增压中冷稀燃天然气发动机燃烧特性试验研究

以190型天然气发动机为对象,采集了发动机的示功图,分析了点火提前角及负荷对燃烧过程的影响规律。试验结果表明,在BTDC28℃A到BTDC36℃A范围内,最高燃烧压力和最大瞬时放热率以及缸内最高燃烧温度随点火提前角的增大而增大;BTDC33℃A点火提前角下最高燃烧压力和最大瞬时放热率以及缸内最高燃烧温度随负荷的增大而增大;火焰发展期随点火提前角增大而增大,随负荷增加而减小;50%燃烧相位角随点火提前角、负荷的增加而减小,速燃期随点火提前角的增大先增大后减小,随负荷增加呈减小趋势。     

轻型柴油机EGR与喷油正时的协同性能研究

以一台高压共轨轻型柴油机为样机,研究废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)和喷油正时协同作用对发动机燃烧特性、燃油消耗率、氮氧化物(NOx)和HC排放的影响。研究结果表明:随着EGR率增大,缸内最大压力有所下降,瞬时放热率峰值有所减小。随着喷油提前角增加,缸内最大压力增大,瞬时放热率峰值先增大后减小。EGR率与缸内最大压力降幅、瞬时放热率峰值降幅均具有较好的线性关系。随着EGR率的增大和喷油提前角的减小,NOx排放降低,燃油耗增加,而且存在一个最佳的EGR率和喷油提前角的组合区域使HC排放达到最低。为了实现降低NOx排放的同时有效控制燃油消耗率和避免HC排放升高,低负荷时选择高EGR率并结合大喷油提前角的控制策略;中等负荷时选择适中EGR率结合适中喷油提前角的控制策略。     

低压EGR对混合动力汽车专用发动机性能影响的研究

基于一台混合动力汽车专用米勒循环增压发动机,通过试验研究低压EGR对发动机不同负荷下的燃烧特性和经济性的影响.研究结果表明,燃烧特性方面,在不同负荷下,随着EGR率的增加,点火提前角增大,燃烧持续期延长;在小负荷工况,燃烧重心CA50随着EGR率的增大而先增加后减小,在其余负荷工况,燃烧重心CA50随着EGR率的增大而...     

EGR对Atkinson循环汽油机性能的影响

在一台1.6,L自然吸气汽油机上,开展了Atkinson循环和外部EGR对发动机燃油经济性与燃烧特性影响的试验.结果表明,与原机奥拓循环相比,Atkinson循环发动机在转速为2,000,r/min各负荷工况下,有效燃油消耗率降幅达4.3%~10.2%.在负荷为0.2,MPa、0.4,MPa和0.6,MPa时引入外部EGR,可进一步降低有效燃油消耗率.同时随负荷增加,各负荷对应最低油耗的EGR率逐步提高.在采用最佳点火提前角时,外部EGR使Atkinson循环的火焰发展期延长,但是不同EGR率对应的CA50(累计放热率达50%时对应的曲轴转角)的位置变化不大.     

EGR对电控共轨二甲醚发动机排放影响的研究

研究了中高负荷时不同轨压和喷油提前角下,废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)对电控共轨二甲醚发动机排放的影响。研究结果表明:中等负荷时,随着EGR率的增大,发动机油耗率呈先减小后增大的趋势,氮氧化物(NOx)排放显著降低;对于HC和CO排放,在EGR率小于27%时基本保持不变,在EGR率增至27%时显著增加;采用27%左右EGR率,可将NOx排放降至0.5g/(kW·h)以内,此时轨压及提前角对NOx排放的影响消失。高负荷时,随着EGR率增大,发动机油耗率逐渐增大;NOx排放显著降低,轨压和提前角的变化对NOx排放影响减小;HC和CO排放逐渐增大。可通过轨压及喷油提前角的优选有效地控制中高负荷下NOx、HC、CO排放及油耗率。     

多次点火对喷雾引导分层稀薄燃烧性能的影响

在一台喷油器中置的单缸直喷汽油机上,基于2,000,r/min、平均指示压力(IMEP)为0.3,MPa的工况,研究了多次点火技术对喷雾引导分层燃烧性能的影响.基于NI Com Pact RIO开发了一套单缸机控制系统,成功实现多次点火并应用于试验.结果表明:多次点火技术增加了点火次数和点火能量,改善了分层燃烧的稳定性.在相同的喷油开始时刻(SOI)为50°,CA BTDC时,多次点火的稳定点火窗口比单次点火增加了15°,CA.此外,多次点火能拓展分层燃烧的EGR率容忍度.随着EGR率的提高,分层燃烧相位推迟,燃油消耗率及排放可以得到优化.相比单次点火,在SOI为50°,CA BTDC、点火时刻(IGN)为40°,CA BTDC时,其EGR率上限可以从15%,拓展到22%,,指示燃油消耗率(ISFC)降低约3%,,NO_x排放降低约20%,;在EGR率同为15%,时,其THC排放降低约10%,,CO排放降低约8.3%,.     

