淡紫拟青霉的固体发酵工艺研究

淡紫拟青霉菌剂是以淡紫拟青霉PL9410为菌种并以农副产品为原料生产出的纯生物制剂,主要用于防治植物根结线虫和孢囊线虫,可作为呋喃丹等被禁用的化学农药杀虫剂的替代产品。利用淡紫拟青霉二级液体发酵,培养淡紫拟青霉液体菌种,再转接到固体培养基上进行固体发酵中试过程,优化了固体发酵工艺路线,为工业化大规模生产提供了可靠的参考依据。淡紫拟青霉固体发酵最佳温度为28℃±1℃、通风量0．05MPa、湿度70％～80％（前3d）、湿度10％-40％（后4d）。     

牛蒡根结线虫生防菌筛选、鉴定及杀线虫条件优化

[目的]分离、筛选杀根结线虫生防菌并进行杀线虫条件优化。[方法]通过抑制根结线虫卵孵化试验、毒杀根结线虫2龄幼虫试验、根结线虫趋避试验、盆栽试验和田间试验筛选出杀线能力最强的菌株Ba-2。[结果]初步鉴定菌株Ba-2为坚强芽孢杆菌(Bacillus firmus),最优杀线虫条件为初始pH值7.06、发酵温度29.83℃、盐质量浓度11.24 g/L。[结论]从药用植物牛蒡根际土壤中筛选出杀牛蒡根结线虫能力较强的生防菌,旨在为下一步研制牛蒡专用生物有机肥提供生防菌菌剂。     

蔬菜线虫病的发生与防治

我国曾发现多种线虫寄生各种蔬菜。这些线虫包括根结线虫、肾形线虫、根腐线虫，螺旋线虫，矮化线虫、滑刃线虫等。但从为害程度来看，最为重要的是根结线虫，特别是在北方大棚蔬菜。根结线虫包括南方根结线虫、花生根结线虫、爪哇根结线虫和北方根结线虫。另外，肾形肾状线虫也较普遍，并引起较大的产量损失，因而成为仅次于根结线虫的另一重要蔬菜线虫。这种线虫尤其在我国南方蔬菜产区的分布很广。     

5%阿维菌素B2乳油对番茄根结线虫病田间防效评价

正根结线虫(Meloidogyne)是一种分布广且为害重的植物病原线虫,不仅能够为害多种经济作物,如大豆、花生、柑桔等,而且也能够为害多种蔬菜作物,如黄瓜、番茄、辣椒及十字花科蔬菜等。根结线虫还可为害观赏植物以及杂草等植物。常见的根结线虫主要有花生根结线虫(Meloidogyne arenaria)、北方根结线虫(Meloidogyne hapla)、南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne     

青霉菌snf 44-1代谢产物对不同植物线虫的影响

室内测定了一株青霉菌snf 44-1的发酵代谢产物对番茄根结线虫（Meloidogyne hapla）、大豆胞囊线虫（Hreterodera glycines）、甘薯茎线虫（Ditylenchus destructor）的影响作用.发酵液对不同种类的线虫抑制作用有所差别,不同稀释倍数的发酵液对同种线虫的处理和无菌水处理有梯级差异.     

吡虫啉对5种植物寄生线虫的室内毒力测定

采用浸渍法,测定了不同质量浓度和时间下吡虫啉药剂对花生根结线虫2龄幼虫、程氏滑刃线虫、贝西滑刃线虫、松材线虫、腐烂茎线虫的毒力,并考察了其对花生根结线虫卵孵化抑制率。结果表明,花生根结线虫对吡虫啉药剂最为敏感,腐烂茎线虫最不敏感。在100 g/L质量浓度下,处理后48 h,吡虫啉药剂对花生根结线虫、程氏滑刃线虫、贝西滑刃线虫、松材线虫、腐烂茎线虫的致死率分别为91.00%、65.70%、45.70%、44.00%、9.67%。对花生根结线虫的卵孵化抑制率随着药剂浓度的升高而升高。     

