Survival and activity of selected probiotic organisms in set-type yoghurt during cold storage

The growth and metabolism of two probiotic organisms (L. acidophilus LAFTI^® L10 and Lactobacillus casei LAFTI^® L26) and a regular yoghurt culture (L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus Lb1466 and Streptococcus thermophilus St1342) were studied in yoghurt containing 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% (w/v) of high amylose corn starch powder (Hi-maize^®) or inulin. Viable cell counts of probiotic organisms, their metabolites and proteolytic activities, and viscosity of the yoghurts were determined during refrigerated storage for 28 d at 4 ^oC. In the presence of inulin, cultures showed better retention of viability (8.0 log cfu g⁻¹) in comparison with that of Hi-maize, which had a reduction by one log cycle. Lower concentrations of 0.5–1.0% Hi-maize improved (P<0.05) the production of propionic acid and also increased proteolytic activity of probiotic organisms substantially. A greater release of free amino acids may have sustained better growth of the organisms in yoghurts. Supplementation with either Hi-maize or inulin increased the viscosity of probiotic yoghurts significantly (P<0.05).     

凝固型仙草酸奶的研制及保藏特性分析

为提高酸奶的品质和保健功能,采用仙草浸提液为配料进行凝固型仙草酸奶的工艺优化和保藏特性研究.结果表明,仙草酸奶的最优工艺和配方组合为:仙草浸提液添加量10%,糖添加量8%,菌种添加量7%(均为质量分数).42℃下发酵8h.在4℃保藏过程中,仙草酸奶的酸度始终低于原味酸奶,感官评分的下降速度较原味酸奶的缓慢;仙草浸提液的添加能明显提高酸奶的抗氧化作用.     

Changes in salted yoghurt during storage

The study was conducted to determine the gross chemical composition and concentrations of free fatty acids (FFAs) and volatile compounds of salted yoghurt made from indigenous goat's milk. The effects of some chemical properties on sensory attributes of salted yoghurt were also studied. Changes in FFAs (P < 0.01) and volatile compounds were statistically significant (P < 0.05) during storage. The most abundant FFAs were 9‐octadecenoic (C_18:1), hexadecanoic (C₁₆), tetradecanoic (C₁₄) and decanoic (C₁₀) acids, respectively. Ethanol and ethyl acetate were principal volatile compounds through the end of storage period. The storage period affected the intensity of flavour attributes and overall flavour score of salted yoghurt (P < 0.05). According to factor analysis result, chemical compounds including volatiles, FFAs up to C₁₄, tyrosine and titratable acidity, and flavour attributes explained 86.50% and 55.33% of total variance, respectively.     

Viability and activity of bifidobacteria in yoghurt containing fructooligosaccharide during refrigerated storage

The viability of yoghurt bacteria and two commercial strains of bifidobacteria was assessed in either yoghurt containing chicory fructooligosaccharide (FOS) or without any prebiotic, during 28 days storage at 4 °C. All the products showed a decrease in the viable count of yoghurt bacteria and bifidobacteria during storage. Numbers of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus decreased faster than those for Streptococcus thermophilus. The viability of bifidobacteria in yoghurt was affected by the strain type and the presence of FOS. Bifidobacterium animalis exhibited better stability in the yoghurt than B. longum. The recommended level of 1 million cells was exceeded for B. animalis throughout storage. The highest viable number of bifidobacteria (3.59–2.25 × 10⁷ CFU g^?1) was obtained in the product containing B. animalis and FOS. Viability of B. longum in yoghurt containing FOS remained above 10⁶ CFU g^?1 for up to 21 days, whereas this level was maintained for only 7 days for that organism in yoghurt without any prebiotic.     

