草莓保存过程中的质构与理化性质变化研究

主要探讨草莓在存放过程中各种质量指标的变化。定时测定了草莓在常温存放过程中穿刺强度、剪切功、还原糖含量、酸度、Vc、色泽、失重等因素的变化,分析了各个指标之间的相关性及与成熟度或者新鲜度的关系。结果显示,草莓在常温存放过程中,水分损失和Vc的损失呈线性变化,总糖和总酸变化不显著,还原糖在存放前期轻微上升,后期几乎不变化,穿刺力与剪切功都呈现对数下降态势,色泽变化前期呈现指数上升趋势,48h后就色泽几乎完全改变。     

鲜切芋艿冷藏期间生理及品质变化

以山东威海产芋艿为材料,以整芋为对照,研究了4℃冷藏条件下鲜切芋艿的色差(L*、a*、b*)值、还原糖和抗坏血酸含量、呼吸率、丙二醛、淀粉等指标的变化。结果表明:冷藏期间鲜切芋艿色泽的变化明显,可通过L*、a*、b*值来反映,L*在冷藏期明显下降,a*和b*呈上升势态;同时,切分后的芋艿呼吸强度和丙二醛含量增加;抗坏血酸、还原糖和淀粉等较整芋艿损失多。     

鱼类贮藏期间鲜度指标K值变化及鲜度评价

目的 研究鱼类肌肉在不同贮藏条件下的鲜度指标K值及鲜度变化情况。方法 鱼类肌肉在不同条件下贮藏, 肌肉中的ATP关联物用高氯酸溶液提取后用高效液相色谱进行检测, 通过公式计算出K值。结果 K值与鱼类的新鲜度变化趋势有较好的规律性, 随着贮藏时间延长K值增大, 温度越低变化越缓慢。在28~30 ℃条件下只能贮藏数小时, 4~5 ℃条件下可延长至5 d, ?2~0 ℃条件下贮藏大于15 d。结论 K值客观地反映了鱼类贮藏过程中的鲜度变化情况, 适合于作为鲜度的判定指标。     

Occurrence of giardia cysts in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) destined for human consumption

Between January and June 2004, a total of 200 nondepurated mussel samples of the Galician coast (northwest Spain) were examined for Giardia cysts with a direct immunofluorescence antibody test. Giardia cysts were found in mussels from all of the estuaries studied, with an overall rate of contamination of 41.5%. There was relation between the presence of Giardia cysts, the microbiological contamination (expressed as most probable number of Escherichia coli) detected in the samples, and the harvesting area. This is the first work that describes the presence of Giardia cysts in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) destined for human consumption.     

Thermal inactivation of hepatitis A virus in suspension and in dried mussels (Mytilus edulis)

We examined the effects of three different temperatures (60, 85 and 100 °C) and durations of time (1 min at 100  ° C to 30 min at 60  ° C) on hepatitis A virus (HAV) in suspension and dried mussels (Mytilus edulis). In suspension, 3.61, 4.48, 5.06 and 5.66 log₁₀ tissue culture infectious dose (TCID)₅₀/mL were reduced by 60  ° C for 5 min, 60  ° C for 15 min, 60  ° C for 30 min and 85  ° C for 3 min, respectively. In dried mussels, 1.34, 1.94, 3.16, 2.36, 3.53 and 4.38 log₁₀TCID₅₀/mL were reduced by 60  ° C for 5 min, 60  ° C for 15 min, 60  ° C for 30 min, 85  ° C for 3 min, 85  ° C for 6 min and 85  ° C for 10 min, respectively. HAV inactivation from suspension and dried mussels was achieved by 85  ° C for 6 min and 15 min, respectively, and also by a 1 min at 100  ° C. At 60, 85 and 100  ° C, the 1‐log (D‐values) inactivation from both suspension and dried mussels was 6.33 and 7.93, 0.98 and 3.05, and 0.28 and 0.38 min, respectively. A higher temperature and/or a thermal treatment time shorter than 85  ° C for 6 min (100  ° C for 1 min) could be used for commercial target foods for complete HAV inactivation.     

Improved microbial and sensory quality of clams (Venerupis rhomboideus), oysters (Ostrea edulis) and mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) by refrigeration in a slurry ice packaging system

The aim of this work was to evaluate a slurry ice (SI) packaging system on three bivalve species: clams (Venerupis rhomboideus), oysters (Ostrea edulis) and mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Comparative analyses were performed on specimens caught in autumn and spring and compared to batches stored in conventional flake ice. Microbiological analysis of autumn specimens stored in SI showed significantly (P < 0.05) reduced numbers of mesophiles and psychrotrophs in all three species, as well as fewer Enterobacteriaceae in clams and oysters. Spring specimens also exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) lower microbial loads, with SI storage significantly (P < 0.05) improving the control of mesophiles, psychrotrophs and proteolytic bacteria in clams and oysters. Sensory analysis correlated well with microbial analyses, with a significantly (P < 0.05) better quality in terms of odour, taste, juiciness, appearance and shelf life. The SI packaging system evaluated in this work proved to be a valuable method for maintaining quality of these bivalve species.     

