制品实施更为严格入境检查―批批进行转基因检测。新规出台后,我国输欧所有米制品到达欧盟口岸后将被要求对100%批次进行转基因抽查检测,在实验室分析结果出来前不得进入市场销售。欧盟提出4种新的实验室筛查方法,以最大程度避免我国当前正处研发试种阶段、尚未批准商业化种     

Principles for the risk assessment of genetically modified microorganisms and their food products in the European Union

Genetically modified microorganisms (GMMs) are involved in the production of a variety of food and feed. The release and consumption of these products can raise questions about health and environmental safety. Therefore, the European Union has different legislative instruments in place in order to ensure the safety of such products. A key requirement is to conduct a scientific risk assessment as a prerequisite for the product to be placed on the market. This risk assessment is performed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), through its Scientific Panels. The EFSA Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms has published complete and comprehensive guidance for the risk assessment of GMMs and their products for food and/or feed use, in which the strategy and the criteria to conduct the assessment are explained, as well as the scientific data to be provided in applications for regulated products. This Guidance follows the main risk assessment principles developed by various international organisations ( and ). The assessment considers two aspects: the characterisation of the GMM and the possible effects of its modification with respect to safety, and the safety of the product itself. Due to the existing diversity of GMMs and their products, a categorisation is recommended to optimise the assessment and to determine the extent of the required data. The assessment starts with a comprehensive characterisation of the GMM, covering the recipient/parental organism, the donor(s) of the genetic material, the genetic modification, and the final GMM and its phenotype. Evaluation of the composition, potential toxicity and/or allergenicity, nutritional value and environmental impact of the product constitute further cornerstones of the process. The outcome of the assessment is reflected in a scientific opinion which indicates whether the product raises any safety issues. This opinion is taken into account by the different European regulatory authorities prior to a decision regarding authorisation to commercialise the product.     

欧盟食品安全检验检测体系评估

欧盟作为"一带一路"沿线国家,与我国在贸易方面联系十分密切,且欧盟关于食品安全检验检测体系评估展开了大量的研究工作,有许多值得我们学习和借鉴的内容。本研究通过对欧盟在食品安全法律法规、监管体制、技术标准、实验室认可方面的梳理和分析,对欧盟食品安全检验检测体系进行评估,为我国与欧盟的检验检测互认提供技术支撑。     

Presentation and comments on EU legislation related to food industries–environment interactions: sustainable development, and protection of nature and biodiversity – genetically modified organisms

The European Union (EU) legislation regarding sustainable development moves along two distinct lines: the impact of industries (food industries included) on the environment (release of gases and green house effect and the effect of cultivating genetically modified organisms (GMOs) on the environment. EU voted three communications [ COM(2002)524 , COM(2003)301 , COM(2004)38 ] in an attempt to set an action plan based on technologies to manage pollution, by promoting less polluting and less resource‐intensive products and services and ways to manage resources more efficiently. As such environment‐friendly technologies pervade practically all economic activities and sectors it is anticipated that they will reduce effectively energy and resource consumption thereby creating fewer emissions and less waste. As regards the cultivation and/or importing of GMOs, EU legislation was based on two directives ( E.U. 90/219/EEC, E.U. 2001/18/EC) and four regulations [ Regulation (EC) No. 258/97 , Regulation (EC) No. 1830/2003 , Regulation (EC) No. 1830/2003 and Regulation (EC) No. 1946/2003 ]. The directives aimed at adopting measures for limited use of GM micro‐organisms, making the procedure for granting consent to the deliberate release and placing on the market of GMOs more efficient and more transparent, making GMO labelling compulsory and thereby enhancing GMOs traceability along the entire food chain.     

