废弃油脂生物柴油掺水微乳化燃料燃烧和排放性能研究

利用废弃油脂制备生物柴油不仅具有可观的经济效益,而且具有良好的社会效益和环境效益．为研究生物柴油掺水微乳化的燃烧和排放性能,在同一台双缸四冲程直喷式柴油机上进行了对比试验,测量燃料的燃烧压力和排放浓度．研究结果表明：与生物柴油相比,生物柴油掺水微乳化燃料的峰值燃烧压力的相对高低随发动机负荷变化．在排放特性中,生物柴油掺水微乳化燃料的烟度和NOx排放量显著降低,这证明掺水微乳化燃料能够改善燃烧状况,控制柴油机主要污染物排放．     

可控掺水燃烧降低柴油机排放的燃烧分析

在不改变柴油机结构的1135柴油机上进行了掺水比例可控的燃油乳化试验研究。使用自制的一套不需加乳化剂的在线乳化装置进行台架试验,探索不同负荷下油耗、NOx及碳烟排放随掺水比例增加的变化规律,并从燃烧特性方面对降低排放的原因作了分析。燃烧分析说明:掺水比例可变的在线乳化燃油和乳化油燃烧特性基本一致;掺水比例随负荷变化,能够实现小负荷时工作稳定,大负荷时大幅度降低NOx和碳烟排放的目标。     

乳化柴油对柴油机性能影响的研究

本文介绍了在柴油机台架上进行的乳化柴油对涡流式柴油性能影响的试验研究。结果表明,柴油机燃用乳化油在小负荷时比油耗有所升高,在中大负荷时比油耗下降,有较明显的节油效果,乳化油不同掺水率对柴油机的性能有不同的影响。     

柴油-小桐子掺混油柴油机工作过程及循环变动分析

以柴油和柴油-小桐子掺混油在单缸水冷四冲程柴油机上进行试验,测录了多循环的瞬时气缸压力与高压油管燃油压力,对比分析了不同转速的全负荷工况与标定点转速不同负荷工况,燃用柴油与掺混油的喷油与燃烧过程及燃烧过程中各参数的循环变动.结果发现,喷油率随转速升高而升高;喷油始点随转速升高略微推迟,随负荷增大而提前;掺混油燃烧始点早于柴油,燃烧始点随转速升高延后,随负荷增大而提前,燃烧始点的循环变动量随转速升高而增大;高转速、高负荷时的最高燃烧压力循环变动率较小;掺混油的最大燃烧压力升高率低于柴油,最大压力升高率循环变动率随转速升高、负荷减小而增大.     

可控掺水燃烧降低柴油机排放的燃烧分析

在1135柴油机上进行掺水比例可控的燃油乳化的试验研究,使用自制的一套不需加乳化剂的在线乳化装置进行了台架试验,找出不同负荷下油耗、NOx和碳烟排放随掺水比例增加的变化规律,并从燃烧特性方面对降低排放的原因作了分析。燃烧分析说明：掺水比例可变的在线乳化燃油燃烧特性和乳化油基本一致;掺水比例随负荷变化,能够实现小负荷时工作稳定,大负荷时大幅度降低NOx和碳烟排放。     

高压共轨柴油机燃用乳化柴油的燃烧特性

对某高压共轨柴油机上燃用E0纯柴油和3种不同配比的乳化柴油的燃烧特性进行了试验研究。测得不同转速和负荷下,燃用E0纯柴油和3种不同配比乳化柴油的缸内压力、压力升高率、瞬时放热率、累积放热率以及燃烧持续期的曲线。结果表明：乳化柴油的燃烧特性与E0纯柴油类似;在2000r·min^-1、50％负荷和3200r·min^-1、50％负荷工况下,燃用乳化柴油的缸内最高压力更高,在试验所测的其它工况下,乳化柴油的缸内最高压力相比E0纯柴油均没有明显下降;乳化柴油的瞬时放热率峰值和累积放热率曲线均高于E0纯柴油,ED乳化柴油的瞬时放热率峰值最高;燃用乳化柴油后,燃烧持续期缩短。     

山茶油生物柴油特性及用于柴油机的性能与排放研究

研究了不同山茶油生物柴油比例混合燃料的热重特性,并在R180柴油机上进行试验,分析比较了柴油机的经济性和排放特性。结果表明：生物柴油与柴油混合性良好;不同燃料的热重特性基本相同;柴油机动力性没受明显影响;与柴油相比,混合燃料的当量燃油消耗率略为增加;CH排放降低;CO排放在中低负荷时降低,高负荷时增加;NOx排放在中间转速时随着生物柴油比例的提高先增加后降低,高速时降低。研究证明山茶油生物柴油用于柴油机具有良好的替代柴油、减少排放的效果。     

柴油机燃用生物柴油及柴油的燃烧分析与排放特性

为了进一步弄清楚生物柴油对发动机燃烧和排放的影响.在发动机试验台架上,对一台增压中冷车用柴油机进行生物柴油和柴油的性能及排放等试验.试验按国家标准GB17691—2001规定的测量方法、全负荷速度特性以及不同转速下的负荷特性进行.测录了示功图并进行了不同燃料的燃烧比较和分析.结果表明,生物柴油由于其燃料特性,引起喷油提前,但滞燃期较短,预混燃烧比例较小.排放测试结果表明,生物柴油的烟度、HC和CO下降,但NOx排放增加.按13工况法,燃用生物柴油,HC和CO分别下降21.3%和1.7%;NOx增加2.9%.     

