Correction to Barkley et al. (2011).

Reports an error in Correspondence and disparity in the self- and other ratings of current and childhood ADHD symptoms and impairment in adults with ADHD by Russell A. Barkley, Laura E. Knouse and Kevin R. Murphy (Psychological Assessment, , , np). There was an omission in the author note. The author note should have included a disclosure as follows, “Russell A. Barkley receives royalties for books, videos, and rating scales from Guilford Publications, and is the author of Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale-IV (BAARS-IV), Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS), and Barkley Functional Impairment Scale (BFIS), all published by Guilford Press.” (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2011-04636-001.) Experts recommend that clinicians evaluating adults for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) obtain information from others who know the patient well. The authors examined correspondence between the self- and other-ratings of ADHD symptoms and impairment using 3 groups of adults recruited on the basis of their severity of ADHD: ADHD diagnosis (n = 146), clinical controls self-referring for ADHD but not diagnosed (n = 97), and community controls (n = 109). The influences of diagnostic group, informant relationship, sex of participant, IQ, and comorbid anxiety and depression on self-informant disparities were also examined. Results indicated moderate to high agreement (.59–.80) between self and others on current functioning and slightly lower levels (.53–.75) between self- and parent ratings of childhood functioning. Examination of difference scores between self- and other ratings revealed small mean disparities (?0.1 to +5.0 points) but substantial variation (SDs = –2.4 to 8.9 points) for both current and childhood ratings. Clinic referrals not diagnosed with ADHD, particularly women, had higher disparities than was evident in the ADHD and community groups. Age, IQ, and education were not associated with disparities in most ratings. Higher anxiety, in contrast, was associated with greater disparities on all current and childhood measures of both ADHD and impairment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Gloster et al. (2011).

Reports an error in "Psychological treatment for panic disorder with agoraphobia: A randomized controlled trial to examine the role of therapist-guided exposure in situ in CBT" by Andrew T. Gloster, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, Franziska Einsle, Thomas Lang, Sylvia Helbig-Lang, Thomas Fydrich, Lydia Fehm, Alfons O. Hamm, Jan Richter, George W. Alpers, Alexander L. Gerlach, Andreas Str?hle, Tilo Kircher, Jürgen Deckert, Peter Zwanzger, Michael H?fler and Volker Arolt (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2011[Jun], Vol 79[3], 406-420). In the article, the name of author Georg W. Alpers was misspelled as George W. Alpers. In Table 2, in the footnote, line two, the criteria should read “MI≤1.8”. The online versions of this article have been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2011-08726-001.) Objective: Cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) is a first-line treatment for panic disorder with agoraphobia (PD/AG). Nevertheless, an understanding of its mechanisms and particularly the role of therapist-guided exposure is lacking. This study was aimed to evaluate whether therapist-guided exposure in situ is associated with more pervasive and long-lasting effects than therapist-prescribed exposure in situ. Method: A multicenter randomized controlled trial, in which 369 PD/AG patients were treated and followed up for 6 months. Patients were randomized to 2 manual-based variants of CBT (T+/T?) or a wait-list control group (WL; n = 68) and were treated twice weekly for 12 sessions. CBT variants were identical in content, structure, and length, except for implementation of exposure in situ: In the T+ variant (n = 163), therapists planned and supervised exposure in situ exercises outside the therapy room; in the T? group (n = 138), therapists planned and discussed patients' in situ exposure exercises but did not accompany them. Primary outcome measures were (a) Hamilton Anxiety Scale, (b) Clinical Global Impression, (c) number of panic attacks, and (d) agoraphobic avoidance (Mobility Inventory). Results: For T+ and T? compared with WL, all outcome measures improved significantly with large effect sizes from baseline to post (range = ?0.5 to ?2.5) and from post to follow-up (range = ?0.02 to ?1.0). T+ improved more than T? on the Clinical Global Impression and Mobility Inventory at post and follow-up and had greater reduction in panic attacks during the follow-up period. Reduction in agoraphobic avoidance accelerated after exposure was introduced. A dose–response relation was found for Time × Frequency of Exposure and reduction in agoraphobic avoidance. Conclusions: Therapist-guided exposure is more effective for agoraphobic avoidance, overall functioning, and panic attacks in the follow-up period than is CBT without therapist-guided exposure. Therapist-guided exposure promotes additional therapeutic improvement—possibly mediated by increased physical engagement in feared situations—beyond the effects of a CBT treatment in which exposure is simply instructed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Michael et al. (2011).