Development of an innovative immunoassay for CP4EPSPS and Cry1AB genetically modified protein detection and quantification

An innovative immunoassay, called enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA) Reverse, based on a new conformation of the solid phase, was developed. The solid support was expressly designed to be immersed directly in liquid samples to detect the presence of protein targets. Its application is proposed in those cases where a large number of samples have to be screened simultaneously or when the simultaneous detection of different proteins is required. As a first application, a quantitative immunoassay for Cry1AB protein in genetically modified maize was optimized. The method was tested using genetically modified organism concentrations from 0.1 to 2.0%. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation of the method were determined as 0.0056 and 0.0168 (expressed as the percentage of genetically modified organisms content), respectively. A qualitative multiplex assay to assess the presence of two genetically modified proteins simultaneously was also established for the case of the Cry1AB and the CP4EPSPS (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase) present in genetically modified maize and soy, respectively.     

Development of a quadruplex-real-time-PCR for screening food for genetically modified organisms

With the ever increasing number of genetically modified plants authorized worldwide, including in the European Union, high throughput detection methods need to be developed. In this paper, a quadruplex-real-time-PCR method is described which allows rapid and simultaneous screening of food for the presence of target DNA sequences from the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, the NOS terminator from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the soya reference lectin gene and the maize reference alcool dehydrogenase gene (adh). Three of the four primers and probe combinations have already been published elsewhere, whereas primers and probe for NOS terminator-PCR were developed in-house. Validation data show sensitivities down to five copies for 35S promoter and NOS terminator PCR, even when target sequences of the competing PCRs are in large excess. Thorough adjustment of primer and probe concentrations allowed high individual PCR efficiencies with negligible physical cross-talk between the four detection channels. This method provides a basis for a rapid screening of food for the most frequently used regulatory elements present in GM crops authorized for food in the European Union. In addition it provides information about the presence of species which are possibly genetically modified.     

Detection of genetically modified organisms in foods by DNA amplification techniques

In this article, the different DNA amplification techniques that are being used for detecting genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in foods are examined. This study intends to provide an updated overview (including works published till June 2002) on the principal applications of such techniques together with their main advantages and drawbacks in GMO detection in foods. Some relevant facts on sampling, DNA isolation, and DNA amplification methods are discussed. Moreover; these analytical protocols are discuissed from a quantitative point of view, including the newest investigations on multiplex detection of GMOs in foods and validation of methods.     

Detection of genetically modified organisms in processed meat products on the Serbian food market

The addition of soybean proteins to processed meat products has significantly increased in recent years due to the interesting functional and nutritional properties of these vegetable proteins. Since the Roundup Ready (RR) soybean is the only transgenic soybean line approved for market in EU this work was aimed at monitoring its presence in meat products on the Serbian food market. The extracted DNA was analyzed using duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primer pairs aimed at the lectin gene and 35S promoter. Samples positive for the presence of GM soybean were subjected to a real-time quantification of the percentage of RR soya. The results indicated that out of fifty processed meat products examined, twelve gave positive results with 35S promoter and all contained RR soya below 0.1%.     

转基因食品安全性评价和安全保障

本文在简述转基因食品安全性及其研究现状的基础上 ,提出的若干对应策略 ,其中重点介绍转基因食品安全性评估的基本原则———实质等同性 ,和管理措施和检测技术的应用前景     

2013年欧盟食品和饲料快速预警系统通报各国输欧食品安全情况分析和对我国进口食品安全监管的启示

近年来,欧盟加强了对食品安全的监管。经过不断努力,逐步形成了"从农田到餐桌"的全过程管理与控制的食品安全体系,特别是其建立和使用的快速预警系统(欧盟食品和饲料快速预警系统,rapid alert system of food and feed,RASFF),涉及范围广泛,反应迅速。通过RASFF平台,欧洲食品安全当局及时发布食品和饲料中发现的风险信息,以便迅速地有效协调发现的健康风险,有效保证了食品和饲料的消费健康。本文根据2013年欧盟RASFF向公众通报各国输欧食品安全情况,总结各国被通报涉及产品种类和风险因素,研究欧盟在食品领域的重点关注。通过借鉴欧盟经验,探讨保障我国进口食品安全的监管措施。