环境温度对掺水乳化柴油喷雾燃烧特性的影响

柴油机中燃用掺水乳化柴油有提高燃烧热效率的潜力,并同时降低碳烟和NOx排放.利用定容燃烧弹台架,对比试验了纯柴油和掺水乳化柴油的燃烧特性,并重点研究了环境温度对掺水乳化柴油喷雾和燃烧特性的影响.结果表明:相比于纯柴油,掺水乳化柴油能明显降低燃烧过程中碳烟的生成量;掺水乳化柴油中水的蒸发和微爆作用随环境温度的升高逐渐增强,能有效促进喷雾雾化和油、气混合过程;随着环境温度的升高,掺水乳化柴油的滞燃期及火焰升举长度均减小,燃烧火焰亮度增大.高环境温度工况下,碳烟前期生成速率和后期氧化速率均增大,使得不同环境温度工况下掺水乳化柴油最终碳烟的排放量相差较小.     

燃料设计改善发动机燃烧和排放的研究(2)--对柴油机燃烧与排放影响的分析

根据本文第一部分提出的含氧燃料设计思想与方法，以碳酸二甲脂(DMC)为例，研究了较宽比例范围内的DMC柴油混合燃料对柴油机的燃烧与排放特性的影响。在一台高速柴油机上测量了各种混合燃料在最高转速下的负荷特性和速度特性，以及主要工况下的示功图，并对燃烧特性进行了分析。试验结果发现：在柴油中加入一定比例的DMC后，由于物性参数的变化和喷雾特性的改善，混合燃料能够改善柴油机的燃烧与排放——热效率得到明显的提高，尤其在低转速下改善显著；烟度和氮氧化物排放同时降低，外特性线上的一氧化碳降低，碳氢排放仍然很低。对燃烧特性的分析发现：DMC柴油混合燃料的着火延迟延长，燃烧速率加快，燃烧持续期缩短。     

Experimental research on a blended hydrogen-fuel engine

An experimental study on the performance of a single cylinder engine fueled with hydrogen/gas fule blends was carried out. The performance of engine with different fuel components under the load characteristics of the engine was analyzed. The experimental results showed that with the increase of hydrogen blending ratio, the combustion speed was accelerated, and the maximum torque and maximum pressure in the cylinder were increased; The maximum torque of blended fuel with 40% CO₂ was 68.3% of that without CO₂; The maximum pressure in cylinder of blended fuel with 40% H₂ was 1.6 times higher than that without hydrogen; When the proportion of hydrogen was more than 30%, the torque decreased; When the mixture was blended with 30% N₂, the engine torque reached the maximum at the hydrogen ratio of 15%; With the increase of hydrogen blending ratio, the emission of CO increased and the emission of HC and NOx decreased; When the hydrogen blending ratio remained unchanged, the CO emission was the largest at medium load, the HC emission was the largest at small load, and the NOx emission was the largest at high load; When the mixture was blended with 15% H₂, with the increase of the proportion of nitrogen, emission of CO decreased, emissions of HC and NOx increased. The research of this paper provided an experimental basis for the design and development of gas fuel engines.     

电喷汽油机燃用乙醇-汽油燃料的排放性能研究

研究了不同掺混比的乙醇 -汽油燃料在多点电喷汽油机上应用时的排放性能。研究结果表明 :在汽油机参数未做任何调整的情况下 ,在试验的掺混比范围内 ,随着乙醇 -汽油混合燃料中乙醇含量的增加 ,THC排放改善了 30 %,CO排放在大负荷时有所改善 ,NOx 排放在中、小负荷时改善较明显。排放特性的变化不仅与乙醇含量有关 ,而且与电喷发动机的空燃比控制策略有关。以质量计的燃油消耗率有所增加 ,但以燃料热值计的比能耗降低。     

甲醇-汽油混合燃料对汽油机性能影响的试验研究

在一台多点电喷汽油机上,开展了燃用不同掺混比的甲醇-汽油混合燃料时发动机的经济性、排放特性研究。结果表明:电喷汽油机燃用低掺混比甲醇-汽油(小于30%)时,随着甲醇掺混比的增加,经济性有所改善,有效热效率明显提高;CO的排放有明显改善,中低负荷时HC排放有所改善,高负荷时HC排放增加,NOx排放相当,而怠速工况时,排放特性变差。     

Performance and emission characteristics of diesel fuel produced from waste plastic oil obtained by catalytic pyrolysis of waste polypropylene

Waste plastic oil derived from kaoline catalyzed pyrolysis of waste polypropylene is blended with diesel fuel, tested as an alternative fuel in a diesel engine, and its performance characteristics are analyzed and compared with diesel fuel operation. It is observed that the engine could operate with maximum 50% waste plastic oil blended diesel. An engine showed better performance up to 30% blend, but beyond 50% blend it gave a vibration. The results showed a stable performance with brake thermal efficiency similar to that of diesel and its value is higher up to 80% of full load. All emissions are considerably higher than that of the diesel baseline especially at high load and blend.     

