激发子诱导培养提高拮抗酵母对水果采后病害生防效力的研究进展

对引起水果贮藏期间腐烂的病原真菌,多采用化学杀菌剂,考虑到环保以及人体健康等因素,人们将目光转向了生物防治—酵母拮抗菌,而其防治效力的稳定性和广谱性与化学杀菌剂相比还存在很大的差距,防治成本较高。为此,研究者们加入添加物(激发子)对酵母进行培养,以提高酵母的生防效果。对激发子诱导培养酵母菌以提高其生防效果的研究进展进行综述。     

拮抗微生物对枣果实采后病害生物防治的研究进展

枣果实采后极易发生真菌侵染性病害而造成重大损失,利用拮抗微生物防治枣果实采后病害是替代化学合成杀菌剂的一种绿色、环保、安全的防治方法.目前应用于防治枣果实采后病害的拮抗微生物主要为梅奇酵母属(Metschnikowia sp.)、假丝酵母属(Candida sp.)、隐球酵母属(Cryptococcus sp.)以及芽...     

拮抗酵母控制果蔬采后真菌病害研究进展

果蔬采后的真菌病害会造成巨大经济损失,部分病原菌还可能会产生危害人畜健康的真菌毒素。化学防治方法存在一定的毒性,并且容易造成环境污染,使用面临着越来越多的限制,生防酵母防治作为可以替代化学杀菌剂防治的新手段已被广泛研究。本文将从拮抗酵母种类、防控效果、拮抗机制以及如何提高其生防效率等几个方面进行综述,并对其商业化前景进行了展望。     

电离辐射对果蔬采后病害的控制

电离辐射技术因其效果好、简便、实用、卫生安全等特点而被作为代替化学合成防腐剂的物理方法应用于果蔬防腐保鲜中。综述了电离辐射在采后果蔬病害控制上的应用,包括电离辐射的直接抑菌作用、电离辐射对采后果蔬病害控制的效果及提高电离辐射对果蔬采后病害防治能力的方法等。     

Exploitation of microbial antagonists for the control of postharvest diseases of fruits: a review

Fungal diseases result in significant losses of fruits and vegetables during handling, transportation and storage. At present, post-production fungal spoilage is predominantly controlled by using synthetic fungicides. Under the global climate change scenario and with the need for sustainable agriculture, biological control methods of fungal diseases, using antagonistic microorganisms, are emerging as ecofriendly alternatives to the use of fungicides. The potential of microbial antagonists, isolated from a diversity of natural habitats, for postharvest disease suppression has been investigated. Postharvest biocontrol systems involve tripartite interaction between microbial antagonists, the pathogen and the host, affected by environmental conditions. Several modes for fungistatic activities of microbial antagonists have been suggested, including competition for nutrients and space, mycoparasitism, secretion of antifungal antibiotics and volatile metabolites and induction of host resistance. Postharvest application of microbial antagonists is more successful for efficient disease control in comparison to pre-harvest application. Attempts have also been made to improve the overall efficacy of antagonists by combining them with different physical and chemical substances and methods. Globally, many microbe-based biocontrol products have been developed and registered for commercial use. The present review provides a brief overview on the use of microbial antagonists as postharvest biocontrol agents and summarises information on their isolation, mechanisms of action, application methods, efficacy enhancement, product formulation and commercialisation.     

采后果实褐腐病防治技术研究进展

褐腐病是采后核果果实最重要的侵染性病害之一,会严重危害贮藏期的果实,造成大量损失。低温贮藏、气调贮藏、热处理、辐射处理、微波处理等物理防治技术对采后果实褐腐病的防治有一定的效果。化学杀菌剂能够高效控制采后果实褐腐病,但其有污染环境、易产生耐药性的缺陷,天然杀菌剂的应用、生物防治尤其是拮抗菌防治技术弥补了化学杀菌剂在控制采后褐腐病方面的不足,采前技术如喷钙、使用拮抗菌也能有效控制采后果实褐腐病。采前采后技术综合防治果实褐腐病将是未来的发展方向。本文从物理、化学、生物防治技术及几种技术复合等角度综述了各防治技术对采后果实褐腐病的控制作用,为综合防治褐腐病、减少商业损失提供了一定的科学依据。     

