基于模块化多电平变流器的柔性直流输电技术

介绍了基于模块化多电平变流器的柔性直流输电技术的基本原理,推导了系统主电路的电压电流关系,并给出了仿真验证;介绍了模块化多电平变流器的控制方式,给出了一种MMC的控制结构;介绍了世界范围内柔性直流输电工程的应用情况,以及上海南汇柔性直流输电示范工程的工程概况、系统运行方式及控制策略,并讨论了用于南汇工程的直接电流控制的原理图和控制系统结构。     

无源网络接入B2B型MMC-HVDC的Lyapunov控制策略研究

模块化多电平变流器（MMC）用于高压直流输电（HVDC）系统中时,通常采用PI控制方法,但这种策略存在参数选取繁杂、动态性能较差的缺点。为了提高高压直流输电（HVDC）系统的动态性能、简化参数选取,提出背靠背（B2B）型模块化多电平变流器-高压直流输电（MMC-HVDC）系统的Lyapunov控制策略。首先,建立B2B型MMC-HVDC数学模型;然后,设计Lyapunov函数控制策略;其次,在控制部分加入环流抑制、移相载波调制等,以完整地实现系统功能;最后,在Matlab/Simulink平台上验证了Lyapunov控制策略具有参数选择容易、动态性能优良的特点。     

基于MMC的三端柔性直流输电系统建模与仿真

研究了MMC的电路拓扑结构、运行特性以及充电原理,在PSCAD仿真平台上搭建了MMC在三端柔性直流输电系统中的模型。该三端系统由两个送端一个受端组成。两个送端均采用定有功功率和定交流电压的控制方式,受端采用定直流电压和定交流电压的控制方式。系统级控制器采用直流电压偏差控制。每个换流站都采用最近电平逼近调制方法控制模块投入与切除,采用排序的平衡控制原理均衡各子模块电容电压。对直流侧单极母线进行了接地故障仿真,并分析了对系统运行的影响。仿真结果同时验证了该模型的正确性,MMC能在三端柔性直流输电系统中稳定运行,各子模块电压波动较小,有功、无功控制量均能跟随控制目标,该模型所采用的控制策略的性能良好。     

采用VSC-HVDC的海上风电场柔性直流输电系统控制策略研究

以实际应用于海上风电输电工程中的三相两电平电压源换流器为研究对象,通过对换流器主电路拓扑结构进行坐标变换,建立了便于解析的两相旋转dq坐标系下的数学模型;换流器控制系统采用了双闭环PI控制方法,并引入电流解耦控制,实现了一侧定有功、一侧定直流电压控制,提高了系统的动态性能和抗干扰能力;采用了SVPWM调制方式进行调制,有效地降低了谐波含量和开关损耗;采用Matlab/Simulink仿真,并搭建了3.5 kW试验验证平台。结果表明该方案控制效果良好,电压、电流波形稳定、谐波含量少且响应速度较快。因此,适用于海上风电场柔性直流输电系统。     

用于海上风电场直流输电的新型变换器

针对永磁直驱风力发电机变流技术的特点,并根据柔性直流输电系统的电压和功率控制要求,提出了一种新型的直流变换器。该变流器采用三电平拓扑结构、内环电流峰值控制,以及适用于三电平Boost变换器电流峰值控制的双梯形波补偿控制方法,经Matlab／Simulink仿真,研究结果证明该变流器具有功率开关电压应力小、电抗器电流脉动小,以及运行可靠、动态响应性能好等优点,适用于海上风电柔性直流输电等大功率、高电压场合。     

模块化多电平换流器型高压直流输电综述

模块化多电平换流器（modular multilevel converter,MMC）型直流输电采用模块化结构,是新一代直流输电技术,发展非常迅速。将MMC-HVDC和传统直流、VSC-HVDC进行了比较,说明了其优越的性能;对MMC从拓扑结构、工作原理作了全面分析并重点研究了MMC的技术特点和关键技术,对比分析了不同控制策略的优势与不足以及分别的适用场合;通过介绍MMC-HVDC的国内外研究现状及工程应用,表明模块化多电平换流器型直流输电应用前景广泛,是未来直流输电的一个重要发展方向。     

基于能量平衡的模块化多电平变换器调制方法

基于模块化多电平变换器（modular multilevel converter, MMC）的DC/DC变换器因其模块化结构,容易实现低中高压之间的电压转换而广泛应用于直流配电网。该文研究了一种基于模块化多电平变换器的电隔离双向DC/DC变换器,根据DAB变换器的典型两电平电压波形,提出了一种基于能量平衡的模块化多电平变换器调制方法,可以在离散水平上产生适应的电压增益,并对MMC桥臂子模块电压平衡关系和能量平衡关系进行了理论分析,最后通过仿真方法验证了所提出的基于能量平衡的模块化多电平变换器调制方法的性能要优于经典能量平衡策略。     

