聚四氟乙烯/聚苯酯复合材料的结晶及摩擦性能研究

采用差示扫描量热仪研究了聚四氟乙烯/聚苯酯(PTFE/POB)复合材料的结晶性能,研究了复合材料在干摩擦条件下和45号钢对磨的摩擦性能,并采用扫描电镜观察了复合材料的磨损表面形貌。探讨了POB含量对复合材料的结晶性能和摩擦性能的影响。结果表明,加入POB后,复合材料的结晶度增加,在POB含量为20 %时结晶度出现峰值。复合材料的结晶速率和摩擦因数均随POB含量的增加而增大,磨痕宽度随POB的含量增加而大幅减小。     

玻璃纤维填充改性PTFE复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

为改善聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)高磨耗的缺点,通过冷压烧结成型工艺制备了玻璃纤维(GF)填充改性PTFE复合材料,探究了不同GF添加比例的PTFE/GF复合材料在不同转速下的摩擦磨损情况。采用三维视频显微镜观察了样品的表面磨痕深度,并借助扫描电子显微镜观察摩擦表面形貌同时分析磨损机理。结果表明,填充GF后的PTFE复合材料其摩擦系数虽有一定程度的升高,但其体积磨损率却大幅降低。当GF质量分数为20%时,复合材料的体积磨损率降到最低,并在转速为80 r/min时较纯PTFE降低了93.56%。观察分析微观形貌发现,随着GF含量的增大,复合材料的磨损机理逐渐由纯PTFE的犁耕磨损和粘着磨损向磨粒磨损转变,当GF含量为25%时,出现轻微的疲劳磨损。     

聚四氟乙烯/聚苯酯共混物的蠕变及结晶性能研究

采用塑料材料压缩蠕变测试仪分析了聚四氟乙烯/聚苯酯(PTFE/POB)共混物的高温压缩蠕变性能,研究了共混物的压缩回复性能,通过差示扫描量热仪分析了共混物的结晶性能,并探讨了POB含量对共混物蠕变性能和结晶性能的影响。结果表明,随着POB含量的增加,共混物的耐蠕变性能呈现先增大后减小的趋势;加入POB后,共混物结晶度增大,在POB含量为20%时出现峰值,结晶速率随POB含量的增加而增大。     

纳米SiO_2填充改性聚四氟乙烯复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

通过冷压烧结成型工艺制备了纳米二氧化硅(SiO_2)填充改性聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)复合材料,探究了不同添加比例的纳米SiO_2/PTFE复合材料在不同转速下摩擦磨损情况。采用三维视频显微镜观察了样品的表面磨痕深度,借助扫描电镜观察摩擦表面形貌并分析磨损机理。结果表明,填充纳米SiO_2后的PTFE复合材料其摩擦因数虽有一定程度的升高,但其体积磨损率却大幅降低。且当纳米SiO_2填充质量分数为5%时,复合材料的体积磨损率降到最低,并在转速为80 r/min时较纯PTFE降低了89.5%。观察分析微观形貌发现,随着纳米SiO_2含量的增大,复合材料的磨损机理逐渐由犁耕磨损和黏着磨损向磨粒磨损转变,且当纳米SiO_2填充含量为10%时,出现轻微的疲劳磨损。     

PTFE微粉改性聚醚醚酮摩擦磨损性能及应用研究

采用常温机械共混、高温模压的方法,制备了不同质量分数聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)微粉和碳纤维改性的聚醚醚酮(PEEK)复合材料,对其压缩强度、摩擦磨损性能进行了研究,并分析了其磨损后的表面形貌。结果表明:随着PTFE微粉质量分数的增加,PEEK复合材料的压缩强度呈下降趋势,当PTFE微粉质量分数为40%时,其压缩强度下降至60 MPa。随着聚碳纤维质量分数的增加,PEEK复合材料的压缩强度呈上升趋势。随着PTFE微粉和碳纤维质量分数的增加,PEEK复合材料的干摩擦因数和磨痕宽度逐渐下降,当PTFE微粉质量分数为40%时,PEEK复合材料干摩擦因数下降至0.21,其干摩擦磨痕宽度略有上升。随着碳纤维质量分数的增加,PEEK复合材料在油润滑条件下摩擦因数和磨痕宽度较低并略有下降。PEEK复合材料在干摩擦条件下的磨损机制以磨粒磨损为主,伴有疲劳磨损;在油润滑时,摩擦面可形成稳定连续的润滑膜而保持光滑。PEEK复合材料具有较高的压缩强度,摩擦磨损性能良好,可以制作各种滑动轴承、密封圈等特种机械零部件。     