Quality changes in sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus nudus) during storage in artificial seawater saturated with oxygen, nitrogen and air

BACKGROUND: Sea urchin gonads are highly valued seafood that degenerates rapidly during the storage period. To study the influence of dissolved oxygen concentration on quality changes of sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus nudus) gonads, they were stored in artificial seawater saturated with oxygen, nitrogen or air at 5 ± 1 °C for 12 days. RESULTS: The sensory acceptability limit was 11–12, 6–7 and 7–8 days for gonads with oxygen, nitrogen or air packaging, respectively. Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N) values reached 22.60 ± 1.32, 32.37 ± 1.37 and 24.91 ± 1.54 mg 100 g^?1 for gonads with oxygen, nitrogen or air packaging at the points of near to, exceeding and reaching the limit of sensory acceptability, indicating that TVB‐N values of about 25 mg 100 g^?1 should be regarded as the limit of acceptability for sea urchin gonads. Relative ATP content values were 56.55%, 17.36% and 18.75% for gonads with oxygen, nitrogen or air packaging, respectively, on day 2. K‐values were 19.37%, 25.05% and 29.02% for gonads with oxygen, nitrogen or air packaging, respectively, on day 2. Both pH and aerobic plate count values showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) for gonads with the three treatments. CONCLUSION: Gonads with oxygen packaging had lower sensory demerit point (P < 0.05) and TVB‐N values (P < 0.05), and higher relative ATP content (P < 0.01) and K‐values (P < 0.05), than that with nitrogen or air packaging, with an extended shelf life of 4‐5 days during storage in artificial seawater at 5 ± 1 °C. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同处理对棉粕储存期间品质的影响

该研究考察了不同方法处理的棉粕,在自然条件下储存15个月的新鲜度和品质变化规律。结果表明,未处理组棉粕的挥发性盐基氮(T–VBN)和硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)随储存时间的延长而逐渐升高,酸价(AV)先上升后下降。不同处理可显著抑制长时间储存棉粕的T–VBN、AV和TBA的增加,其抑制效果为1 h脱水>0.5 h脱水>9 mm颗粒>3 mm颗粒。     

Sensory, chemical and microbiological assessment of farm-raised European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) stored in melting ice

Farm raised European sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) were stored in melting ice for a period up to 22 days from the time of harvest, and sensory, chemical, and microbiological assessments were made at intervals. The storage life of the ungutted fish, determined by sensory evaluation of the cooked flesh, was 19 days. Of the chemical tests, only k ₁ value provided a useful means of monitoring early storage change. Trimethylamine, total volatile bases and pH showed practically no change during the first half of the edible storage life of the fish. Changes in free fatty acid (FFA) content and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value could not be used to determine loss of acceptability or end of storage life. Sulphide producing bacteria constituted a very low proportion of the total aerobic flora, suggesting that the common sulphide producer Shewanella putrefaciens was not a major spoiler of sea bass in this trial.     

Postmortem biochemical behavior of giant squid (Dosidicus gigas) mantle muscle stored in ice and its relation with quality parameters

ABSTRACT:  Several freshness and spoilage indicators were monitored to characterize the postmortem biochemistry of giant squid ( Dosidicus gigas ) mantle muscle. Squid samples were obtained directly from the sea and kept at 0 °C during a 15-d storage period. Data at zero time were obtained from cryogenically frozen samples at time of capture. The adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) degradation followed a different pattern as compared with that from fish species. ATP was almost completely depleted at 24-h postcatch from 6.54 to <1 μmol/g, while at the same time Hx was the predominant catabolite with a concentration of 4 μmol/g, reaching 6.85 μmol/g at day 15. K -value data followed a logarithmic pattern with time instead of a linear one, with no change after day 3, thus reducing its suitability as a freshness index. The coefficient Hx/AMP seems to be an adequate alternative for this purpose due to its constant increment with time. The high NH₄Cl content in mantle muscle (461.3 ± 24.5 mg of NH₄⁺/100 g) derived from its physiological importance for the species compromises the use of the distillation step of the TVB-N analysis commonly used as a spoilage index. This fact explains why the initially high value of TVB-N detected in mantle muscle (243.7 mg N/100 g) did not correlate with the initial low TMA-N content (1.5 ± 0.1 mg/100 g of muscle). The results suggested that under the experimental conditions the shelf life of squid exceeds 15 d.     