Reports an error in "Rebuttal re: "Confirmatory bias and the persistent influence of discredited data in interpreting the stress-cancer link: Commentary on Michael et al. (2009)"" by Yvonne L. Michael, Nichole E. Carlson, Deborah J. Bowen and Cheryl Ritenbaugh (Health Psychology, 2011[May], Vol 30[3], 375-376). The letter was missing the doi. The correct doi is 10.1037/a0022737. The online version of this article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2011-09497-017.) Responds to the comments by J. C. Coyne and C. Johansen (see record 2011-09497-016) on the current author's original article, "Influence of stressors on breast cancer incidence in the Women's Health Initiative" (see record 2009-03297-001). Coyne and Johansen (2011) took issue with the study conducted by the current authors' group (Michael et al., 2009), which analyzed the interaction between stressful life events and social support on breast cancer risk among 83,334 postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI). While the current authors agree with the Coyne and Johansen that too often null results are difficult to publish due to confirmatory bias that privileges results that support an alternative hypothesis, they strongly disagree with the assertion that their group selectively reported findings, inaccurately reported findings, or provided selective and uncritical reference to the existing literature. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Dennis (2011).

Reports an error in Press coverage of the new psychology by the New York Times during the Progressive Era by Paul M. Dennis (History of Psychology, 2011[May], Vol 14[2], 113-136). In Table 1, under the “General” column, the Total should have been 40. Additionally, on page 114, paragraph 3, line 3 should have read, “Between 1885 and 1919, they published 40 articles about the new experimental psychology, 100 stories reporting on applied psychology, 19 stories dealing with psychoanalysis, 38 accounts of psychology’s interest in spiritualism, and 25 articles on the Emmanuel movement (Table 1).” The online version of this article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2011-09245-001.) Press coverage of psychology by the New York Times was examined for the Progressive Era. Following a period in which psychology was associated with spiritualism, psychoanalysis, and the Emmanuel movement, the Times gave editorial preference to reports about psychology's applications. Reaching an audience that was both affluent and influential, the topics emphasized by the Times included the lie detector, psychological applications in the work place, mental tests, and child psychology. These areas reflected issues of social concern to Progressives, publicized the rise of the psychologist as expert, and aided psychology in its challenge to common sense. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Kelley and Jouriles (2011).

Reports an error in An introduction to the special section on U.S. Military operations: Effects on military members' partners and children by Michelle L. Kelley and Ernest N. Jouriles (Journal of Family Psychology, 2011[Aug], Vol 25[4], 459-460). An author’s name cited in the text and the reference section was misspelled as Knoblock. The correct reference is Knobloch, L. K., & Theiss, J. A. (2011). Depressive symptoms and mechanisms of relational turbulence as predictors of relationship satisfaction among returning service members. Journal of Family Psychology, 25, 470–478. The online versions of this article have been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2011-17889-001.) The deployment of U.S. military personnel to global hot spots, whether as combatants or as peacekeepers, has increased attention to the psychological well-being of military personnel and their family members. Despite the growing awareness that deployments have reverberating effects on all family members, theoretical explanations and empirical research on the impact of deployment on couple, family, and child adjustment, factors that serve to protect families from the demands of military employment, and effective methods of treating the mental health needs of military families are needed. The seven papers in this section increase our understanding of how the demands of U.S. military operations impact couples, family functioning, parenting, and child psychological adjustment and provide an additional resource for mental health professionals who work with these families. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Baumann & Bonner (2011).