Survival of probiotics encapsulated in chitosan-coated alginate beads in yoghurt from UHT- and conventionally treated milk during storage

Survival of the microencapsulated probiotics, Lactobacillus acidophilus 547, Bifidobacterium bifidum ATCC 1994, and Lactobacillus casei 01, in stirred yoghurt from UHT- and conventionally treated milk during low temperature storage was investigated. The probiotic cells both as free cells and microencapsulated cells (in alginate beads coated with chitosan) were added into 20 g/100 g total solids stirred yoghurt from UHT-treated milk and 16 g/100 g total solids yoghurt from conventionally treated milk after 3.5 h of fermentation. The products were kept at 4 °C for 4 weeks. The survival of encapsulated probiotic bacteria was higher than free cells by approximately 1 log cycle. The number of probiotic bacteria was maintained above the recommended therapeutic minimum (10⁷ cfu g⁻¹) throughout the storage except for B. bifidum. The viabilities of probiotic bacteria in yoghurts from both UHT- and conventionally treated milks were not significantly (P>0.05) different.     

顶置蓄冷板对冷库融霜时库温波动的影响

在连续融霜的基础上采用两台冷风机并联,研究冷库内有(无)顶置蓄冷板、制冷风机表面有(无)霜层4种工况下融霜热对冷库库温波动的影响。结果表明,融霜过程中,空库各截面平均温度始终高于顶置蓄冷板冷库;制冷风机在有霜和无霜状态下,顶置蓄冷板冷库比空库的库温波动分别减小了2.52,2.94 ℃,融霜能耗分别减小了1.36%,1.81%;表明冷库顶置蓄冷板可以有效降低融霜时库温波动。     

发酵乳制品中益生菌的包囊技术

由 于 益 生 菌 能 够 促 进 人 体 健 康 , 得 它 们 在 发 酵 乳 制 品 中 使 的 应 用 日 益 增 多 ,然 而 ,益 生 菌 在 这 些 乳 制 品 中 的 活 性 较 低 。 一 些 研 究 表 明 ,通 过 包 囊 的 方 式 可 以 保 护 菌 体 ,提 高 它 们 的 生 存 能 力 。 挤 压 法 和 乳 化 法 是 适 用 于 发 酵 乳 制 品 中 益 生 菌 包 囊 的 两 种 技 术 。 本 文 综 述 了 发 酵 乳 制 品 中 益 生 菌 的 包 囊 技 术 、包 囊 中 存 在 的 问 题 及 解 决 方 法 ,以 及 用 亲 水 性 胶 体 包 囊 细 胞 在 益 生 菌 生 产 中 的 应 用 。     

牛乳低聚肽在益生菌酸奶中的应用

研究了牛乳低聚肽在益生菌酸奶中的应用。以益生菌酸乳发酵剂与传统酸乳发酵剂作为共同发酵荆．在鲜牛奶或还原奶中添：加益生菌生长促进因子一牛乳低聚肽，进行益生菌酸奶的研制。通过实验确定了最佳配方及生产工艺。     

不同稳定剂对凝固型牦牛酸奶在冷藏后熟过程中品质及风味的影响

为了探讨黄原胶、果胶和羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)对牦牛酸奶在后熟过程中品质及风味的变化,实验测定了添加不同稳定剂酸奶的感官、酸度、持水性、质构,并分析了不同后熟时间酸奶的挥发性风味成分。结果表明,不同稳定剂对牦牛酸奶的感官、理化性质及质构的影响不同。添加黄原胶、果胶及CMC-Na对牦牛酸奶的感官、酸度及持水性有显著影响(p<0.05),均在一定程度上提高了酸奶的硬度,但稳定剂添加量过大时会降低酸奶的粘聚性。通过正交实验确定稳定剂最佳复配组合为:果胶0.04%、黄原胶0.02%、CMC-Na 0.03%,此时牦牛酸奶的持水力为71.52%,感官评分为42。对牦牛酸奶中的挥发性风味物质检测发现,醇类是牦牛酸奶中含量最高的物质,其次为酮类、其他类(主要为芳香类),再次为醛类。随冷藏后熟时间的延长,空白组中检出的挥发性风味物质数量变化不大;在冷藏后熟2 d时,果胶组风味的稳定效果最好,其次为CMC-Na,复合稳定剂组效果最差;至冷藏后熟7 d时,与第2 d相比,复合稳定剂组风味的稳定效果最好。     

柠檬汁对猪腰枣低温贮藏效果的影响

以柠檬汁为保鲜材料,以1-MCP为阳性对照,在4℃条件下(相对湿度95%)将武隆猪腰枣低温贮藏40d,贮藏期间每5d测定猪腰枣果实的腐烂指数、质量损失率、VC、可溶性固形物、丙二醛、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)等果实品质和生理指标,并运用主成分分析法对保鲜效果进行综合评价。结果表明,1-MCP与柠檬汁都能不同程度地延长猪腰枣采后货架期,降低果实的腐烂率、质量损失率、细胞膜脂过氧化程度,维持果实硬度、VC、有机酸和糖类物质的较高水平,增加果实内的抗氧化物酶活性,与综合评价得分结果一致。用柠檬汁处理更有利于保持猪腰枣的品质,维持更高的营养价值,可以显著延长枣果的保鲜周期。     

Effect of polyphenol from apple peel extract on the survival of probiotics in yoghurt ice cream

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of apple peel polyphenol extract (APPE) on the microbiological and physicochemical properties of yoghurt ice cream stored at −20 °C for 90 days. Five level of APPE were added in yoghurt ice cream as: CTL (control without APPE); AE1 (1% APPE); AE2 (2% APPE); AE3 (3% APPE); AE4 (4% APPE); and AE5 (5% APPE). Samples with APPE had viable counts of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis of ≥8 log cfu g⁻¹ and >7 log cfu g⁻¹, respectively, during 90 days storage except the control sample. The highest viability of probiotics was obtained in the sample fortified with 5% APPE. The presence of APPE increased the acidity, decreased the melting rate and enhanced the overrun. Compared with the control sample, the hardness of the experimental samples increased with the fortification of APPE. The addition of APPE significantly increased sensory attributes.     

Encapsulation increases the in vitro bioaccessibility of probiotics in yoghurt

This study examined the encapsulation efficacy of probiotics in yoghurts, product physicochemical properties, the best timing to add encapsulated probiotics during yoghurt manufacturing (before or after fermentation) and their in vitro bioaccessibility. Three different yoghurt types were produced including plain and with encapsulated probiotics added before and after fermentation. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in total probiotic count was observed in yoghurts containing encapsulated probiotics after 21 days of refrigerated storage. However, the total probiotic count increased during the in vitro colonic fermentation when yoghurts containing encapsulated probiotics were used, indicating increased bioaccessibility of probiotics in the colon.     

酪蛋白磷酸肽-钙络合物对酸乳贮藏特性的影响

为探究酪蛋白磷酸肽-钙（CPP-Ca）络合物对酸乳贮藏特性的影响,研究CPP-Ca络合物不同添加量对酸乳21 d贮藏期内乳酸菌总数、pH值、滴定酸度、乳清析出率及黏度的影响。与对照组比较,当CPP-Ca络合物添加量为0.15 g/100 mL时,酸乳中乳酸菌存活率从32.92%提高至47.15%（P＜0.05）;滴定酸度增长率从9.96%降低至7.06%（P＜0.05）;乳清析出率降低了0.4%（P＜0.05）,黏度比提高了5 729 mPa·s （P＜0.05）。结果表明,CPP-Ca络合物的添加能增加酸乳贮藏期内的乳酸菌总数,延缓酸度积累,降低乳清析出率,增加黏度,改善酸乳贮藏期内的产品品质。     

沙棘牛油果益生菌酸乳的配方优化及其抗氧化性

沙棘和牛油果含有丰富的益于人体健康和改善酸乳品质的成分,沙棘和牛油果在益生菌酸乳中的应用鲜有报道。本研究以沙棘、牛油果和鲜乳为主要原料,在单因素基础上进行正交优化,确定了最佳基本配方和最优工艺条件为:沙棘汁添加量10%,牛油果汁添加量8%,绵白糖添加量8%,接种植物乳杆菌2%,发酵时间4h,在此优化条件下,研究出的沙棘牛油果酸乳质地均匀,口感细腻,总黄酮的含量高达1.24mg/mL。对DPPH的清除率可高达88%,说明沙棘牛油果益生菌酸乳具有较强的抗氧化性。     

Effect of Greek-style yoghurt manufacturing processes on starter and probiotic bacteria populations during storage