氯化苦与阿维菌素混用对南方根结线虫的室内活性评价

[目的]评价氯化苦与阿维菌素混用对南方根结线虫的室内防治效果。[方法]采用广口瓶熏蒸法和凹玻片密闭熏蒸法测定氯化苦与阿维菌素联合对南方根结线虫的毒力。[结果]广口瓶熏蒸试验和凹玻片密闭熏蒸试验表明,氯化苦和阿维菌素的4种不同用量混用均对南方根结线虫表现出增效作用,对南方根结线虫的校正死亡率均分别达到85%和93%以上。[结论]氯化苦与阿维菌素混用对南方根结线虫有良好的控制作用。     

56％磷化铝片剂对黄瓜根结线虫的防效和对黄瓜生长的影响

[目的]为替代溴甲烷防治植物根结线虫,探讨了磷化铝对植物根结线虫的防效.[方法]利用储粮熏蒸剂56％磷化铝片剂进行了防治黄瓜根结线虫病的田间药效试验,系统观察了熏蒸剂对黄瓜生长的影响.[结果]56％磷化铝片剂以18.75、37.50、56.25 kg a.i./hm2熏蒸处理土壤后能明显减少根结线虫数,降低根结指数.黄瓜移栽后第80天,对黄瓜根结线虫的防治效果分别达到51.35％、62.50％、68.75％.并对黄瓜生长有显著促进作用.[结论]磷化铝从是较好的防治黄瓜根结线虫的药剂.     

植物源农药对无公害果蔬根结线虫综合治理研究

根结线虫是黄瓜种植过程中重要的地下病虫害之一,本试验采用植物材料与化学农药对比试验,试验结果表明,植物源农药在对黄瓜植物线虫的综合治理中效果优良。     

云南大学或将成为国内首个持有农药登记证的高校

正农业农村部农药检定所日前公示2021年第7批拟批准登记新农药产品名单,云南大学或将成为首个持有中国农药登记证的国内高校。据悉,本批公示的是第九届全国农药登记评审委员会第八次委员会议审议通过的26个新农药产品,其中包括云南大学申请的100亿CFU/g杀线虫芽孢杆菌B16母药和5亿CFU/g杀线虫芽孢杆菌B16粉剂,毒性级别均为微毒,后者拟登记防治番茄根结线虫。     

Studies onPaecilomyces marquandii from nematode suppressive chinampa soils

Two applications of isolates ofPaecilomyces marquandii from suppressive chinampa soils or P. lilacinus from Peru, fungi that parasitize nematode eggs, generally gave better control of tomato root-knot due toMeloidogyne incognita than did a single application. The effects on root galling by each of thePaecilomyces isolates varied between experiments; however, the ovicidal potential of the three isolates did not differ significantly. Proteins specific for each of the isolates were demonstrated by SDS gel electrophoresis. The results indicate thatP. marquandii is one of the natural soil organisms that contribute to nematode suppression in the chinampa agricultural soils.     

Fluoroalkenyl-Grafted Chitosan Oligosaccharide Derivative: An Exploration for Control Nematode Meloidogyne Incognita

The exploration of novel, environmentally friendly, and efficient nematicides is essential, and modifying natural biomacromolecules is one feasible approach. In this study, 6-O-(trifluorobutenyl-oxadiazol)-chitosan oligosaccharide derivative was synthesized and characterized by FTIR, NMR, and TG/DTG. Its bioactivity and action mode against root-knot nematode M. incognita were estimated. The results show that the derivative shows high nematicidal activity against J2s, and egg hatching inhibitory activity at 1 mg/mL. The derivative may affect nematode ROS metabolism and further damage intestinal tissue to kill nematode. Meanwhile, by synergism with improving crop resistance, the derivative performed a high control effect on the nematode with low phytotoxicity. These findings suggested that chitosan oligosaccharide derivatives bearing fluoroalkenyl groups are promising green nematicides.     

6种杀线剂对胡椒根结线虫病的防效

研究选用了6种常用杀线剂对胡椒根结线虫病进行了田间药效试验。结果表明各供试药剂对胡椒根结线虫病均有防效,其中以10%噻唑磷GR表现最佳,药后30、60d10%噻唑磷GR30kg/hm2对幼虫的防效分别为83.68%和89.15%,10%噻唑磷GR22.5kg/hm2处理次之。试验结果表明,10%噻唑磷GR对胡椒根结线虫病不但防效高,且持效期长,是理想的杀线剂。     

Tomato Root Colonization by Exogenously Inoculated Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Induces Resistance against Root-Knot Nematodes in a Dose-Dependent Manner

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are generally recognized to induce plant growth and prime plants against soil-borne parasites, such as plant parasitic nematodes. However, the effectiveness of commercial formulates containing AMF has been questioned. Increasing amounts per plant of one commercial AMF-containing formulate, reported in the text as Myco, were used to detect the effects on growth of tomato plants and the resistance induced against root-knot nematodes (RKNs) The doses used per plant (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 g, reported as Myco1, Myco2, Myco3, respectively) were soil-drenched to growing potted plants; the effects of such treatments were analyzed both in plants not inoculated or inoculated by Meloidogyne incognita juveniles. Consistent increases in plant weight were apparent as soon as 7 days only after Myco2 treatments. Moreover, only treatments with Myco2 induced a consistent repression of the nematode infection observed in untreated plants. Conversely, treatments with Myco1 and Myco3 did not produce such an early growth improvement; some plant weight increase was observable only at 28 dpt. Accordingly, such Myco doses did not restrict the level of infestation observed in untreated plants. Control of infection was dependent on the dose of Myco provided to plants five days before nematode inoculation. About one month after all Myco treatments, several areas of roots were found to be colonized by AMF, although in Myco2-treated plants, three genes involved in the AMF colonization process (SlCCaMK, SlLYK9, and SlLYK13) were found to be over-expressed already at 7 dpt; over-expression was generally less consistent at 14 and 21 dpt. The expressions of two key genes of plant defense, the hypersensitive cell death inducer PR4b gene and the glutathione peroxidase-encoding GPX gene, were monitored in roots of Myco2-treated plants 3 and 7 days after nematode inoculation. PR4b was over-expressed and GPX was silenced in treated plants with respect to untreated plants. The repressive effect of Myco2 treatment against RKN infection was completely abolished when Myco2 suspensions were autoclaved to sterilization or treated with the potent anti-fungal agent amphotericin B, thus indicating that the biological control agents contained in the commercial formulate were living fungi.     

除草剂对南方根结线虫存活的影响

在离体恒温条件下,研究了7种蔬菜田常用低毒除草剂对南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)存活的影响,并进行了除草剂盆栽防效试验.结果表明:常用喷施剂量处理后,所有供试除草剂对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫(J2)及卵囊内卵的孵化均有不同程度的致死作用,其中以33%二甲戊乐灵EC和48%氟乐灵EC效果最为明显.并对这2种除草剂进行盆栽防效试验,结果表明:48%氟乐灵EC防效优于33%二甲戊乐灵EC,接近阿维菌素,并且覆膜的防效优于不覆膜.     

新颖杀线虫种衣剂——Poncho/Votiv0

新型种衣剂Poncho/Votivo由杀虫剂噻虫胺和生物杀线虫剂坚强芽孢杆菌组成。它可防治玉米、棉花、大豆、甜菜、高粱的肾形线虫、根瘤线虫、大豆孢囊线虫、金针虫、小地老虎、种蝇、蛴螬、初期蚜虫、葡萄肖叶甲、越冬豆叶甲虫和玉米种子蛆等。它对线虫具有高效性、持效性和高的安全性。     

Effects of Jasmonate-Induced Defenses on Root-Knot Nematode Infection of Resistant and Susceptible Tomato Cultivars

