苯醚甲环唑对水生生物急性毒性评价

[目的]评价苯醚甲环唑对水生生物的毒性影响。[方法]采用藻类生长抑制试验法、静态水溞类急性活动抑制试验法、半静态水鱼类毒性试验法,分别研究苯醚甲环唑常用剂型对斜生栅藻、大型溞和斑马鱼的急性毒性效应。[结果]10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂、20%苯醚甲环唑微乳剂、15%苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂、30 g/L苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂对斜生栅藻生长抑制EC50(72 h)值分别为1.58、1.13、0.353、1.18 mg a.i./L,对大型溞急性活动抑制的EC50(48 h)值分别为4.07×10-2、0.219、0.461、0.717 mg a.i./L,对斑马鱼急性毒性的LC50(96 h)值分别为2.64、4.75、0.777、7.05×10-2mg a.i./L。[结论]10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂、20%苯醚甲环唑微乳剂、15%苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂、30 g/L苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂对斜生栅藻均为中等毒性,对大型溞的毒性等级依次为剧毒、高毒、高毒、高毒,对斑马鱼的毒性等级依次为中毒、中毒、高毒、剧毒。     

苯醚甲环唑和丙环唑对罗非鱼的急性毒性研究

以罗非鱼为供试对象,研究苯醚甲环唑和丙环唑对其的急性毒性,观察96 h内罗非鱼的中毒反应和死亡情况。结果显示,苯醚甲环唑对罗非鱼96 h LC50为4.31 mg/L,丙环唑对罗非鱼96 h LC50为4.85 mg/L,表明这两种药物对罗非鱼为高毒药物。     

30％苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑水乳剂的配方研制

[方法]通过对阴离子和非离子表面活性剂复配体系的筛选,确定了30％苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑水乳剂的优惠配方.[结果]优惠配方:苯醚甲环唑15％,丙环唑15％,乳化剂NP-15 3％,乳化剂1601 6％,乳化剂S-20 2％,乳化剂500# 1％,溶剂甲苯15％,去离子水余量.[结论]各项指标均符合水乳剂的要求,具有良好的开发前景.     

浸果处理后苯醚甲环唑在贮藏苹果中的残留动态

[目的]探究苯醚甲环唑在贮藏期苹果中的残留动态。[方法]对苹果进行了浸果处理,采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测技术,测定了苯醚甲环唑残留水平与浸果处理药液质量浓度、贮藏温度和时间的关系。[结果]苯醚甲环唑残留量与处理药剂质量浓度呈正相关,随着贮藏温度的升高和贮藏时间的延长而显著下降;药剂降解速率与药剂质量浓度无明显相关性,贮藏温度提高降解速度加快,贮藏时间延长降解速率降低。[结论]用质量浓度为33.3 mg a.i./L的药液浸果,其食用安全性较高;如用质量浓度为66.7 mg a.i./L的药液浸果,在4℃贮藏条件下需经过35 d的安全间隔期后方可食用。     

30%苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑微乳剂的配方

[目的]苯醚甲环唑和丙环唑是优秀的三唑类杀菌剂,对大多数真菌性病害具有良好的治疗和铲除作用.希望通过配制成环保剂型微乳剂能够得到更广泛的应用.[结果]通过对表面活性剂和助溶剂的筛选,确定了最优配方,苯醚甲环唑15%,丙环唑15%,20%乙醇,5%异丙醇,4.5%500#,6%601,4.5%NP-10P,纯净水补齐.[结论]此配方乳化剂用量较少,助溶剂较安全,微乳剂透明范围大,低温、热贮稳定性好,符合微乳剂的各项指标要求.     

200g/L氟唑菌酰羟胺·苯醚甲环唑SC防治花生叶斑病试验

[目的]探索200 g/L氟唑菌酰羟胺·苯醚甲环唑SC对花生叶斑病防效.[方法]依据花生叶斑病药剂防治田间药效试验准则进行.[结果]200 g/L氟唑菌酰羟胺·苯醚甲环唑SC对花生叶斑病有较高的防效,不同梯度剂量下,防效幅度为59.65％～87.16％,与当地常用对照药剂苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑比较,差异显著.[结论]200...     