海洋生防酵母菌的筛选及对果实采后病害的防治

海洋酵母菌处于低温和高浓度盐环境中,具有耐低温和高渗透压胁迫等优良特性,在果实采后病害防治中可能具有独特的优势。本实验通过对来自不同海洋环境的61株酵母菌进行筛选,发现其中4株对灰霉病菌具有明显的生防效果。在进行活体实验中发现编号为DG-1的菌株对灰霉病害的生防效果最佳,通过形态学观察、生理和分子鉴定方法初步证明其为一种类酵母—出芽短梗霉(Aureobasidium pullulans)。研究发现其生防效果随酵母菌浓度增大而增强,但对灰霉孢子萌发的抑制效果并不显著,并不能完全抑制孢子的萌发。其悬浮液有明显的生防作用,但热处理液对病菌无明显的生防作用,由此初步判断出芽短梗霉的生防机理为营养竞争型,并优化了其生长条件。     

Unravelling the fruit microbiome: The key for developing effective biological control strategies for postharvest diseases

Fruit-based diets are recognized for their benefits to human health. The safety of fruit is a global concern for scientists. Fruit microbiome represents the whole microorganisms that are associated with a fruit. These microbes are either found on the surfaces (epiphytes) or in the tissues of the fruit (endophytes). The recent knowledge gained from these microbial communities is considered relevant to the field of biological control in prevention of postharvest fruit pathology. In this study, the importance of the microbiome of certain fruits and how it holds promise for solving the problems inherent in biocontrol and postharvest crop protection are summarized. Research needs on the fruit microbiome are highlighted. Data from DNA sequencing and “meta-omics” technologies very recently applied to the study of microbial communities of fruits in the postharvest context are also discussed. Various fruit parameters, management practices, and environmental conditions are the main determinants of the microbiome. Microbial communities can be classified according to their structure and function in fruit tissues. A critical mechanism of microbial biological control agents is to reshape and interact with the microbiome of the fruit. The ability to control the microbiome of any fruit is a great potential in postharvest management of fruits. Research on the fruit microbiome offers important opportunities to develop postharvest biocontrol strategies and products, as well as the health profile of the fruit.     

Review: Utilization of antagonistic yeasts to manage postharvest fungal diseases of fruit

Significant losses in harvested fruit can be directly attributable to decay fungi. Some of these pathogenic fungi are also the source of mycotoxins that are harmful to humans. Biological control of postharvest decay of fruits, vegetables and grains using antagonistic yeasts has been explored as one of several promising alternatives to chemical fungicides, the use of which is facing increasingly more stringent regulation. Yeast species have been isolated over the past two decades from a variety of sources, including fruit surfaces, the phyllosphere, soil and sea water, and their potential as postharvest biocontrol agents has been investigated. Several mechanisms have been proposed as responsible for their antagonistic activity, including competition for nutrients and space, parasitism of the pathogen, secretion of antifungal compounds, induction of host resistance, biofilm formation, and most recently, the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in defense response. It has been recognized that a biocontrol system is composed of a three-way interaction between the host (commodity), the pathogen and the yeast, all of which are affected by environmental factors. Efficacy and consistent performance in controlling postharvest diseases are the hurdles that must be overcome if the use of yeast biocontrol agents and other alternatives are to be widely used commercially. Therefore, attempts have been made to combine alternative treatments in order improve their overall performance. The current review provides a brief overview of the topic of the use of yeasts as postharvest biocontrol agents and includes information on the sources from which yeast antagonists have been isolated, their mode of action, and abiotic stress resistance in yeast as it relates to biocontrol performance. Areas in need of future research are also highlighted.     