Jasmonates, such as jasmonic acid (JA), are plant-signaling compounds that trigger induced resistance against certain pathogens and a broad range of arthropod herbivores. One goal of this study was to determine the effects of JA-dependent defenses in tomato on root-knot nematodes. Another was to determine if the artificial induction of these defenses could enhance nematode control on plants that carry Mi-1.2, a nematode resistance gene that is present in many tomato cultivars. At moderate soil temperatures, Mi-1.2 can effectively suppress reproduction of most isolates of the common root-knot nematode species Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita, and M. arenaria. Mi-mediated resistance has its limitations, however. Mi-1.2 is reported to lose its effectiveness at soil temperatures above 28°C, and certain virulent nematode isolates can overcome resistance even at moderate soil temperatures. This study used a foliar application of JA to activate induced resistance in two near-isogenic lines of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) with and without Mi-1.2, and evaluated the effects of induced resistance at moderate soil temperatures on one avirulent nematode isolate (M. javanica isolate VW4) and two virulent isolates (M. javanica isolate VW5 and M. incognita isolate 557R). In addition, the effects of induced resistance on avirulent nematode performance were examined at a high temperature (32°C). The results indicate that JA application induces a systemic defense response that reduces avirulent nematode reproduction on susceptible tomato plants. Furthermore, JA-dependent defenses proved to be heat-stable, whereas the effects of Mi-mediated resistance were reduced but not eliminated at 32°C. JA treatment enhanced Mi-mediated resistance at high temperature, but did not suppress either of the virulent nematode isolates tested.     

Nematode-antagonistic trichothecenes from Fusarium equiseti

A strain of the fungus Fusarium equiseti isolated from soybean cyst nematode secretes nematode-antagonistic compounds. Bioassay-guided fractionation of an extract of the culture broth was undertaken to identify the compounds. Fractions were assayed for activity against a root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita), a plant pathogen that attacks the roots of numerous plant species. Two trichothecene compounds were isolated that inhibited egg hatch and immobilized second-stage juveniles of this nematode: 4,15-diacetoxy-12,13-epoxy-3,7-dihydroxytrichothec-9-en-8-one (4,15-diacetylnivalenol) and 4,15-diacetoxy-12,13-epoxy-trichothec-9-en-3-ol ( diacetoxyscirpenol). This is the first published report of these compounds affecting plant-parasitic nematodes.     

Phytoecdysteroids: A Novel Defense Against Plant-Parasitic Nematodes

The phytoecdysteroid, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), is a major molting hormone of invertebrates, possibly including nematodes. As 20E is inducible in spinach, the defensive role against plant-parasitic nematodes was investigated. The effects of direct application on nematodes was assessed by treating cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae, juveniles with concentrations of 20E from 8.2 x 10(-8) to 5.2 x 10(-5) M before applying to Triticum aestivum growing in sand. H. avenae, Heterodera schachtii (sugarbeet cyst nematode), Meloidogyne javanica (root-knot nematode), and Pratylenchus neglectus (root lesion nematode) were treated with 5.2 x 10(-5) 20E and incubated in moist sand. To test the protective effects of 20E in plants, the latter three nematodes were applied to Spinacia oleracea in which elevated concentrations of 20E had been induced by methyl jasmonate. Abnormal molting, immobility, reduced invasion, impaired development, and death occurred in nematodes exposed to 20E either directly at concentration above 4.2 x 10(-7) M or in plants. Phytoecdysteroid was found to protect spinach from plant-parasitic nematodes and may confer a mechanism for nematode resistance.     

球孢白僵菌Snf907发酵液对番茄根结线虫病的控病效果及防御酶活性影响

研究球孢白僵菌Snf907不同浓度发酵液对番茄幼苗期南方根结线虫病(Meloidogyne incognita)的室内防效,并测得处理后番茄幼苗根内几种主要寄主防御反应酶系PAL、POD、PPO、SOD和可溶性蛋白PRO活性的动态变化.结果表明:不同浓度的发酵液对根结和卵囊的抑制率均明显高于对照,其中原液和5倍稀释液达到80%以上.不同浓度发酵液处理后番茄幼苗根部的PAL、POD、PPO、SOD活性均高于对照,PRO活性显著增加.显示了球孢白僵菌在促进植物生长方面的潜能.