碳纳米管改性PTFE复合材料摩擦磨损性能

以强酸氧化后不同含量的碳纳米管(CNTs)为填料制备了聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)/CNTs复合材料,研究其摩擦磨损情况。结果表明:CNTs填充质量分数为0,1%,3%,5%,7%时,PTFE/CNTs复合材料的摩擦系数随转速的增大而增大;20,40,60,80 r/min转速下,复合材料摩擦系数随碳纳米管填充质量分数的增加先增大后减小,当填充量为5%时,各转速下的摩擦系数均达到最大值。三维视频显微镜观察样品的表面磨痕深度并计算试样平均体积磨损率,发现填充CNTs可显著降低复合材料体积磨损率,当填充量大于5%后,复合材料体积磨损率增大。扫描电子显微镜观察发现:CNTs质量分数小于5%时,CNTs有效抑制PTFE的犁削,这种抑制作用随CNTs质量分数增大而增大,当质量分数为7%时,PTFE/CNTs复合材料犁削加剧,其原因为CNTs发生团聚,对PTFE分子链的约束作用弱化,使得分子链被拉出结晶区域。     

高回弹低磨损食品级PTFE密封材料研制

以硫酸钡为基本填料制备食品级聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)密封材料,考察硫酸钡含量对PTFE密封材料力学和摩擦磨损性能的影响,然后采用钛铬黄与硫酸钡协同改性PTFE密封材料,研究了协同改性的效果。结果表明,随硫酸钡含量的增加,硫酸钡填充PTFE密封材料的硬度、压缩强度和摩擦系数提高,拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和体积磨损率降低;当硫酸钡质量分数为20%时,随钛铬黄含量的增加,PTFE密封材料的压缩强度略有提高,拉伸强度和断裂伸长率总体上先上升后降低,体积磨损率和安装回弹率降低,对磨损伤宽度略有增加,硬度和摩擦系数基本无变化,当钛铬黄质量分数为2%时,密封材料的拉伸性能最高,安装回弹率在85%左右;当PTFE基体树脂含量相同时,相对于单一硫酸钡填充的密封材料,钛铬黄与硫酸钡协同改性的密封材料的拉伸和压缩性能及安装回弹率较高,而体积磨损率和对磨损伤宽度均较低。将质量分数为2%的钛铬黄与20%的硫酸钡协同改性的PTFE密封材料制成食品用密封产品,经实际生产验证,其使用寿命可达10 000 h。     

不同硬质增强填料对PTFE性能的影响

分别以体积分数均为25%的碳纤维(CF)、硅灰石纤维(WF)、聚酰亚胺(PI)、聚苯酯(POB)、铜粉(Cu)5种硬质填料对聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)进行改性，对比研究了不同填料对PTFE力学性能、蠕变性能、导热性能和摩擦学性能的影响，并对试样磨痕表面微观形貌进行分析，探讨了硬质增强填料提升PTFE耐磨损性能的机理。结果表明，5种硬质填料均可明显提高PTFE的硬度和压缩强度，改善蠕变性能和导热性能，但会降低拉强度和断裂伸长率。其中，CF改性PTFE的拉伸强度和压缩强度最高、抗蠕变性能最好，而Cu改性PTFE的硬度最大、导热性能最好。在摩擦过程中，由于填料会在磨痕界面逐渐富集，改性PTFE的耐磨损性能会得到显著提高，3种无机填料会使PTFE的摩擦因数增大，但是聚合物填料PI、POB则反而使得PTFE的摩擦因数略有降低。POB改性的PTFE摩擦因数仅为0.19，体积磨损率约为4.21×10^-6 mm³/(N·m)，耐磨损性能比纯PTFE提升了260倍，摩擦学性能最为突出。     

聚四氟乙烯改性聚酮摩擦磨损性能的研究

研究了不同聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)微粉质量分数改性聚酮(PK)的力学性能及摩擦磨损性能,并分析了其在不同润滑条件下的摩擦磨损机理。结果表明:填充PTFE微粉后PK的拉伸强度、压缩强度和邵氏硬度下降;在干摩擦条件下,随着PTFE微粉质量分数的增加,PK复合材料的摩擦因数和磨痕宽度呈下降趋势,当PTFE微粉质量分数为6%时,转移膜最连续,磨痕宽度最低,磨损过程以黏着磨损为主;在油润滑条件下,润滑油和PTFE微粉协同作用,PK复合材料的摩擦因数和磨痕宽度均较干摩擦时明显下降。     

成分构成对复合自润滑材料摩擦学性能的影响

在MPX-2000摩擦磨损试验机上,用环盘式摩擦副测量了不同成分的金属塑料复合自润滑材料与45#钢在干摩擦条件下的摩擦磨损特性.结果表明:在载荷为200 N,滑动速度为200 r/min时,摩擦因数随聚四氟乙烯(PT-FE)用量的增加而减小,当PTFE体积分数超过20%时,摩擦因数下降趋缓;金属塑料复合自润滑材料的磨损率,随PTFE用量的增加.先减小后增加;当PTFE在PEEK/PTFE共混物中的体积分数为10%～20%时,摩擦学性能最佳.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.