Quality assessment of whole and gutted sardines (Sardina pilchardus) stored in ice

The quality and shelf life of whole ungutted and gutted sardines ( Sardina pilchardus ) stored in ice were studied. The changes in the fish were investigated by sensory assessments, chemical analyses and microbiological analyses. The sensory scores of uneviscerated and gutted sardines stored in ice at +4 °C were 7 days. The chemical indicators of spoilage, total volatile basic nitrogen and trimethylamine values of gutted sardine increased very slowly, whereas for whole ungutted samples higher values were obtained reaching a final value of 15.03–29.23 mg per 100 g and 2.36–4.16 mg per 100 g, respectively (day 9). Peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values remained lower for whole ungutted sardine samples until day 9 of storage, whereas for gutted fish were higher. The level of histamine exceeded the legal limit in whole ungutted sardine after 7 days of storage in ice, during which sardines were rejected by the sensory panel. Mesophilic aerobic bacteria count, H₂S-producing bacteria, sulphide reducing anaerobe Clostridias, Enterobacteriaceae count of whole ungutted sardine samples are higher than gutted sardine samples during the storage. Psychrotrophic bacteria counts of the two groups were not different. The limits of microbiological data were not exceeded throughout the storage in both the groups' samples.     

海藻糖和褐藻胶寡糖对冻藏紫贻贝品质的影响

为探讨海藻糖和褐藻胶寡糖的低温保护活性,以紫贻贝为对象,评价了海藻糖和褐藻胶寡糖处理对冻藏紫贻贝肉品质特性的影响。结果发现,在6周冻藏过程中,相比于蒸馏水和空白组,海藻糖和褐藻胶寡糖显著(p0.05)降低了紫贻贝肉解冻损失率,褐藻胶寡糖组解冻损失率低至14.28%,并维持了较好的弹性和咀嚼性等特性,同时有效抑制了紫贻贝肉中菌落总数的快速增加。此外,两种糖类浸泡处理维持了较好的肌原纤维蛋白Ca~(2+)-ATPase活力,肌原纤维蛋白Ca~(2+)-ATPase活力在0.019～0.021U/mgprot范围内,三个处理组之间并无显著性差异(p0.05)。微观观察发现,海藻糖和褐藻胶寡糖处理紫贻贝,组织结构相对较为完整、致密,细胞间隙冰晶颗粒面积较小,其组织结构保护作用明显优于焦磷酸钠处理效果。海藻糖和褐藻胶寡糖可作为一种高效的低温保护剂,用于保持紫贻贝及其制品品质及延长冻藏产品货架期。     

Heavy metals at trace level in edible mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck) from the gulf of Trieste

The concentration of heavy metals (cobalt, nickel, copper, cadmium, mercury and lead), which are present at trace levels in the edible part of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck) from hatcheries in the gulf of Trieste, is normally or log-normally distributed, according to a statistical test sensitive to asymmetry of the distribution. A log-normal distribution appears valid for describing nearly all trace metals, in particular toxic heavy metals like cadmium, mercury and lead. The frequency distribution of these metals has nearly the same asymmetry, although the one-way analysis of the variance shows that sample means come from different population means characterising the particular hatchery.     

Occurrence of Vibrio and other pathogenic bacteria in Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussels) harvested from Adriatic Sea, Italy.

Sixty-two samples of Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussels) harvested from approved shellfish waters in the Adriatic Sea were examined for the presence of Vibrio, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and verocytotoxin producing Escherichia coli. Vibrio spp. were isolated from 48.4% of samples; the species most frequently found were V. alginolyticus (32.2%) and V. vulnificus (17.7%), followed by V. cincinnatiensis (3.2%), V. parahaemolyticus (1.6%), V. fluvialis (1.6%) and V. cholerae non-O1 (1.6%). V. parahaemolyticus resulted negative to Kanagawa-phenomenon and to PCR amplification of tdh gene. V. cholerae resulted negative to PCR amplification of sto gene. No Salmonella, Campylobacter, or E. coli verocytotoxin-producing strains were isolated. The results of this study suggest the potential risk of ingesting raw or undercooked mussels due to the frequent presence of potentially pathogenic Vibrio species.     

Physical measurement of the quality of fresh scad (Trachurus trachurus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during ice storage using the RT Freshmeter

The RT Freshmeter was used to obtain a quality index of two Portuguese fish, scad ( Trachurus trachurus ) and farmed rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). The curves obtained were comparable to those previously published using the GR Torrymeter. However variations were lower during the first phase of storage and it was observed that the curves could be divided into two distinct regions. The slope of the linear regression was higher during the first 5 days of storage, representing the first region of the curve, in both fish studied.
It is proposed that the two different rates of change of the quality index obtained with the meter reflect the two predominant spoilage mechanisms, enzymic and microbiological. The RT Freshmeter measurements are compared to organoleptic changes.
Preliminary results obtained with the RT Freshmeter on rainbow trout fillets without skin indicate that this instrument is not suitable for use with this product due to large variations and curve slopes close to zero.     