CDSM-MMC直流侧故障隔离原理及重启动策略

摘要： 采用模块化多电平换流器的柔性直流输电系统,目前除了常见的半桥和全桥结构型的子模块,基于钳位双子模块的模块化多电平换流器由于其不仅能够隔离直流侧故障,且在经济性、性能上具有较强的优势,得到了广泛的关注和研究。通过介绍钳位双子模块（Clamp Double Sub-Module,CDSM）的工作原理,详细讨论分析了CDSM对于直流侧发生双极性短路、单极短路、断线等故障的隔离原理,以及柔性直流输电系统发生故障后控制器的工作状态,提出一种新型的柔性直流输电系统故障后的重启动策略,并在PSCAD/EMTDC下建立单端21电平基于CDSM结构的柔性直流输电仿真模型,通过对比所提出的重启动过程与原有重启动过程,验证了所提出重启动策略的有效性。     

基于多目标递阶模型预测理论的MMC能量协同控制研究

基于模块化多电平换流器的高压直流输电系统（MMC-HVDC）具有广阔的发展前景,针对常规控制方法在不平衡网压下存在控制复杂且换流器内部能量难以控制等缺陷,提出基于多目标递阶模型预测理论的模块化多电平换流器（MMC）能量协同控制策略。该方法通过优化控制各桥臂的各电流分量来调节MMC功率分布,实现交流侧三相电流与换流器内部能量平衡的协同控制;为简化控制复杂度、降低控制计算量,对传统模型预测控制进行优化,建立相应的预测模型和目标函数,并将控制目标划分为内部和外部特性的分层控制,利用外部特性控制的最优解及内部特性分析结果,优化内部特性控制的寻优范围。最后,通过仿真和实验的结果验证所提出的控制策略能更快实现正常及交流侧不平衡工况下的换流器安全稳定运行。     

RESEARCH ON A NOVEL FIVE LEVEL CONVERTER BASED ON SUPER CAPACITORS

提出一种基于超级电容的五电平变流器拓扑,分析了变流器的运行工况和电容电压控制算法,采用基于脉冲宽度给出变流器输出电压的谐波特征,提出相应的调制策略.实验结果表明,变流可实现五电平输出,存储回馈的电能,提高系统的电压和容量.该文提出的调制算法可显著提高输出电压的波形质量,实现对电容电压的平衡控制.     

Effects of cell-to-cell fuel mal-distribution on fuel cell performance and a means to reduce mal-distribution using MEMS micro-valves

Achieving uniform flow among the cells of a fuel cell stack plays a significant role in being able to operate at maximum capability and efficiency. This paper presents experimental data showing the importance of cell-to-cell fuel flow balancing on fuel cell performance, and a fuel cell energy management (FCEM) technique that has demonstrated the ability to improve stack performance. In a specially instrumented four-cell polymer electrolyte fuel cell that allows external control of the air, fuel, and water-cooling flows to each cell, fuel to a single cell was reduced. V–I curves collected under these unbalanced conditions are compared to curves collected when the fuel flow to each cell was balanced. Reducing the fuel flow to a single cell by 11% decreased the V–I curve cutoff load by 10%—demonstrating the degree of negative effect that unbalanced fuel flows can have on stack performance. Typical fuel cell stacks have no dynamic means to keep flows in the stack balanced between the cells, but through the use of custom-built, piezoelectric micro-valves, a simple flow control strategy, and this custom four-cell laboratory stack, the positive effects of FCEM flow balancing at three different fuel flow rates was demonstrated.     

PEM fuel cell supported distribution static compensator for power quality enhancement in three-phase four-wire distribution system

One of the major problems in electrical power system is the lack of quality of power due to the rapid growth of nonlinear load and unbalanced load utilization in three-phase four-wire distribution system. In this paper, PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cell supported four-leg Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) is modelled to mitigate harmonics, neutral current and load balancing under nonlinear load and unbalanced load conditions in three-phase four-wire distribution system. The instantaneous reactive power (IRP) theory control algorithm is proposed for four-leg DSTATCOM. The Real coded Genetic Algorithm (RGA) optimized Proportional Integral (PI) controller and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) controller are used for regulating the DC link voltage of DSTATCOM. This paper also investigates the performance of ANFIS based DSTATCOM with conventional method. The proposed system is modelled and its performance is analyzed in MATLAB/SIMULINK.     

一种基于MMC子模块电压估算的改进调制方法

为了解决传统的模块化多电平换流器(MMC)调制会产生谐波环流的问题,提出了一种基于MMC子模块电容电压估计的改进调制方法,即先利用桥臂能量来估算该桥臂子模块平均电容电压,然后将估算的电压作为参考值,利用最近电平逼近法进行调制,根据推导的公式分析了产生电容电压波动的原因,为进一步抑制二倍频环流,设计了环流抑制器,并搭建了三相仿真模型。仿真结果表明,所提改进调制方法可显著抑制谐波环流,与环流抑制器协同运行可进一步抑制环流波动。     

Fuzzy dispatching of solar energy in distribution system

This paper presents a novel approach for solar energy using in distribution system as distributed generation (DG) unit. A nonlinear fuzzy controller tunes the modulation index of PWM inverter to feed the load in the grid via photovoltaic arrays. The controller also dispatches two dc sources to control input of inverter. The proposed system controls the voltage even during changing sunlight voltage condition or unbalanced load. A low pass LC filter is linked to the output of voltage source converter to bypass switching harmonics. The evolutionary method based on fuzzy theory is used to determine the value of modulation index and disperse the sources from a fuzzy rule-based defined on load voltage error of the point of common coupling. This system gives a full flexibility to the grid to obtain power from the solar photovoltaic units depending on its cost and load requirement at any given time. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of performance of proposed method.     

