低游离醛高羟甲基含量酚醛树脂的合成

通过实验,以CaO作催化剂合成了低游离醛高羟甲基含量酚醛树脂。采用正交试验方法研究了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间对酚醛树脂的游离醛含量、羟甲基含量2个指标的影响。当n(苯酚)∶n(甲醛)=1∶1 2～1 3时,最优工艺条件为:n(催化剂)∶n(苯酚)物质的量比0 02、反应温度70℃、反应时间3h。     

钠催化热固性酚醛树脂的合成与表征

采用苯酚和37%甲醛水溶液为原料并以30%氢氧化钠溶液为催化剂制备了高羟甲基含量、低残留甲醛和工艺稳定的热固性酚醛树脂。通过测试合成的树脂中游离酚、游离醛和羟甲基含量研究了醛、酚物质的量比(F/P)、催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度对酚醛树脂合成的影响,并通过傅里叶变换红外光谱对合成树脂的结构进行了分析。结果表明:当F/P=1.5,催化剂添加质量分数为5%,反应时间2.5 h,反应温度85℃时,制备的树脂性能最佳,其羟甲基含量最高,树脂活性最大,主要为高邻位结构。     

常温呈固体的热固性酚醛树脂的合成及表征

以苯酚、37%甲醛水溶液为原料,25%氨水为催化剂,合成了常温呈固态的热固性酚醛树脂。通过软化点,凝胶化时间,羟甲基含量及酚醛树脂固化度测试研究了醛酚比(F/P)、反应温度及反应时间对合成树脂的结构及性能的影响。结果表明:F/P=2.0,反应温度65℃、反应时间4.0 h时合成的树脂固化速度最快,羟甲基含量最高。     

低游离酚热塑性酚醛树脂的合成

改变传统合成工艺,在热塑性酚醛树脂合成过程中加入1种有机酸A,得到低游离酚酚醛树脂。考察了酚、醛物质的量比,有机酸A用量对树脂软化点的影响以及反应温度、反应时间对树脂中游离酚含量的影响。确定了最佳合成工艺条件:第1步反应温度98~104℃,反应时间1 h,催化剂盐酸用量1.0%(基于苯酚质量),苯酚、甲醛和有机酸A的物质的量比为1∶0.82∶0.02;第2步反应温度180℃,反应时间1.5 h。通过气相色谱分析游离酚质量分数由原来的5%~10%降到0.55%。     

高羟甲基含量硼酚醛树脂的合成及表征

利用羟甲基含量,固有粘度的测定和甲醛转化率的计算,研究了硼酸三苯酯、苯酚与甲醛的缩合共聚反应。结果表明：在KOH的催化作用下,硼酸苯酯、苯酚和甲醛水溶液能进行缩合共聚反应,生成含有羟甲基的硼改性酚醛树脂;甲醋的转化率、树脂中的羟甲基含量及树脂的固有粘度受反应温度、反应物配比、催化剂用量及反应时间的影响。在反应温度90℃,体系的pH=9.60,硼酸三苯酯与甲醛、苯酚的摩尔比为0．25：5．1：1的条件下,反应4h,硼酚醛树脂中的羟甲基含量可达到24．1％,并且有较高的分子量。     

高羟甲基含量甲阶酚醛树脂的合成

利用KOH作催化剂,以甲醛和苯酚为原料合成了一种高痉甲基含量的甲阶酚醛树脂,通过羟甲基含量、可被溴化物含量、固有粘度的测定和甲醛转化率的计算,研究了反应条件对合成的影响。结果表明：随着反应温度的升高、甲醛和KOH用量的增加、反应时间的延长,树脂中的羟甲基含量先增加,后减小,树脂的固有粘度则逐渐增大,其中反应温度和催化剂用量的变化树树脂固有粘度的影响较大。在65℃的条件下,n（甲醛）：n (醛酚）：n（氢氧化钾）为2．5：1：0．1时,反应,甲阶酚醛树脂中的羟甲基质量分数可以达到32．8％,固有粘度达到2．68ml.g^-1。并用红外光谱对树脂的结构进行了表征。     

磨具磨料用酚醛树脂的合成

采用苯酚和甲醛合成了磨具磨料用液态热固性酚醛树脂,考察了催化剂种类、原料配比,反应温度、反应时间等对产品性能的影响。结果表明,苯酚和甲醛最佳物质的量比为0.81～0.82∶1,100℃下采用二乙醇胺为催化剂预反应30min,而后在85℃下采用碳酸钠催化反应2h,反应缓和易控制,合成树脂的固含量,游离酚和水的质量分数分别为82.51%,11.32%,7.86%,产率为128%(相对于苯酚),满足磨具磨料用酚醛树脂指标要求。     

合成条件对氨催化酚醛树脂结构的影响

利用红外光谱分析研究了反应温度、时间、催化剂用量,原料配比对合成的氨催化酚醛树脂中的羟甲基含量、邻对位取代比例、醚键含量和残炭率的影响。结果表明,合成条件不同,酚醛树脂中各特征基团含量变化明显,其中,邻对位取代比例变化较大,当氨水用量为4%时,邻、对位取代比值达到1.56。控制反应温度90℃,反应时间130~150 min,催化剂氨的用量3%~4%,甲醛、苯酚物质的量比为1.25时,树脂残炭率可达到49%左右。     

高羟甲基低游离醛甲阶酚醛树脂的制备

根据醛过量,碱催化制备甲阶酚醛树脂,采用正交试验法设计不同的实验方案,并通过盐酸羟胺法和碘量法分别滴定每组合成树脂中的游离醛含量和羟甲基含量,最终确定制备高羟甲基低游离醛甲阶酚醛树脂的最佳工艺,即反应温度为80℃,甲醛与苯酚比为1.2,催化剂与苯酚的摩尔比为0.025,反应时间为90min。并通过红外分析进一步确定甲阶酚醛树脂中高羟甲基含量。     

低游离甲醛可发性液态酚醛树脂的制备

以苯酚和多聚甲醛为原料合成可发性液态酚醛树脂,考察了催化剂、甲醛与苯酚摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间和甲醛捕捉剂对酚醛树脂中游离甲醛含量及酚醛树脂黏度的影响。结果表明:以复合催化剂作为催化剂,用量为苯酚质量的5%,采用逐步升温工艺,在60~70℃条件下反应3.0 h,80℃条件下反应2.5 h,添加盐酸羟胺与尿素组成的复合甲醛捕捉剂于80℃继续反应0.5 h,得到的可发性液态酚醛树脂的游离甲醛质量分数为0.12%,黏度为3.97 Pa·s。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。