30%苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑乳油在水稻中的残留分析

建立了苯醚甲环唑和丙环唑在水稻中的残留量分析方法.样品经丙酮提取后,液-液分配进行净化,用气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定苯醚甲环唑和丙环唑的残留量.结果表明:苯醚甲环唑在稻出水、稻田土壤、水稻稻杆、谷壳和糙米中的最低检出量分别为0.005 mg/L,0.00125、0.0025、0.0025、0.0025 mg/kg,丙环唑的最低检出量分别为0.0001 mg/L,0.00025、0.0005、0.0005、0.0005 mg/kg.测出苯醚甲环唑、丙环唑在不同样品中的平均回收率为80.81%～112.85%和83.71%～112.11%,相对标准偏差为0.74%～6.11%和2.52%～7.29%.     

30%苯醚甲·丙环唑乳油的气相色谱分析

采用5%OV-101色谱柱固定相,以邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯为内标物,用FID检测器对30%苯醚甲·丙环唑乳油定量分析。苯醚甲环唑、丙环唑的标准偏差分别为0.095、0.062,变异系数分别为0.62%、0.41%,苯醚甲环唑的回收率为99.26%～101.28%,丙环唑的回收率为98.72%～101.55%。该方法方便、快捷、准确。     

30%苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑微乳剂高效液相色谱分析

采用高效液相色谱法分析苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑复配制剂,使C18反相柱和紫外可变波长检测器,以乙腈-水(体积比70:30)为流动相,用外标法对有效成分进行分析和定量.苯醚甲环唑和丙环唑的标准偏差分别为0.11和0.13,变异系数分别为0.73%和0.85%,平均回收率分别为99.2%和99.1%.     

6%苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑泡腾片剂的研制及其毒力测定

[目的]研制6%苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑泡腾片剂制剂。[方法]对泡腾片剂的载体、黏结剂、分散剂进行筛选;采用生长速率法测定优选配方的杀菌活性。[结果]6%苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑泡腾片剂的优选配方为:苯醚甲环唑原药3%,丙环唑原药3%,柠檬酸10%,碳酸氢钠10%,十二烷基苯磺酸钠2%,萘磺酸盐2%,可溶性淀粉6%,无水硫酸钠补充到100%。该泡腾片剂配方符合泡腾片剂的质量标准,其对水稻纹枯病的杀菌活性与30%苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑水分散粒剂相当。[结论]6%苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑泡腾片剂是一个具有市场潜力的优良制剂。     

不同杀菌剂对牡丹绒边胶盘孢的室内毒力测定

[目的]筛选防治牡丹绒边胶盘孢叶斑病的有效药剂。[方法]采用菌丝生长速率法测定了16种药剂在10 mg/L质量浓度下对牡丹绒边胶盘孢病原菌的相对抑制率,并对相对抑制率大于60%的5种药剂配成5个梯度质量浓度,进行室内毒力测定。[结果]25%戊唑醇WP、25%丙环唑EC、400 g/L氟硅唑EC、20%嘧霉胺WP、10%苯醚甲环唑WG的抑菌效果较好,EC50值分别为0.0320、0.0642、0.1392、0.2044、0.5848 mg/L。[结论]为牡丹绒边胶盘孢叶斑病的大田防治提供了药剂筛选依据。     

12种农药对油茶炭疽菌的室内毒力测定

[目的]通过室内试验筛选出可有效防治油茶炭疽病的药剂。[方法]采用菌丝生长速率法测定了12种杀菌剂对油茶炭疽病的抑菌作用,并得到了12个毒力回归方程及抑制有效中浓度(EC50)。[结果]12种杀菌剂对油茶炭疽病病原菌的毒力最强的为10%苯醚甲环唑WG,EC50值为47.8630 mg/L;21%硅唑多菌灵SC、25%咪酰胺EC次之,EC50值分别为97.7232、125.8925 mg/L;100%硫酸铜结晶和70%代森锰锌WP的毒力最差。[结论]10%苯醚甲环唑WG、21%硅唑多菌灵SC以及25%咪酰胺EC均可有效抑制油茶炭疽病菌的生长,可进一步用于田间试验。     