The effect of clove oil and diesel fuel blends on the engine performance and exhaust emissions of a compression-ignition engine

Diesel engines provide the major power source for transportation in the world and contribute to the prosperity of the worldwide economy. However, recent concerns over the environment, increasing fuel prices and the scarcity of fuel supplies have promoted considerable interest in searching for alternatives to petroleum based fuels. Based on this background, the main purpose of this investigation is to evaluate clove stem oil (CSO) as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. To this end, an experimental investigation was performed on a four-stroke, four-cylinder water-cooled direct injection diesel engine to study the performance and emissions of an engine operated using the CSO–diesel blended fuels. The effects of the CSO–diesel blended fuels on the engine brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), specific energy consumption (SEC), exhaust gas temperatures and exhaust emissions were investigated. The experimental results reveal that the engine brake thermal efficiency and BSFC of the CSO–diesel blended fuels were higher than the pure diesel fuel while at the same time they exhibited a lower SEC than the latter over the entire engine load range. The variations in exhaust gas temperatures between the tested fuels were significant only at medium speed operating conditions. Furthermore, the HC emissions were lower for the CSO–diesel blended fuels than the pure diesel fuel whereas the NO_x emissions were increased remarkably when the engine was fuelled with the 50% CSO–diesel blended fuel.     

生物柴油缸内喷雾特性的数值模拟

采用数值模拟的方法研究了4102Q柴油机燃用生物柴油的喷雾特性,探讨了喷孔结构参数、针阀开启压力、生物柴油的掺混比、发动机转速、负荷和燃油温度对喷雾的贯穿距离和索特平均直径的影响规律,并与柴油进行比较,对计算精度进行了分析.研究结果表明:2种燃料的喷雾特性随上述因素的变化规律基本一致;生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的贯穿距离和索特平均直径均随生物柴油掺混比的增大而增大;相同因素条件下,生物柴油的贯穿距离和索特平均直径均大于柴油;2种燃料喷雾特性的差别是由其不同的理化特性引起的,密度和黏度是主要因素;数值模拟的精度是足够的.     

柴油醇混合燃料在小型柴油机上应用的研究

文章就柴油醇在应用中存在的相分离和十六烷值低等问题提出了一种复合添加剂，它主要由醇、醚和酯等成分构成。试验表明，添加1％～2％的复合添加剂可以提高柴油醇的稳定性和抗水性，并可以使柴油醇的十六烷值接近于50。在S1105柴油机上的台架试验表明，与纯柴油相比较，使用20％柴油醇后，发动机的比油耗有较明显的增加，而有效热效率却略有提高；排气烟度在各种负荷下都大幅度降低，NOx排放量在低负荷时降低，在高负荷时却有所升高。     

Effect of different types of fuels tested in a gasoline engine on engine performance and emissions

In this study, three different fuels named G100 (pure gasoline), E20 (volume 20% ethanol and 80% gasoline blend) and ES20 (20% sodium borohydride added ethanol solution and 80% gasoline) were used to test in a gasoline engine. First of all, G100 fuel, E20 and ES20 blended fuels, respectively, were tested in a gasoline engine and the effects of fuels on engine performance and exhaust emissions were investigated experimentally. Experiments were carried out at full load and at five different engine speeds ranging from 1400 to 3000 rpm, and engine performance and exhaust emission values were determined for each test fuel. When the test results of the engine operated with E20 and ES20 blended fuels are compared with the test results of the engine operated with gasoline; engine torque of E20 blended fuel increased by 1.87% compared to pure gasoline, while engine torque of ES20 blended fuel decreased by 1.64%. However, the engine power of E20 and ES20 blended fuels decreased by 2.02% and 5.10%, respectively, compared to the power of pure gasoline engine, while their specific fuel consumption increased by 5.02% and 6.57%, respectively, compared to pure gasoline fueled engine. On the other hand, CO and HC emissions of the engine operated with E20 and ES20 blended fuels decreased compared to the pure gasoline engine, while CO₂ and NO_x emissions increased.     

汽油机燃用E10含水乙醇/汽油的试验研究

在高原地区开展了燃用含水乙醇/汽油混合燃料的试验研究。在汽油机上进行了纯汽油与掺比为10%含水乙醇(95%浓度)/汽油混合燃料的动力性、经济性和排放性能的对比试验。试验结果表明,E10混合燃料的稳定性良好;燃用E10含水乙醇/汽油混合燃料后,能保持发动机的原机动力性;在较低转速内,有效燃油消耗率有一定的上升,随着转速和负荷的提高,有效燃油消耗率的上升状况得到较好的改善;当量燃油消耗率明显低于原机水平;有效热效率得到不同程度的提高;怠速工况的CH和CO的排放有所改善。