冷藏大口黑鲈鱼片品质变化规律及优势腐败菌致腐能力分析

本研究的目的为分析大口黑鲈鱼片冷藏过程中品质的变化规律和确定贮藏过程中的优势腐败菌及其致腐能力。以新鲜鲈鱼为原料,通过测定鲈鱼肉的质构特性、菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮(Total volatile basic nitrogen, TVB-N)和K值等指标,对冷藏过程中鱼片的品质和优势腐败菌及其致腐能力进行了分析,并通过16S rRNA序列鉴定分析各腐败菌的种属。质构特性、菌落总数、TVB-N 总挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen, TVB-N)、K值等品质相关指标的测定结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,鱼片的弹力、咀嚼性和胶着性均呈缓慢下降的趋势;菌落总数逐渐增长;TVB-N在贮藏前7 d变化不大,在第7 d后急速上升;K值在第7 d时超过了60%,达到了初期腐败。采用选择性培养基获得鲈鱼腐败期的特定菌落,结合菌落形态观察、16S rDNA与革兰氏染色技术,确定所属菌株属种,并评价各菌株的致腐能力。筛选出T2、C1和C2 三3株菌为4℃贮藏鲈鱼片的疑似优势腐败菌。16S rDNA鉴定这3株菌分别为希瓦氏菌、假单胞菌和普罗维登斯菌。根据接种这3三株腐败菌的大口黑鲈鱼片的TVB-N产量因子(YTVB-N/cfu)的评价结果,确定这三3株菌的致腐能力为假单胞菌>希瓦氏菌>普罗维登斯菌。假单胞菌为4℃贮藏的鲈鱼片腐败的优势菌。     

无盐酸菜在发酵和贮藏过程中品质的变化

目的:探究无盐并接种乳酸菌发酵酸菜过程及低温贮藏过程中品质变化规律。方法:分析无盐酸菜发酵过程中的基本理化指标及贮存期间的品质变化。结果:无盐酸菜在发酵第5天达到成熟,发酵过程中,pH值、亚硝酸盐含量、还原糖含量和维生素C含量显著下降(P<0.05),其中维生素C含量减少了88.62%,总酸和总有机酸水平显著上升(P<0.05)。发酵成熟时,亚硝酸盐含量极低,达(0.23±0.10) mg/kg;其中有机酸主要为乳酸、草酸和醋酸,除琥珀酸外,其他有机酸如草酸、柠檬酸等发酵后均有增加,乳酸含量增加了26.5倍。4℃贮藏60 d,无盐酸菜的pH值、总酸含量无明显变化,亚硝酸盐含量持续降低。结论:发酵过程有效提高了无盐酸菜的酸味和鲜味,并保证了其优良的感官品质,且4℃下的贮藏性能良好,贮藏期为60 d。     

充气包装对青菜冷藏品质的影响

充气包装已成为一种有效的延长小包装蔬菜货架期的保鲜技术。目的是选择最合适的环境气调贮藏包装青菜,研究贮藏在4℃,不同的气体浓度(空气对照组、10%CO2+20%O2+70%N2、10%CO2+5%O2+85%N2、10%CO2+1%O2+89%N2、5%CO2+5%O2+90%N2、15%CO2+10%O2+85%N2)对其感官品质、叶绿素、亚硝酸盐、可溶性固形物、电导率等指标的影响。结果表明:4℃下,延长青菜货架期和保持其营养品质的最佳的气体组成为10%CO2+5%O2+85%N2。     

Physico‐chemical and functional properties of proteins from green mussel (Perna viridis) during ice storage

The effect of ice storage on the properties of proteins from green mussel (Perna viridis) has been investigated. Ice storage of green mussel for a period of 19 days revealed a marginal increase in moisture and decrease in total nitrogen content. There was significant reduction (P < 0.05) in non‐protein nitrogen content and calcium activated adenosine triphosphatase enzyme activity. The solubility of the total proteins in high ionic strength buffer decreased marginally. The ice storage of green mussel had a significant effect on association‐dissociation/denaturation phenomenon of proteins as revealed by gel filtration profile, reduced viscosity values and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) pattern. The dynamic viscoelastic behaviour of green mussel meat in the temperature range of 30–90 °C revealed higher storage modulus (G′) values at a later part of ice storage. The emulsion capacity of green mussel did not show significant variation (P < 0.05) during ice storage. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry