天然吸附材料吸附机油性能实验

选择牌号10W／30的车用机油为吸附对象．选取天然吸附材料沙石、煤渣和木屑为吸油材料,按照回归正交设计与分析方法进行实验并得出各种材料相关因素影响饱和吸油量的一元线性方程。结果表明,沙石的粒度、煤渣的湿度和粒度、木屑的湿度均对材料的饱和吸油量有显著的影响。木屑对机油的平均饱和吸附量为沙石的8．9倍,煤渣的3.3倍,是落地机油的首选天然吸附材料。实验结果为陆上机油泄漏事故的无害化处理提供依据。     

砂岩对浸出铀的吸附解吸试验

通过批试验,对砂岩对浸出铀的吸附解吸做了研究,研究了不同pH、不同液固比条件下,砂岩对浸出铀的吸附和解吸效果。结果表明,pH在1.5~2.0范围内,吸附量与pH成正相关,解吸量与p H成负相关;液固比2∶1和5∶1两种条件下,液固比越大,吸附量和解吸量都增大。     

碳纳米管对水体重金属污染物的吸附/解吸性能研究进展

详细阐述了碳纳米管(CNTs)对水体中和重金属离子的吸附/解吸影响因素和吸附机理,展望了碳纳米管在环境治理方面应用前景。     

吗啡啉螯合树脂对水中钨离子的吸附及解吸性能

通过制备吗啡啉螯合树脂作为吸附材料对水中钨离子进行吸附与解吸实验,考察吸附pH、共存离子、吸附温度对饱和吸附容量的影响,并对其进行了傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、热重分析仪（TGA）、电位分析仪（Zeta）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）等手段的表征。结果表明PS-MPL树脂对钨离子的最佳吸附pH=4.0,308 K下饱和吸附量为349.2 mg·g^-1,平衡时间为13 h。吸附过程遵循二级动力学模型,吸附等温线与Langmuir模型较为吻合。通过2%（质量分数）NaOH溶液进行解吸,解吸率达到100%。PS-MPL树脂吸附钨离子具有高选择性、高吸附性、高洗脱率等优点。     

杉木木屑及改性对水中亚甲基蓝的吸附性能研究

以天然杉木木屑(RFS)和改性杉木木屑(MFS)为吸附剂,对亚甲基蓝(MB)的吸附性能进行考察,探讨了吸附剂投加量、溶液起始pH、MB初始含量、吸附时间及助剂等因素对吸附的影响。结果表明,改性能够提高杉木木屑对MB的吸附性能,当MB的质量浓度为100 mg/L时,RFS和MFS的优选投加量分别为4.0 g/L和2.0 g/L;溶液在pH为4~12的条件下,RFS和MFS对MB的吸附容量变化不大,说明这2种木屑对染液的酸碱波动具有较好的耐受力;RFS和MFS的吸附量随MB初始含量的升高而升高;NaCl、阴离子表面活性剂(SDBS)对吸附影响不大,而阳离子表面活性剂(CTAB)则会明显抑制MB的吸附;2种木屑对MB的吸附均符合准2级动力学模型,吸附等温模型拟合最符合Langmuir等温模型,RFS及MFS对MB的Langmuir吸附量分别为58.5、119mg/g。     

改性膨润土材料对汞的吸附解吸性能研究

本文制备了7种改性膨润土材料,并从中筛选出4种对汞吸附能力较强的材料,研究了四种改性材料对Hg2+的吸附解吸性能。结果显示,改性材料对Hg2+的吸附能力较钙基膨润土有大幅度提高,吸附速率均很快,巯基化膨润土对Hg2+的吸附解吸性能最佳。改性后的四种材料对Hg2+的吸附量至少提高了3倍以上,均可作为理想的Hg2+吸附剂。     

凹凸棒石对液相磷素的吸附-解吸性能研究进展

磷是引起水体富营养化的限制性因子,同时,由于凹凸棒石具有良好的吸附性能,因此,利用其吸附净化液相磷素成为研究的热点.本文综合分析国内外学者对凹凸棒石研究成果基础之上,介绍了凹凸棒石的矿物学特性,详细阐述了凹凸棒石吸附液相磷素机理.文章首次重点探讨了吸附过程的关键影响因素及酸碱度对磷素净化效果的复合影响机制,同时,讨论了吸附动力学和热力学以及解吸过程,这对凹凸棒石在环境领域的应用具有重要的科学理论价值及实际意义.     

黑土对百菌清的吸附及解吸行为

[方法]采用平衡吸附法,对黑土吸附百菌清及解吸行为进行研究,了解百菌清在土壤环境中的存在状况及迁移规律。[结果]土壤对百菌清的吸附和解吸经历了快速、减速和平衡3个阶段,土壤对百菌清吸附解吸平衡基本在12 h内完成。黑土对百菌清的吸附符合Henry等温式,在试验质量浓度范围内黑土对百菌清的最大吸附量为1 386.75 mg/kg,最大解吸率为7.93%;pH值对黑土吸附百菌清的影响呈现出正相关性,随pH值增加百菌清吸附量增大,而对百菌清解吸的影响呈现负相关性,随pH值增加百菌清的解吸量减小。[结论]研究表明:土壤pH值对百菌清在土壤中的环境行为具有一定的影响;土壤对百菌清的吸附量与解吸率的相差较大。     

阴离子交换树脂对磺基水杨酸的吸附解吸性能

用阴离子交换树脂(D201)吸附的方法研究了磺基水杨酸的富集及回收。测定了溶液的pH值、温度、吸附时间等因素对吸附的影响,探讨了吸附的热力学和动力学特性。结果表明:D201树脂在pH=2—11时,吸附能力最好,等温吸附服从Freundlich经验式,吸附动力学符合Lagergren一级速率方程,颗粒内扩散是速率控制步骤之一,膜扩散也共同影响着吸附过程。在295—313 K条件下,磺基水杨酸吸附质量分数为380—420 mg/g的吸附焓变为-13.73—-8.422 kJ/mol,自由能变为-19.89—-21.45 kJ/mol,吸附熵变为20.88—41.62 J/(K.mol),吸附速率常数为0.025 3—0.056 5 min-1,吸附活化能为34.04 kJ/mol。315 K下用质量分数10%NaCl+2%NaOH溶液可定量洗脱,洗脱率达99%。     

煤气化渣对磷酸根的吸附与解吸性能研究

煤气化渣是煤化工领域的一种固废,其大量排放对自然环境造成很大压力,对其进行资源化利用尤为重要。本研究基于煤气化渣结构特殊、比表面积较大的特点,研究了不同吸附条件对煤气化渣吸附磷酸根的影响,同时研究了煤气化渣对磷酸根的解吸及再吸附特性。结果表明,煤气化渣对磷酸根的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型和拟二级动力学反应模型。在pH=7、投料量为2.5 g/L、温度为30 ℃、时间为480 min的条件下,其Langmuir饱和吸附量达到3.998 4 mg/g。此外,煤气化渣对磷酸根还具有较好的解吸效率和再吸附能力。研究表明煤气化渣具有作为磷肥缓释剂的潜力。     

润滑油降凝剂的研究

选用富马酸、醋酸乙烯酯、混合醇为原料,采用“先聚-后酯”的方法,合成新型的润滑油降凝剂：富马酸混合醇酯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物（PPFVA）。通过单因素及正交实验,确定了最佳聚合条件,n（富马酸）：n（醋酸乙烯酯）=1:0.75、w（引发剂）=1.5%、聚合时间3.5h、聚合温度70℃、w（溶剂）=55%;酯化最优条件,n（富马酸-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物）：n（混合醇）=1:2、w（溶剂）=50%、w（催化剂）=1.5%。IR结果表明：所制备产物的官能团结构与设计的目标产物相符。将最佳条件下合成的产物,按1.16%的剂量,加入到150SN润滑油中,凝点最多可降低17℃。     

Friction and wear characteristics of PTFE composites filled with metal oxides under lubrication by oil

Four kinds of polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)-based composites, such as pure PTFE, PTFE+30%(v)PbO, PTFE+30%(v)Pb₃O₄, and PTFE+30%(v)Cu₂O composite, were prepared. The friction and wear properties of these metal oxides filled PTFE composites sliding against GCr15 bearing steel in both dry and lubricated conditions were studied by using an MHK-500 ring-block wear tester. Then the worn surfaces of these PTFE composites and the transfer films of these PTFE composites formed on the surface of GCr15 bearing steel were examined by using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and an Optical Microscope, respectively. Experimental results show that the friction and wear properties of these metal oxide-filled PTFE composites can be greatly improved by liquid paraffin lubrication, and the friction coefficients can be decreased by one order of magnitude. Meanwhile, the interactions between liquid paraffin and metal oxide-filled PTFE composites, especially the absorption of liquid paraffin into the surface layers of these PTFE composites, reduce the mechanical strength and the load-carrying capacity of these metal oxide-filled PTFE composites. This leads to the deterioration of the friction and wear properties of these PTFE composites. Investigations of the frictional surfaces show that Pb₃O₄, Cu₂O, and PbO enhance the adhesion of the transfer films to the surface of GCr15-bearing steel, and thus promote the transfer of the PTFE composites onto the surface of GCr15-bearing steel. Therefore, they greatly reduce the wear of the PTFE composites. However, the transfer of these PTFE composites onto the counterfaces can be greatly reduced by lubrication with liquid paraffin. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 85–93, 1997     

Adsorption and desorption characteristics of zinc on ash particles derived from oil palm waste

Solid waste such as palm fibre and shell produced by the palm oil industry is used by palm oil mills as boiler fuel to produce steam for electricity generation. The ash produced after combustion creates a disposal problem for the palm oil industry. This study explored the potential of oil palm ash as an adsorbent material for removal and recovery of zinc ions from aqueous solutions. The equilibrium uptake of zinc was found to increase with solution pH in the range 3–6, yielding a maximum adsorption capacity of 0.163 mmol g^?1 of ash at a pH of 6. The affinity constant of oil palm ash was found to greatly exceed that of a commercial ion exchange resin, suggesting that oil palm ash may find potential application in treating dilute zinc‐containing waste streams. Four isotherm models were used to fit the constant pH equilibrium isotherms obtained at four different pH values. The entire data set was successfully simulated using two of the isotherm models: a Langmuir model with pH‐dependent parameters and an extended Langmuir–Freundlich model with pH‐independent parameters. The rates of adsorption and desorption for zinc were measured using a stirred‐batch contactor. The contact time required to reach apparent adsorption equilibrium was found to decrease with increasing adsorbent dosage. Both the rate and the extent of zinc desorption were affected by the pH of the desorbing solution. The adsorption and desorption rates were consistent with simple first‐order rate models. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

中国石油工业经济增长与能源碳排放脱钩弹性研究

运用IPCC的CO2计算方法推算1996-2008年中国石油工业的CO2排放量,在构建基于Tapio脱钩弹性指标模型的基础上,定量分析中国石油工业1996-2008年工业增加值与CO2排放之间脱钩发展的时间演变趋势及脱钩状态变化的原因.实证研究结果表明:1996-2008年间中国石油工业增加值与能源CO2排放大都处于弱脱钩状态,未来一定时期内弱脱钩发展趋势仍将持续;而能源强度的降低是石油工业产值与能源CO2排放呈现弱脱钩的主要原因.