供油提前角对含水乙醇-生物柴油发动机性能的影响

在对含水乙醇和生物柴油互溶性研究的基础上,进行了不同供油提前角下B90A10混合燃料柴油机经济性与排放特性的对比试验研究。试验结果表明:生物柴油和含水乙醇具有良好的互溶性;柴油机原机供油提前角为18°CA BTDC时,B90A10有效燃油消耗率较低,供油提前角增大或减小都使燃油经济性不同程度地恶化;低负荷工况下,16°CA,18°CA,20°CA BTDC供油提前角时的CO排放水平相当;中、高负荷工况下,随着供油提前角的减小,CO排放量依次增大。随着供油提前角的增大,碳烟排放降低,而NOx排放上升,呈现折中(Trade-off)的关系;HC排放对供油提前角的变化不敏感,总体排放量接近。对B90A10混合燃料的台架试验结果分析表明,多组分B90A10混合燃料是一种较为理想的柴油机代用燃料。     

废气再循环对二甲醚/甲醇均质压燃燃烧过程影响的试验研究

在单缸柴油机上进行了冷却废气再循环(EGR)对二甲醚(DME)/甲醇均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧过程影响的试验研究。结果表明,EGR对拓宽二甲醚/甲醇HCCI发动机的最大负荷作用不大;随着EGR率增大,主燃烧开始时刻和放热峰值明显后移,主燃烧持续期延长,放热峰值降低。EGR率为25%时的最大爆发压力比没有EGR时降低了近1.3 MPa,最大爆发压力出现的位置推迟了7°CA;EGR率增大,二甲醚/甲醇HCCI发动机的指示热效率升高。对应给定的EGR率,存在一个热效率较高的DME比例区间;HC和CO排放随EGR率的增大而增加,随DME比例的增加而降低,NOx排放接近于零。控制EGR率和DME比例是控制二甲醚/甲醇HCCI发动机燃烧过程、性能和排放的关键。     

天然气发动机在不同喷射和点火时刻下的性能优化研究

为解决改装的天然气发动机动力性比原柴油机低,燃料消耗率比原柴油机高的问题,对影响燃烧时刻的喷射提前角与点火提前角这两个重要参数进行模拟实验,研究其对发动机的缸内压力与功率、燃气消耗率的影响,并根据研究结果进行优化设计。结果表明,对于缸内直喷天然气发动机,适当增大喷气提前角和选择恰当的点火提前角能在较经济的情况下提高发动机的动力性;发动机转速增加,点火提前角和喷射提前角也应提前,保证燃料的充分混合和最大化做功能力;在所有转速下,天然气发动机的功率都能恢复到原柴油机的水平。     

EGR和过量空气系数协同控制改善甲醇发动机部分负荷性能

通过一台柴油机改装的高压缩比(17.5)进气道喷射点燃式甲醇发动机,研究了废气再循环(EGR)和过量空气系数协同控制对甲醇发动机部分负荷经济性和排放性能的影响.结果表明:负荷越小,协同调节范围越宽,节油潜能越大,在1,400,r/min、50%,负荷时,甲醇消耗率降低幅值最大可达13.1%,,25%,负荷时甲醇消耗率最大可降低26.6%,;EGR率小于20%,或过量空气系数小于1.4时,协同控制对缸压峰值的影响较明显;当过量空气系数大于1.4后,甲醇发动机燃烧持续期急剧增加,循环变动迅速变大;与无外部EGR、过量空气系数为1相比较,合理利用EGR和过量空气系数协同控制,可以保证HC、CO排放值增幅不大且能有效降低NOx,甚至实现NOx的"零"排放.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Controls on the Karaha–Telaga Bodas geothermal reservoir,Indonesia

Karaha–Telaga Bodas is a partially vapor-dominated, fracture-controlled geothermal system located adjacent to Galunggung Volcano in western Java, Indonesia. The geothermal system consists of: (1) a caprock, ranging from several hundred to 1600 m in thickness, and characterized by a steep, conductive temperature gradient and low permeability; (2) an underlying vapor-dominated zone that extends below sea level; and (3) a deep liquid-dominated zone with measured temperatures up to 353 °C. Heat is provided by a tabular granodiorite stock encountered at about 3 km depth. A structural analysis of the geothermal system shows that the effective base of the reservoir is controlled either by the boundary between brittle and ductile deformational regimes or by the closure and collapse of fractures within volcanic rocks located above the brittle/ductile transition. The base of the caprock is determined by the distribution of initially low-permeability lithologies above the reservoir; the extent of pervasive clay alteration that has significantly reduced primary rock permeabilities; the distribution of secondary minerals deposited by descending waters; and, locally, by a downward change from a strike-slip to an extensional stress regime. Fluid-producing zones are controlled by both matrix and fracture permeabilities. High matrix permeabilities are associated with lacustrine, pyroclastic, and epiclastic deposits. Productive fractures are those showing the greatest tendency to slip and dilate under the present-day stress conditions. Although the reservoir appears to be in pressure communication across its length, fluid, and gas chemistries vary laterally, suggesting the presence of isolated convection cells.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.