植物精油在果蔬采后病害控制中的研究进展

采后病害是导致果蔬贮运过程中损失的主要原因,并且影响果蔬的品质及货架期。植物精油具有显著的抑菌效果,且安全无毒。综述了植物精油对常见果蔬病原真菌的抑菌作用、果蔬采后病害的控制效果、抗真菌的机制及发展前景。      

采后果实链格孢属真菌病害防治方法研究进展

链格孢属真菌(Alternaria spp.)可引起多种果实采后发生病害,每年造成的损失异常严重,因此防治由链格孢属真菌引起的采后果实病害显得尤为迫切。文章将着重介绍国内外研究中采后果实链格孢属真菌病害的防治方法,包括采前防治,采后物理、化学和生物方法及联合防治等,并提出在未来的发展中应该使用新的、有效的组合方式来提高防治效果,增强果实抵抗链格孢属真菌的能力,延长果实采后贮藏期,提升其商品价值。     

拮抗酵母菌对果蔬采后病害生防增效途径及机理研究进展

本文在总结拮抗酵母菌特点的基础上,针对限制其商业化应用的主要原因,重点阐述增强拮抗酵母菌对果蔬采后病害生防效力的途径及机理,最后进一步提出拮抗酵母菌增效技术未来的研究方向。以此,为拮抗酵母菌的商业化推广和应用及生物防治技术在控制采后果蔬病害中的应用提供指导。     

拮抗酵母菌对果蔬采后病害生物防治的研究进展

简述了用于果蔬采后拮抗酵母菌的种类和特点、拮抗效果、拮抗机制,以及目前我国拮抗酵母菌应用中存在的问题、发展前景及未来研究方向.     

Use of thiamine for controlling Alternaria alternata postharvest rot in Asian pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. Zaosu)

The effects of thiamine (vitamin B₁) against Alternaria rot caused by Alternaria alternata and its possible mechanism in harvested Asian pear fruit were investigated. Thiamine strongly inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of A. alternata in vitro. Thiamine at a concentration of 100 mm effectively inhibited the development of Alternaria rot, enhanced the activities of defence‐related enzymes, such as phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL), polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD), and increased the content of flavonoids, phenolics and lignin. Thiamine also affected reactive oxygen metabolism of the pear fruit by increasing its production and H₂O₂ content, and enhancing the activities of major detoxifying enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD). These findings suggest that the effects of thiamine on Alternaria rot in pear fruit may be associated with its direct fungitoxic property against the pathogens, and the elicitation of biochemical defence responses in the fruit.     

Combination of Pichia membranifaciens and ammonium molybdate for controlling blue mould caused by Penicillium expansum in peach fruit

The potential enhancement of Pichia membranifaciens by ammonium molybdate (NH₄Mo) to control blue mould caused by Penicillium expansum on peach fruit was investigated. Combining P. membranifaciens at 1 × 10⁸ cell/ml with 1 mM NH₄Mo provided a more effective control of blue mould rot than applying the yeast or NH₄Mo alone. Addition of 1 mM NH₄Mo significantly increased the growth of P. membranifaciens in peach wounds, but did not affect the population in nutrient yeast dextrose broth medium. The in vitro experiment showed that the combined treatment inhibited spore germination and germ tube elongation of P. expansum in comparison with the treatment of P. membranifaciens or NH₄Mo alone. Moreover, P. membranifaciens, NH₄Mo, and the combination of them did not impair the quality parameters including fruit firmness and content of total soluble solids, titratable acidity and vitamin C of peach fruit after 6 days of storage at 20 °C. These results suggested that the use of NH₄Mo is a useful approach to improve the efficacy of P. membranifaciens for postharvest disease control in peach fruit.     

热水和壳聚糖处理对厚皮甜瓜采后病害及苯丙烷代谢的影响

以厚皮甜瓜为试材,采用53℃热水,2%壳聚糖及2%壳聚糖结合53℃热水浸泡处理10min,研究了不同处理对T.roseum损伤接种果实病斑直径及苯丙烷代谢关键酶及其产物积累的影响。结果表明:三种处理均可抑制果实病斑直径的扩展,其中以热水和壳聚糖结合热水处理效果较好,处理后第7d时病斑直径分别低于对照47.41%和41.78%。热水和壳聚糖结合热水处理可显著诱导果实苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）和4-香豆酰-辅酶A连接酶（4CL）的活性。处理后第9d时的PAL活性分别高出对照3.32与2.8倍,贮存12d时4CL活性也分别高出对照32.5%和25.3%。壳聚糖结合热水处理可显著促进果实体内总酚、类黄酮和木质素的积累,处理后第15d时分别高出对照32.8%、50.76%和71.61%。热水和壳聚糖结合热水处理可通过诱导甜瓜果实的苯丙烷代谢活性来增强对T.roseum侵染的抗性。