Reports an error in "The effects of expected group longevity and expected task difficulty on learning and recall: Implications for the development of transactive memory" by Michael R. Baumann and Bryan L. Bonner (Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, , , np). An error was introduced during the production process. On article page 8, column 1 line 6 through column 2 line 2, the statement “…the main effect of expected longevity was significant only in the same expertise condition…” is incorrect. The effect found was for expected difficulty, not expected longevity. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2011-09189-001.) The ability to effectively coordinate with others is a vital component of group success. It is often useful to base this coordination on expectations derived from perceived expertise (transactive memory; Wegner, 1986). Yet, the value of coordination overall and specific coordination strategies vary by task. We argue that the benefit of applying a task-appropriate coordination strategy increases with the number of trials of the task performed (expected longevity), and that the most beneficial strategy varies by task difficulty. We, therefore, predict that coordination increases with expected longevity and that the form of coordination (increased or decreased duplication) depends on expected task difficulty. To test these predictions we manipulate expectations of longevity and difficulty among individuals expecting to work with a partner on a memory task. The predicted relationships are found for both learning and recall. The implications of these findings for the development of transactive memory are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Romney (2008).

Reports an error in "Consulting for diversity and social justice: Challenges and rewards" by Patricia Romney (Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 2008[Jun], Vol 60[2], 139-156). The author refers to "Paul Winn." The referenced author's last name was printed incorrectly. The correct spelling is Winum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2008-07255-002.) Consulting and training for cultural diversity is both challenging and rewarding. This article issues a call to face the challenges of diversity consulting and describes strategies and approaches for successful work. Using examples from the author's practice, the author calls on consultants to (1) get up to speed with knowledge about diversity and social justice, (2) avoid consultations that are too superficial, (3) balance content and process, (4) find ways to sustain themselves and their clients, and (5) work for the Common Good. A social justice frame is seen as a necessary adjunct to promoting equity and excellence in organizations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Sher et al. (2011).

Reports an error in Alcohol use trajectories and the ubiquitous cat's cradle: Cause for concern by Kenneth J. Sher, Kristina M. Jackson and Douglas Steinley (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, np). Due to formatting problems, some of the data and graphic information in the original Figure 7 are not correctly displayed. Although not all data in the original Figure 7 are visible, nothing displayed in that figure was in error. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2011-02783-001.) In recent years, trajectory approaches to characterizing individual differences in the onset and course of substance involvement have gained popularity. Previous studies have sometimes reported 4 prototypic courses: (a) a consistently “low” group, (b) an “increase” group, (c) a “decrease” group, and (d) a consistently “high” group. Although not always recovered, these trajectories are often found, despite these studies varying in the ages of the samples studied and the duration of the observation periods employed. Here, the authors examined the consistency with which these longitudinal patterns of heavy drinking were recovered in a series of latent class growth analyses that systematically varied the age of the sample at baseline, the duration of observation, and the number and frequency of measurement occasions. Data were drawn from a 4-year, 8-wave panel study of college student drinking (N = 3,720). Despite some variability across analyses, there was a strong tendency for these prototypes to emerge regardless of the participants' age at baseline and the duration of observation. These findings highlight potential problems with commonly employed trajectory-based approaches and the need to not over-reify these constructs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Perfect et al. (2011).

Reports an error in Eye closure reduces the cross-modal memory impairment caused by auditory distraction by Timothy J. Perfect, Jackie Andrade and Irene Eagan (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2011[Jul], Vol 37[4], 1008-1013). There is an error reported in the Results section on p. 1010. This error is addressed in the correction. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2011-05332-001.) Eyewitnesses instructed to close their eyes during retrieval recall more correct and fewer incorrect visual and auditory details. This study tested whether eye closure causes these effects through a reduction in environmental distraction. Sixty participants watched a staged event before verbally answering questions about it in the presence of auditory distraction or in a quiet control condition. Participants were instructed to close or not close their eyes during recall. Auditory distraction did not affect correct recall, but it increased erroneous recall of visual and auditory details. Instructed eye closure reduced this effect equally for both modalities. The findings support the view that eye closure removes the general resource load of monitoring the environment rather than reducing competition for modality-specific resources. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Bernstein et al. (2011).

Reports an error in Hindsight bias from 3 to 95 years of age by Daniel M. Bernstein, Edgar Erdfelder, Andrew N. Meltzoff, William Peria and Geoffrey R. Loftus (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2011[Mar], Vol 37[2], 378-391). On page 381, the notation in Figure 1 is incorrect. The corrected notations are discussed in the correction. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2011-02006-001.) Upon learning the outcome to a problem, people tend to believe that they knew it all along (hindsight bias). Here, we report the first study to trace the development of hindsight bias across the life span. One hundred ninety-four participants aged 3 to 95 years completed 3 tasks designed to measure visual and verbal hindsight bias. All age groups demonstrated hindsight bias on all 3 tasks; however, preschoolers and older adults exhibited more bias than older children and younger adults. Multinomial processing tree analyses of these data revealed that preschoolers' enhanced hindsight bias resulted from them substituting the correct answer for their original answer in their recall (a qualitative error). Conversely, older adults' enhanced hindsight bias resulted from them forgetting their original answer and recalling an answer closer to, but not equal to, the correct answer (a quantitative error). We discuss these findings in relation to mechanisms of memory, perspective taking, theory of mind, and executive function. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Mayrath et al. (2011).

Reports an error in Varying tutorial modality and interface restriction to maximize transfer in a complex simulation environment by Michael C. Mayrath, Priya K. Nihalani and Daniel H. Robinson (Journal of Educational Psychology, , , np). The name of the author Laura G. Torres was omitted. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2011-01107-001.) In 2 experiments, 241 undergraduates with low domain knowledge viewed a tutorial on how to use Packet Tracer (PT), a computer-networking training simulation developed by the Cisco Networking Academy. Participants were then tested on retention of tutorial content and transfer using PT. Tutorial modality (text, narration, or narration plus text) was varied betweens subjects in both experiments, and simulation interface restriction (restricted or unrestricted) was varied between subjects only in Experiment 1. When PT's interface was unrestricted, students who received the narration tutorial performed better on the transfer task compared with students who received the text tutorial (statistically significant in Experiment 1 but not in Experiment 2). These findings extend the cognitive theory of multimedia learning (Mayer, 2005) by testing modality effects in new contexts and further specifying conditions of its applicability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Jarrold et al. (2011).

Reports an error in "How does processing affect storage in working memory tasks? Evidence for both domain-general and domain-specific effects" by Christopher Jarrold, Helen Tam, Alan D. Baddeley and Caroline E. Harvey (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, , , np). Chen and Cowan (2009) is correctly cited in the body of the article but the reference at the end of the article is incorrect. The correct reference is in the correction. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2011-02787-001.) Two studies that examine whether the forgetting caused by the processing demands of working memory tasks is domain-general or domain-specific are presented. In each, separate groups of adult participants were asked to carry out either verbal or nonverbal operations on exactly the same processing materials while maintaining verbal storage items. The imposition of verbal processing tended to produce greater forgetting even though verbal processing operations took no longer to complete than did nonverbal processing operations. However, nonverbal processing did cause forgetting relative to baseline control conditions, and evidence from the timing of individuals' processing responses suggests that individuals in both processing groups slowed their responses in order to “refresh” the memoranda. Taken together the data suggest that processing has a domain-general effect on working memory performance by impeding refreshment of memoranda but can also cause effects that appear domain-specific and that result from either blocking of rehearsal or interference. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Crum et al. (2011).

Reports an error in Mind over milkshakes: Mindsets, not just nutrients, determine ghrelin response by Alia J. Crum, William R. Corbin, Kelly D. Brownell and Peter Salovey (Health Psychology, np). In the second paragraph on the first page, the Allison & Uhl 1964 citation is incorrect. The corrected sentence and full citation is provided in the erratum. All versions of this article have been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2011-09907-001.) Objective: To test whether physiological satiation as measured by the gut peptide ghrelin may vary depending on the mindset in which one approaches consumption of food. Methods: On 2 separate occasions, participants (n = 46) consumed a 380-calorie milkshake under the pretense that it was either a 620-calorie “indulgent” shake or a 140-calorie “sensible” shake. Ghrelin was measured via intravenous blood samples at 3 time points: baseline (20 min), anticipatory (60 min), and postconsumption (90 min). During the first interval (between 20 and 60 min) participants were asked to view and rate the (misleading) label of the shake. During the second interval (between 60 and 90 min) participants were asked to drink and rate the milkshake. Results: The mindset of indulgence produced a dramatically steeper decline in ghrelin after consuming the shake, whereas the mindset of sensibility produced a relatively flat ghrelin response. Participants' satiety was consistent with what they believed they were consuming rather than the actual nutritional value of what they consumed. Conclusions: The effect of food consumption on ghrelin may be psychologically mediated, and mindset meaningfully affects physiological responses to food. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Markon et al. (2011).

Reports an error in The reliability and validity of discrete and continuous measures of psychopathology: A quantitative review by Kristian E. Markon, Michael Chmielewski and Christopher J. Miller (Psychological Bulletin, 2011[Sep], Vol 137[5], 856-879). In the Samples section of Meta-Analysis 1: Reliability, third paragraph, the number of studies reporting data on clinical samples is incorrect. The sentence “Four studies included clinical samples, and eight studies included nonclinical samples” should read “Twenty-four studies included clinical samples, and eight studies included nonclinical samples.” (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2011-09705-001.) In 2 meta-analyses involving 58 studies and 59,575 participants, we quantitatively summarized the relative reliability and validity of continuous (i.e., dimensional) and discrete (i.e., categorical) measures of psychopathology. Overall, results suggest an expected 15% increase in reliability and 37% increase in validity through adoption of a continuous over discrete measure of psychopathology alone. This increase occurs across all types of samples and forms of psychopathology, with little evidence for exceptions. For typical observed effect sizes, the increase in validity is sufficient to almost halve sample sizes necessary to achieve standard power levels. With important caveats, the current results, considered with previous research, provide sufficient empirical and theoretical basis to assume a priori that continuous measurement of psychopathology is more reliable and valid. Use of continuous measures in psychopathology assessment has widespread theoretical and practical benefits in research and clinical settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Vogt et al. (2011).

Reports an error in Predeployment, deployment, and postdeployment risk factors for Posttraumatic Stress symptomatology in female and male OEF/OIF veterans by Dawne Vogt, Brian Smith, Rani Elwy, James Martin, Mark Schultz, Mari-Lynn Drainoni and Susan Eisen (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Advanced Online Publication, Jun 27, 2011, np). In the article there was an error in the affiliation bylines for Rani Elwy and Susan Eisen. Their affiliations should have been listed as Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2011-13218-001). Prior research on risk factors for posttraumatic stress symptomatology (PTSS) in war-exposed Veterans has revealed both direct and indirect mechanisms of risk that span predeployment, deployment, and postdeployment timeframes. The aims of the present study were to identify the mechanisms through which previously documented risk factors contribute to PTSS in a national sample of 579 female and male Veterans deployed to Afghanistan for Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) or to Iraq for Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), as well as to examine the extent to which results mirror associations observed among Vietnam Veterans (King, King, Foy, Keane, & Fairbank, 1999). Consistent with conservation of resources (COR) theory (Hobfoll, 1989, 2001), findings indicated that PTSS is accounted for by multiple chains of risk, many originating in predeployment experiences that place Veterans at risk for additional stress exposure, and foretell difficulty accessing resources in the face of subsequent stressors. Importantly, the majority of previously documented mechanisms were replicated in this study, suggesting key pathways through which risk factors may contribute to PTSS across different Veteran populations. Results also revealed a number of novel risk mechanisms for OEF/OIF female Veterans, particularly with respect to the role of deployment family relationships in risk for PTSS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Frazier et al. (2011).

Reports an error in Perceived past, present, and future control and adjustment to stressful life events by Patricia Frazier, Nora Keenan, Samantha Anders, Sulani Perera, Sandra Shallcross and Samuel Hintz (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 100[4], 749-765). There is an error on page 758. In the sentence “Present control predicted later event-specific distress in Sample 1(β = .17, p 2011-02001-001.) Perceived control is a central construct in psychology and is key to understanding individual differences in poststress outcomes (Frazier, Berman, & Steward, 2001). The goals of the current studies (using 4 samples of undergraduate students, total N = 1,421) were to examine the relations between different aspects of perceived control and poststress outcomes and to differentiate perceived control over specific events from related constructs (i.e., general control beliefs, coping strategies). To accomplish these goals, we first developed a new measure of perceived past, present, and future control over stressful life events. The data supported the content validity, factor structure, internal consistency and test–retest reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity of the new measure. Consistent with the temporal model of control (Frazier et al., 2001), these 3 forms of control had very different relations with adjustment. Present control was consistently related to lower distress levels in cross-sectional, longitudinal, and prospective analyses. Present control also predicted outcomes beyond the effects of general control beliefs and coping strategies. Past and future control had nonsignificant or positive relations with distress, although future control was associated with better outcomes (i.e., course grades) when the stressor was controllable. Thus, our measure can be used to assess the relations between perceived past, present, and future control and outcomes across a range of stressors. Because the relations between these 3 forms of control and outcomes differ markedly, measures that combine these aspects of control hinder the understanding of the important role of perceived control in adjustment to stress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Zhao et al. (2011).

Reports an error in National survey of ethical practices among Chinese psychotherapists by Jing-Bo Zhao, Jian-Lin Ji, Xue-Ling Yang, Zhen-Zhi Yang, Yan-Fei Hou and Xiao-Yuan Zhang (Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, Advanced Online Publication, Aug 15, 2011, np). The following sentence is incorrect: “The APA has long recognized that harm and exploitation could result from dual relationships between patient and therapist (Staykova, 2010).” The correct citation for this statement should be: (APA, 1981, 1990, 1992, 2010; Sturm, 1998). Additionally, the following entry should not be listed in the References: Staykova, J. D. (2010). “On wings as swift as meditation”: A devotional allusion in Hamlet. Notes and Queries, 57, 380–384. doi:10.1093/notesj/gjq109. The correct references are included in the erratum. The authors regret these errors. All versions of this article have been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2011-17863-001.) The present study is a cross-sectional national survey that investigated the ethical practices in a large representative sample of Chinese psychotherapists (N = 690). The results revealed that 76.4% of therapists had experienced feelings of incompetence, more than 80% of therapists had performed the basic principles of informed consent and confidentiality, 1.9% of the sample had engaged in sexual contact with a client, 1.8% had engaged in dual business relationships with their clients, and 34.2% had provided therapy for acquaintances in their practice. The role of the principles of Confucianism as a major influence on the ethical practices in Chinese psychotherapists is discussed. The results suggested that the Chinese Psychological Society should concentrate efforts on educating trainees on how best to maintain therapeutic boundaries when there was a preexisting relationship between therapist and client. The current Chinese Code of Ethics for Clinical and Counseling Practice (Chinese Psychological Society, 2007) could be modified to better incorporate the characteristics of traditional Chinese culture, for example, considering the value of “face” when stipulating the guidelines of dual relationships. Cross-cultural psychotherapy could benefit the clients by examining the influence of traditional Chinese culture, for example, by paying more attention to the important others of the clients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Son (2010).

Reports an error in "Metacognitive control and the spacing effect" by Lisa K. Son (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2010[Jan], Vol 36[1], 255-262). In the article “Metacognitive Control and the Spacing Effect,” by Lisa K. Son (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2010, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 255–262), lenient scores were reported instead of strict scores in two Performance Data sections of the text. The strict scores were correctly used in the analyses and figures. On page 259, the data corrections are as follows: The mean level of performance for items that were massed was 17.3 rather than 27.48, whereas that of spaced items was 30.6 rather than 34.02. The mean performance for those items in which a spacing schedule was imposed was 22.6 rather than 28.90, and the mean for the massed items was 21.9 rather than 27.48. On page 260, the data corrections are as follows: The mean for the massed items was 5.0 rather than 10.3; for spaced items, the mean was 29.3 rather than 36.2. Children using the forced spacing strategy had a mean performance of 11.7 rather than 20.7. This mean score was still almost double that of the forcibly massed items, M = 5.2 rather than 11.1. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2009-24668-018.) This study investigates whether the use of a spacing strategy absolutely improves final performance, even when the learner had chosen, metacognitively, to mass. After making judgments of learning, adult and child participants chose to mass or space their study of word pairs. However, 1/3 of their choices were dishonored. That is, they were forced to mass after having chosen to space and forced to space after having chosen to mass. Results showed that the spacing effect obtained for both adults and children when choices were honored. However, using a spacing strategy when it was in disagreement with the participant’s own choice, or forced, did not enhance performance for the adults (Experiment 1). And although performance was enhanced for the children (beyond massing strategies), it was not as good as when the spacing decisions were self-chosen (Experiment 2). The data suggest that although spacing is an effective strategy for learning, it is not universal, particularly when the strategy is not chosen by the learner. In short, metacognitive control is often crucial and should be honored. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)