基于振动信号的变压器铁心与绕组故障区分方法

针对变压器铁心、绕组由于机械结构相连,铁心故障与绕组故障区分困难的问题,提出采用基于振动信号的变压器铁心与绕组故障的区分方法,通过对比分析铁磁材料磁致伸缩和绝缘垫块弹性形变的非线性特性差异,结合实验分别获取变压器铁心、绕组振动信号,在频域研究了变压器铁心、绕组振动信号的非线性特性,通过分析不同条件下振动信号高次谐波能量占比,提出采用振动信号基频与高次谐波幅值的变化规律来区分铁心故障和绕组故障.研究表明,变压器运行中振动信号基频分量由铁心和绕组振动共同决定,高次谐波分量主要来源于铁心振动.当变压器绕组故障时,仅振动信号基频幅值发生突增;铁心故障时基频和高次谐波分量幅值均发生突增,可以有效区分铁心和绕组故障.     

Analysis of Ferroresonance Modes in Power Transformers Using Preisach-Type Hysteretic Magnetizing Inductance

The magnetic hysteresis phenomenon plays an important role in the ferroresonance behavior of a transformer. However, most existing transformer models for the analysis of the ferroresonance phenomenon either ignore the hysteresis effects or represent it based on the hysteresis major loop and scale it for lower current levels. Such a modeling approach does not reflect the actual physical behavior of the magnetic core with respect to the ferroresonance phenomenon. This paper, based on Preisach theory, introduces an accurate model of hysteretic inductor to represent a single-phase transformer for the investigation of the ferroresonance phenomenon. Based on the developed model, time-domain simulation studies show that even in the case of a single-phase transformer where no magnetic coupling exists between the three-phases, all known types of ferroresonance, including fundamental, sub-harmonic, quasi-periodic and chaotic modes, may occur. The effects of hysteresis and its initial conditions, grading capacitors and transformer winding capacitance on occurrence of ferroresonance and its change of mode are also discussed     

三相多芯柱电力变压器的谐波模型研究

提出了一种基于铁芯拓扑结构的三相多芯柱电力变压器谐波建模的新方法，将三相变压器用一组电路和磁路方程来描述，选用激磁主磁通和磁动势作为联接电路方程和磁路方程的中间变量。将三相变压器的谐波建模问题归结为三相变压器激磁电流的分析和计算，详细阐述了三相三芯柱变压器和五芯柱变压器激磁电流的计算和分析方法。在该模型中用单值磁化曲线来描述变压器铁芯的饱和效应，而涡流、磁滞和杂散损耗用三个等值电阻来模拟的。作者还讨论了建立相坐标下三相变压器谐波模型的基本方法。     

±800 kV特高压直流输电系统谐波不稳定研究

分析了谐波不稳定产生的原因及条件,以某±800 kV特高压直流输电实际工程为研究对象,采用PSCAD/EMTDC搭建仿真模型,研究了由换流变压器铁芯饱和引起的谐波不稳定现象及规律。仿真结果表明,系统在单极10%额定功率下运行时,换流变压器铁芯饱和稳定因子为负,此时外界扰动导致换流变压器铁芯严重饱和,系统出现谐波不稳定现象。最后提出了抑制谐波不稳定的措施,仿真分析验证了其有效性。     

基于异常值分析的变压器在线监测方法

从变压器在线监测数据中异常值产生的机理出发，提出了一种利用在线观测值中异常点的发生时间和类型进行报警的变压器在线监测方法。实例表明，这种方法可用于运行条件存在较大差异，难以用统一的标准值来判别状态的设备，存在较高的实用价值。     

Modeling the saturation processes of a power-transformer core under simultaneous direct and alternating current passing through the winding

A mathematical model of a three-phase two-winding step-up power transformer with the winding circuit Δ/Yo with simultaneous ac and dc currents passed through the grounded winding has been developed. The proposed model is represented by a system of differential equations, which are nonlinear because of the nonlinearity of the inductive resistances of the magnetization curve. The calculation results for a TDTs-400000/242/20 shell–core transformer are given. The model takes into account the effect of dc on the saturation of the power-transformer core, which is especially important under asymmetrical modes that can occur during thunderstorms, seismic activities, or space-weather disturbances.     