This study compared viable counts of Streptococcus thermophilus (starter) and Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 (probiotic), as a function of two manufacturing processes of Greek-style (GS) yoghurt: centrifugation of a curd (GS-CF process) or ultrafiltration of milk prior to fermentation (GS-UF process). Fresh GS-UF and GS-CF yoghurts had between 3 and 7 times higher counts of Lb. helveticus R0052 and S. thermophilus than the regular stirred yoghurt (Control). Strain R0052 was three times more stable in the GS-CF yoghurt than in the Control over the 44 d storage period. The highest lactose content (44 g L⁻¹) was obtained in the Control, while 60% less was obtained in the GS-UF yoghurt; the opposite trend was observed for lactic acid and galactose. Free amino acid levels were 33% higher in the GS products. GS yoghurt can be 10 times better than traditional yoghurt to deliver probiotic bacteria, as a function of the process used.     

益生菌Lb．casei Zhang在酸乳酪制作中的发酵特性

在传统乳酪制作中添加不同量（0-3％）的Lb．casei Zhang,以不添加组作为空白对照,观察Lb．casei Zhang的发酵特性。结果表明,实验组在发酵3-6h达到对数生长期,发酵6h时Lb．casei zhang活菌数可达到6．03&#215;10^7g^-1,12h时活菌数达1．58&#215;10^8g^-1。实验组样品黏度均较对照组显著增加（p〈0．05）;与对照组相比实验组蛋白质水解程度略高,但差异不显著。在4℃冷藏过程中,实验组后酸化现象不明显;28d后,添加3．00％Lb．casei Zhang的活菌数达9．77&#215;10^8g^-1;对照组在冷藏中黏度几乎不变化,其余各组样品的黏度在冷藏7-14d中显著降低,之后到28d黏度变化不明显。     

贮藏微环境气体调控对蓝莓冷藏期果实品质及挥发性物质的影响

为了探讨不同贮藏微环境气体调控对蓝莓果实的保鲜效果,以伯克利蓝莓为试材,研究便携式塑料箱式气调(简称气调)、便携式塑料箱式气调结合1-MCP处理(简称气调+1-MCP)对蓝莓冷藏期果实品质及挥发性物质的影响。结果表明:贮藏30 d后,气调组O_2含量3.2%~9.4%,CO_2含量9.9%~19.1%;气调+1-MCP组O_2含量3.4%~10.3%,CO_2含量7.4%~18.4%。气调+1-MCP处理的贮藏微环境气体调控对于维持蓝莓好果率、果肉平均硬度以及可滴定酸含量,抑制蓝莓的呼吸强度方面效果显著优于气调,气调优于单纯冷藏(ck,对照);在延缓蓝莓可溶性固形物及Vc含量下降方面气调+1-MCP效果最好,气调次之,但三者差异不显著。蓝莓果实的挥发性物质以萜类化合物为主(66%~75%)、醛类次之(15%~22%);在贮藏过程中3种处理蓝莓醛类化合物均呈下降趋势,下降速度为ck气调气调+1-MCP组,萜类化合物均呈上升趋势,其中ck上升幅度最大,气调+1-MCP组变化幅度最小。     

低温酸奶储存过程中氨基酸含量变化研究

目的分析低温酸奶储存过程中必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸含量的变化。方法使用氨基酸分析仪对样品中氨基酸的组成及含量进行分析。结果搅拌型酸奶中必需氨基酸含量显著高于凝固型酸奶(P0.05),其中搅拌型酸奶-Ⅱ的必需氨基酸含量最高,达到40.93 g/100 g蛋白。5种低温酸奶中谷氨酸含量最高,显著高于其他氨基酸(P0.05),其最高值为(22.16±0.04)g/100 g蛋白。半胱氨酸含量显著低于其他氨基酸(P0.05),其最低值为(0.15±0.00)g/100 g蛋白。必需氨基酸中缬氨酸和异亮氨酸含量在储存6 d时达到最大值,亮氨酸和赖氨酸含量在储存3 d时达到最大值。非必需氨基酸中丝氨酸、脯氨酸和半胱氨酸在储存6 d时含量降到最低。结论储存过程中乳酸菌发酵对必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸的代谢产生影响,缬氨酸、赖氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、脯氨酸、半胱氨酸和丝氨酸含量都发生显著变化。