4种杀虫剂对小峰熊蜂工蜂和雄性蜂的急性经口毒性测定

[目的]小峰熊蜂在授粉过程中极易受到杀虫剂的影响,研究杀虫剂对小峰熊蜂的急性毒性具有重要的意义。[方法]利用连续摄入法测定了4种杀虫剂对小峰熊蜂的急性经口毒性。[结果]4种农药对小峰熊蜂工蜂24 h的致死中浓度分别为44.30、0.75、158.17、94.83 mg/L,48 h的致死中浓度分别为10.68、0.54、31.19、62.82 mg/L,而4种农药对小峰熊蜂雄性蜂的24 h的致死中浓度分别为24.23、2.16、116.63、239.95 mg/L,48 h的致死中浓度分别为8.73、1.47、69.84、129.36 mg/L。[结论]吡虫啉和呋虫胺对小峰熊蜂的毒性为高毒,而氟虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺为中等毒性;同种农药对工蜂和雄性蜂的毒力不同,在不同型蜂中的累计致死作用效果也不一样。     

创新杀菌剂对土传病原真菌的离体活性测定

[目的]为了研究杀菌剂对尖孢镰刀菌、立枯丝核菌、瓜果腐霉菌的生物活性,采用菌丝生长速率法对多种杀菌剂及其混剂组合进行了离体抑菌活性测定.[结果]啶菌(恶)唑和苯醚甲环唑对黄瓜枯萎病菌的EC50值分别为0.3233、0.6604 mg/L;三环菌胺和甲霜灵对黄瓜猝倒病菌的EC50值分别为1.0282、2.5163mg/L.啶菌(恶)唑与苯醚甲环唑、三环菌胺与甲霜灵两两配比组成混剂,不同混剂组合在部分配比中共毒系数大于120,表现出增效作用.[结论]毒力测定结果表明:啶菌(恶)唑、苯醚甲环唑、三环菌胺和甲霜灵分别对3种病菌表现出了很强的抑制作用;啶菌(恶)唑·苯醚甲环唑(1∶5)、三环菌胺·甲霜灵(1∶3和1∶5)分别对病菌表现出了明显的增效作用.     

杀菌剂戊唑醇对花翅摇蚊(Chironomus kiiensis)幼虫的急性毒性和抗氧化酶系统的影响

[目的]以花翅摇蚊(Chironomus kiiensis)为暴露对象,采用急性毒性试验方法研究了杀菌剂戊唑醇对花翅摇蚊幼虫的毒性以及对抗氧化酶系统的影响。[结果]戊唑醇对花翅摇蚊1龄和4龄幼虫48 h的EC50值分别为3.056、4.618 mg/L。各个取样时间之间CAT活性存在显著差异,0.5 mg/L处理组CAT活性先升高后降低,1.0、2.0 mg/L处理组持续降低;各质量浓度处理组与对照组间SOD活性均有显著差异,但变化并无一定规律;由于花翅摇蚊幼虫体内GSH-PX较低,未能用所购买试剂盒测出4龄幼虫体内的GSH-PX。     

油炸食品残油中芥酸与隆线溞致死效应的相关性研究

采用隆线溞（Daphnia carinata）纯生物株Dc 42为试验生物,参照ISO6241大型溞致死生物试验法,研究油炸食品残油对隆线潘24～96h的致死效应,生物急性毒性试验表明,残油具有极强的生物毒性,残油中芥酸与隆线溞致死效应具有相关性.     