变压器中性点接地方式对和应涌流产生的影响分析

和应涌流影响变压器的正常运行,目前认为将空载合闸变压器或运行变压器的中性点对地断开,是切断和应涌流通路,避免产生和应涌流的有效方法。通过仿真和试验研究,分析了变压器中性点接地状态对变压器和应涌流产生的影响,结果表明变压器的中性点断开并不能消除和应涌流的产生,而且运行变压器或空载合闸变压器中性点断开与否,一台变压器空载合闸,运行变压器中都有可能产生和应涌流,并且中性点在不同接地的不同组合状态下,运行变压器中产生的和应涌流是不相同的。     

基于电压、电流信息的变压器保护原理分析

分析研究了3种综合利用电压、电流信息的变压器保护原理,分别是磁通特性原理、等值方程原理和功率差动原理。磁通特性原理利用变压器铁心磁通变化规律来区别变压器运行状态,但是磁通难以直接测量且计算困难;等值方程原理根据利用正常运行绕组参数和电压、电流数据构建的方程是否成立来判别变压器运行状态,其关键问题是绕组参数的获取和门槛值的整定;功率差动原理基于能量守恒定律,较真实地反映出变压器工作在不同状态下的能量变化,但是在励磁涌流状态下需要延时1个周期来实现识别。利用动模实验数据验证了这3种原理的可行性,分析比较了其动作性能,指出算法实现中门槛值整定困难是制约其应用的主要问题,并给出了改进的方向。     

新型换流变压器及其滤波系统的数学模型与仿真计算

简要论述了新型换流变压器及其滤波系统的工作原理;从多绕组变压器原理出发, 以磁势平衡方程、绕组连接方程、端口输出方程和电压传递方程为基础, 推导出该变压器在不接入滤波支路和接入滤波支路两种条件下的数学模型,实验验证该模型正确,为对新系统后续各种研究打下了坚实的基础;对拟建的直流输电研究开发平台在设计参数的基础上,进行了计算机仿真研究,仿真结果表明,新型换流变压器及其滤波系统原理正确,滤波效果好,平台参数选择合理,新系统具有良好的应用前景.     

An application of dyadics to the analysis of power transformers

A simulation of power transformers following switching operations is presented in which each core section is represented by a non-linear inductance, the differential inductance being determined from the flux density in that section of the core. In analysing the resultant circuit model for the transformer it is shown that the circuit equations have dyadic properties which can be used to give a more efficient numerical solution.     

主设备变压器保护谐波制动改进

传统的变压器保护采用励磁涌流中二次谐波的含量区分是励磁涌流还是故障电流，从而对差动继电器进行闭锁，但在空投或故障切除后恢复供电时，变压器发生某些故障，如轻微匝间故障，励磁涌流与故障电流叠加，由于变压器容量，电压等级，变压器的铁芯结构等因素影响，励磁涌流可能长达5s才能衰减，此时可能造成变压器保护的实际拒动，针对上述原理的缺陷，提出二次谐波的涌流加速原理，充分利用CPU的快速处理能力，使变压器在发生上述故障时快速动作，提高保护的动作时间。     

岭澳核电站主变压器铁心弯曲变形的原因分析及改进建议

岭澳核电站主变压器在正常运行工况条件下,在不足3年的时间里就接连出现多台变压器铁心严重弯曲变形事件。对此,在机组换料大修期间将所有变压器的铁心绑扎带等都作了重新拉紧处理,并对2台铁心严重弯曲的变压器进行了返厂改造性维修。文章对变压器铁心弯曲的可能肇因进行了分析和探讨,认为变压器铁心夹紧结构设计和绑扎带装配工艺等存在缺陷是造成主变压器铁心弯曲变形的根本原因,且存在共模原因。     

A STATE-MODEL REPRESENTATION OF THE PARAMETRIC TRANSFORMER

ABSTRACT

A state model of a new passive device capable of transferring electrical energy from one circuit to another through parametric excitation is developed. The state equations of the parametric transformer under various load conditions are then solved numerically to obtain the output voltage, the currents in the input and output circuits and the variable inductance responsible for parametric oscillations. The computed values are compared with those obtained from measurements made on a small experimental unit.     