三相不平衡负载下静止同步补偿器控制策略研究

低压配电网中不平衡负载会导致设备不正常运行、降低电能质量。对此,提出了一种新型控制策略,该策略通过瞬时对称分量法和信号延迟对消法(DSC)计算出负载电流、配电静止同步补偿器(DSTATCOM)输出电流的正序、负序分量,然后分别在正、负序同步旋转坐标控制正、负序分量,对正序分量的控制使DSTATCOM补偿负载无功电流,对负序分量的控制使DSTATCOM补偿不平衡负载导致的负序电流。搭建了DSTATCOM试验平台,试验结果表明,该策略在不平衡负载下,使得DSTATCOM能有效补偿负载无功电流和负序电流,实现了电网单位功率因数,电网电流平衡度达到了国标要求,总谐波失真(THD)小于5%。研究成果可为不平衡负载情况下的DSTATCOM控制提供参考。     

Analytical Investigation of an Induction Motor Fed From Four-Switch VSI With a New Space Vector Modulation Strategy

In this paper, an analytical model with a new space-vector modulation strategy for a four-switch (B4), inverter feeding an induction motor drive is derived. The proposed modulation strategy for the B4 operation has the same symmetry as in a classical B6 inverter. The analysis is based on a novel space-vector decomposition technique. The analytical results of the machine are accomplished in an alphabeta complex plane by space vector decomposition and by using a mixed p-z approach. As shown, good agreement exists between the analytically calculated waveforms and the experimentally determined ones. Therefore, the proposed analytical model becomes a very useful method for motor investigation under unbalanced as well as balanced supply conditions     

Adaptive decoupled control of 4-leg voltage-source inverters for standalone photovoltaic systems: Adjusting transient state response

Three leg inverters for photovoltaic systems have a lot of disadvantages, especially when the load is unbalanced. These disadvantages are for example, small utilization of the DC link voltage, the dependency of the modulation factor of the load current and the superposition of a DC component with the output AC voltage. A solution for these problems is the four-leg inverter. Consequently, generation of balanced voltage with sinusoidal waveform is necessary for these inverters. The power stage model of the 4-leg inverter in rotating coordinates dqo is highly coupled. Consequently, controller design procedure is very difficult and complex. On the other hand, adaptive control for 4-leg inverters has not yet been discussed in the literature. This paper proposes the state feedback approach to decouple the system and convert it to a second-order system which has two poles equal to zero. Then, it suggests a compensator to cancel poles of the closed-loop system and to convert the final system to a desired second-order system. Thanks to use of this strategy the transient performance of the system, such as overshoot and speed of response, becomes greatly adjustable. In addition, an STR (Self-Tuner Regulator) is introduced to tune the state feedback matrix and to guarantee the adaptive performance of the system. Simulation results validate that, by using proposed control strategy, the 4-leg inverter generates balanced voltage, with perfect sinusoidal waveform, in spite of the presence RL time-variant loads.     

Influence of unbalanced voltage on the steady-state performance of a three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor

The negative effects of a particular unbalanced voltage on the performance of an induction motor are studied in this paper. The paper suggests that the available definitions of unbalanced voltages are not comprehensive and complete. Therefore, the results of these analyses on motor performance are not very reliable. To prove this claim, a three-phase 25-hp squirrel-cage induction motor is analyzed under different unbalanced conditions. It is shown that it is necessary to define a more precise unbalanced factor for more accurate results. Experimental results verify the theoretical analysis.     

Performance investigation of artificial intelligence based controller for three phase four leg shunt active filter

In this paper, the choice of power quality compensator is a DSTATCOM which constitutes a three phase four leg voltage source converter (VSC) with a DC capacitor. The control strategy proposed for the DSTATCOM is a neural network based one cycle control (OCC). This control strategy involves neural network block, digital circuits and linear elements, which eliminates the sensors required for sensing the load current and coupling inductor current in addition to the multiplier employed in the conventional method. The calculation of harmonic and reactive currents for the reference current generation is also eliminated, thus minimizing the complexity in the control strategy. The control strategy mitigates harmonic/reactive currents, ensures balanced and sinusoidal source current from the supply mains that are nearly in phase with the supply voltage, compensates neutral current, and maintains voltage across the capacitor under unbalanced source and load conditions. The performance of the DSTATCOM with the proposed artificial neural network (ANN) controllers is validated and investigated through simulations using Matlab software. The simulation results prove the efficacy of the proposed neural network based control strategy under varying source and load conditions.