Effects of surface activity on aquatic toxicity of binary surfactant mixtures

The purpose of this study was to discuss the effects of surface activity on the aquatic toxicity of binary surfactant mixtures comprising anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants. Surface tension was measured to determine the cmc (critical micelle concentration), and acute aquatic toxicity tests were conducted on Daphnia magna to obtain 24h-EC(50) (24h 50% effective concentration). TU (toxic unit) was calculated to evaluate the toxicity of the mixture. Most of the surfactant mixtures showed no synergistic increase in the aquatic toxicity. The mixture of anionic/nonionic surfactants showed synergistic interfacial activity with decreasing cmc, but the toxicity did not increase. The surface tension of the mixture at 24h-EC(50) (γ(tox)), which was used as an indicator of the toxic concentration, decreased considerably and TU was >1, indicating decreased toxicity. γ(tox) of the anionic/anionic surfactant mixture decreased when tested with hard water (hardness of 625 ppm). γ(tox) could not be used as a toxic indicator for the anionic/cationic surfactant mixtures because they showed aquatic toxicity before their surface tension began to decrease.     

广藿香棒孢霉叶斑病病原菌生物学特性及药剂筛选

[目的]掌握广藿香棒孢霉叶斑病病原菌多主棒孢[Corynespora cassiicola(Berk.&Curt.)Wei]的生物学特性及防治该病害。[方法]采用平板培养法测定病原菌生物学特性及平板对峙法进行药剂筛选。[结果]多主棒孢菌丝最适在PDA培养基上生长,最适温度为28℃及最适pH值为6。完全光照或光暗交替有利于菌丝生长。室内药剂筛选结果表明:50%咪鲜胺锰盐WP、80%代森锰锌WP和10%苯醚甲环唑WG的EC50值分别为0.1115、0.1594、0.1946 mg/L。[结论]50%咪鲜胺锰盐WP、80%代森锰锌WP和10%苯醚甲环唑WG具有较强的抑制效果。     

Potential Toxic Effect on Aquatic Fauna by the Dwarf Shrub Empetrum hermaphroditum

The common evergreen dwarf shrub Empetrum hermaphroditum has influence on the functioning of boreal terrestrial ecosystems in northern Sweden. The negative effects of E. hermaphroditum are partly attributed to the production of the dihydrostilbene, batatasin-III, which is released from leaves and litter by rain and snowmelt. In this study, we investigated whether batatasin-III is carried by runoff into streams and lakes during the snowmelt period and whether it is also potentially hazardous to aquatic fauna. Sampling of water from streams and a lake for which the surrounding terrestrial vegetation is dominated by E. hermaphroditum was done during the snowmelt period in May 1993 and in 1998, and analyzed for batatasin-III. Using 24- and 48-hr standard toxicity tests, we analyzed toxicity to brown trout (Salmo trutta) alevins and juvenile water fleas (Daphnia magna). Toxicity (proportion of dead individuals) to trout was tested at pH 6.5 and compared with that of a phenol within a range of concentrations. In the toxicity (proportion of immobilized individuals) test on D. magna, the interactive effect of pH (pH 5.5-7.0) was included. Concentration of batatasin-III was generally higher in 1998 than in 1993 and showed peak levels during snowmelt. Concentration in ephemeral runnels > the lake > streams running through clear-cuts dominated by E. hermaphroditum > control streams lacking adjacent E. hermaphroditum vegetation. The maximum concentration of batatasin-III found was 1.06 mg l(-1). The proportion of dead yolk sac alevins increased significantly (P < 0.001) with increasing concentrations of batatasin-III and time of exposure. After 24 hr, EC50 was 10 mg l(-1). It was 2 mg l(-1) after 48 hr. The effect of phenol was negligible, indicating a specific phytotoxic effect of the bibenzyl structure of batatasin-III. The proportion of mobile D. magna became significantly smaller (P < 0.001) with increasing concentrations of batatasin-III, with decreasing pH, and with increasing exposure time. EC50 varied between 7 and 17 mg l(-1) at pH 5.5 and 7.0, respectively. After 24 hr EC50 decreased and was 2.5 at pH 5.5 and 12 mg l(-1) at pH 7.0. The levels of batatasin-III found in the field samples were below the lowest EC50 in acute toxicity tests. However, in view of the interactive effect of pH and exposure time, this study suggests that this stable plant metabolite may impose a lethal effect on the aquatic fauna in small streams.