A systematic method for the development of a three‐phase transformer non‐linear model

In this work, a novel three‐phase transformer non‐linear model is developed. The proposed model takes into account the magnetic core topology and the windings connections. The non‐linear characteristic curve of the core material is introduced by its magnetization curve or by its hysteresis loop using the mathematical hysteresis model proposed by Tellinen or the macroscopic hysteresis model proposed by Jiles–Atherton. The eddy currents effects are included through non‐linear resistors using Bertotti's work. The proposed model presents several advantages. An incremental linear circuit, having the same topology with the magnetic circuit of the core, is used in order to directly write the differential equations of the magnetic part of the transformer. The matrix L _d that describes the coupling between the windings of the transformer is systematically derived. The electrical equations of the transformer can be easily written for any possible connection of the primary and secondary windings using the unconnected windings equations and transformation matrices. The proposed methods for the calculation of the coupling between the windings, the representation of the eddy currents and the inclusion of the core material characteristic curve can be used to develop a transformer model appropriate for the EMTP/ATP‐type programs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

变压器和应涌流现象及实例分析

根据一起现场发电机差动保护误动录波数据验证了变压器空载合闸时相邻变压器中和应涌 流的存在,分析了保护误动的原因。与空载合闸变压器相邻的变压器产生的和应涌流引起低压侧 发电机定子电流增大,在发电机定子电流变化的过程中,发电机差动两侧电流互感器的传变特性发 生改变,从而使差动保护两侧电流相位偏离了正常值,导致发电机差动保护误动。根据现场的实际 情况和误动原因,文中给出了几种解决方案。     

A Refined Hilbert–Huang Transform With Applications to Interarea Oscillation Monitoring

This paper focuses on the refinement of standard Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) technique to accurately characterize time varying, multicomponents interarea oscillations. Several improved masking techniques for empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and a local Hilbert transformer are proposed and a number of issues regarding their use and interpretation are identified. Simulated response data from a complex power system model are used to assess the efficacy of the proposed techniques for capturing the temporal evolution of critical system modes. It is shown that the combination of the proposed methods result in superior frequency and temporal resolution than other approaches for analyzing complicated nonstationary oscillations.     

Identifying attractors in a ferroresonant circuit: a simulated perturbation approach

In a previous paper (S.K. Chakravarthy, Nonlinear oscillations due to spurious energisation of transformers, Proc IEE, EPA, Vol. 145, No. 6, Nov. 1998, 585–592) we have demonstrated the nature of oscillations that can occur in a spuriously energised transformer. The system, in that case, was a third order nonlinear (non-autonomous) ode from which bifurcation equations were determined by the method of multiple scales. The computational difficulty became awesome when analysing oscillations due to spurious energisation of power transformers. The order of the system increased from a third order to a fourth order system in this case. We further demonstrated that nonlinear interaction in power system involves dynamic phenomena of widely different speeds. Using the ‘brute force’ of simulation to search the phase space for the attractors of the system is not feasible. In this paper, we hence study higher order nonlinear systems by an approach similar to the method of perturbations. We propose to use numerical simulation as the basic tool for assessing the effect of perturbations and have coined the term ‘simulated perturbation’. In this approach, the starting point is the conservative autonomous system for which all possible oscillatory modes can be determined. We then introduce other variables in the equations one parameter at a time and then, study the changes in the nature of the oscillations. As we shall show, the method allows one to study a complex nonlinear ode with relative ease and yet obtain a feel for the factors behind the behaviour observed.     

Chaotic oscillations control in the voltage transformer including nonlinear core loss model by a nonlinear robust adaptive controller

In this paper, control of chaos is done in presence of ferroresonant oscillations in a voltage transformer with nonlinear model of core losses. In order to control the chaotic oscillations, nonlinear adaptive approach is employed. Moreover, a Time Delay Feedback Controller (TDFC) is implemented to stabilize Unstable Periodic Orbits (UPOs). Also multiple scales method to analyze chaotic behavior and types of fixed points in ferroresonance occurrence at voltage transformers considering different types of core loss models is applied. In the literature ferroresonance phenomenon in voltage transformers is proved to be classified in chaotic dynamics systems. In this contribution, chaos occurs in the system from a sequence of Period Doubling Bifurcation (PDB). This phenomenon consists of different types of bifurcations such as Period Doubling Bifurcation (PDB), Saddle Node Bifurcation (SNB), Hopf Bifurcation (HB) and chaos. Dynamic analysis of ferroresonant circuit is performed using bifurcation theory. bifurcation diagrams and phase plane diagrams are illustrated using a continuation method for linear and nonlinear core loss models. For analyzing ferroresonance phenomenon, Lyapunov exponents are calculated using multiple scales method and feigenbaum numbers are obtained. Bifurcation diagrams illustrate variation of parameter control and as a result chaos is created and increased in the system.