基于森林景观恢复策略的庄园遗产景观设计探寻——以荷兰海德兰省巴克塞比克地区为例

庄园遗产景观是指包含花园和农业用地的历史乡村庄园集群。在气候变化、工业发展和快速城市化的背景下,庄园遗产景观正面临水生态环境失衡、空间碎片化和文化特征消失等挑战,而这些挑战只能从区域规划尺度去应对。以荷兰海德兰省巴克塞比克地区为例,在考虑地方景观异同的同时,以景观自身特性为基底,结合未来发展趋势,进一步诠释了一种旨在提升庄园遗产景观韧性的多尺度景观设计方法。发现森林砍伐为地域空间变化的主要因素之一,它对水系统与生态多样性造成了负面影响。基于在区域尺度上对庄园遗产景观历史发展的分析,森林景观恢复(FLR)作为主要设计策略,旨在从不同尺度上对“退化的”景观进行生态功能修复并提升人类福祉。这种新的空间设计方法将在不同尺度上促进文化遗产景观发展。     

Landscape Policy and Planning Practice: The gap in understanding,Ontario, Canada

Distortions inevitably occur between the creation of policy and its practical application. The gap that exists between the understanding of landscape held by the policy writers and that of the implementers of land-use planning legislation in Ontario, Canada is revealed. The story is told over a nine-month period between the passing and defeat of one planning act, and the introduction of another. A change of government and a substantive shift in governing ideology resulted in the radical transformation of the policies protecting landscapes in this Canadian province's land-use development process. The research documented took place over that crucial period and gives a window into the dynamics of landscape conservation that is created by upper- and lower-tier differences. Higher-level policy makers have a considerable task in protecting landscapes within land-use planning that demands rational and bounded terminology and processes. Conversely, the local implementers of that policy need more flexible and site-specific strategies to conserve those landscapes on the ground. It is this gap that has stalled the protection of landscapes in Ontario, where governments and communities struggle to conserve their valued landscapes - a phenomenon not uncommon in other locations. Some strategies on how to bridge that gap in understanding and improve the prospects for landscape conservation are given.     

从圩田排水系统到多元化景观的转变

荷兰的圩田景观将再次被重新定义——这一次不是 通过围垦使三角洲适合居住,也不是通过土地整理更有效地组 织农业。取而代之的是,这次转型是为了应对当今极端气候变 化、人口增长带来的挑战,为人类、动植物群形成更具弹性、 宜居和包容性的景观,讨论了圩田景观的代表鹿特河人工流域 的形成过程、现状、潜力、挑战和可能的未来。设计提案背后 的抽象的设计原则对世界上其他地区的圩田景观亦有启发。     

Coal ash and risk: Four social interpretations of a pollution landscape

The purpose of this paper is to examine how cultural and natural components of landscapes interact in the context of environmental change. The paper looks at an example of a ‘pollution landscape’ through the lens of four distinct perspectives on the relationship between landscapes and society derived from the literature. The aim is both to develop a holistic understanding of the interaction of landscape and society in the case study and to explore the insights and limitations of each perspective. The case study explored in this paper concerns coal ash pollution in the city of Tuzla in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Environmental changes due to coal ash pollution in Tuzla have compromised the capacity of the landscape to provide societal needs and generated new meanings associated with the landscape. The case study shows that landscape influences local perceptions of environmental risks and as a result, local inhabitants develop risk management strategies dwelling in a pollution landscape. The paper concludes that the relationship between landscapes and societies may be understood best as an interactive complex, examining the actions performed in and by landscapes.     

Coal ash and risk: Four social interpretations of a pollution landscape

The purpose of this paper is to examine how cultural and natural components of landscapes interact in the context of environmental change. The paper looks at an example of a 'pollution landscape' through the lens of four distinct perspectives on the relationship between landscapes and society derived from the literature. The aim is both to develop a holistic understanding of the interaction of landscape and society in the case study and to explore the insights and limitations of each perspective. The case study explored in this paper concerns coal ash pollution in the city of Tuzla in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Environmental changes due to coal ash pollution in Tuzla have compromised the capacity of the landscape to provide societal needs and generated new meanings associated with the landscape. The case study shows that landscape influences local perceptions of environmental risks and as a result, local inhabitants develop risk management strategies dwelling in a pollution landscape. The paper concludes that the relationship between landscapes and societies may be understood best as an interactive complex, examining the actions performed in and by landscapes.     

Terrain-Specific: Contemporary Landscape Architecture in Canada

The Canadian landscape has typically captured a global imaginary of a pristine wild, but how might its urban designed landscapes be distinctly understood? Foregrounded by the landscape transformations accelerated by climate change, the book Innate Terrain: Canadian Landscape Architecture, edited by Professor Alissa North from the University of Toronto, highlights landscape architecture projects situated on the unique Canadian terrain. Providing further provocation on Canadian landscape architecture, Innate Terrain seeks to fill the literary gap on contemporary landscape perspectives, distinguishing Canadian landscape architecture from global practice, and particularly, its well-documented American counterpart. Landscape architecture in the Canadian context has evolved and established its own distinct identity, one imbued with national and local sensitivities. Informed by diverse environmental and cultural contexts, Canadian-designed landscapes reflect and refer to the prevailing ecosystems of Canada’s innate terrain. Contrary to the preceding International Style, landscape architecture projects in Canada have adopted the ethos of Critical Regionalism in the second half of the 20th century. Contemporary Canadian practitioners are designing landscapes that are deeply informed by their surrounding geographical context while emphasizing cultural specificity. Central to this cultural specificity, addressed by a new generation of landscape architects, is the increasing recognition of Indigenous Traditional Knowledge within the discipline. Canadian landscape architects have collaborated with First Nations, Inuit, and Métis communities, including the keepers of this knowledge, to develop land management strategies and design landscape interventions.     

场地实践：身处场地、寻找形式、通过 语言与设计赋景观以体验

阐释了3位知名瑞士风景园林师——基纳斯特(1945—1998)、德贡布(1939—)和沃格特(1957—)的作品,并论及他们如何受到了奥地利作家汉德克(1942—)的现象美学影响。3位风景园林师均致力于通过形式的塑造来揭示景观体验;而空间中的运动是上述1位作家和3位风景园林师作品共同的核心主题,此外,他们还极为关注城市空间的边缘地带。从城区行走到城外、在城市与自然间穿梭往返,是汉德克作品中反复出现的主题。正因如此,汉德克探寻到了一种与其诗意理想相呼应的景观的“易读性”(legibility)和“可体验性”(experienceability),这也使他在2019年被授予了诺贝尔文学奖。讨论了3位风景园林师的设计方法和场地实践,并将他们作品的核心归纳为——身处场地、寻找形式、通过设计干预赋予景观清晰性和可体验性。     

Development and Damage: Water and Landscape Evolution in Victoria,Australia

This paper investigates the interconnection of changes in the institutional framework to promote water development and subsequent alterations to natural landscapes that have occurred over much of Victoria's history. Specifically, a clear correlation is demonstrated between institutional and natural landscape changes, and environmental degradation. Throughout Victoria's history, each phase of water development ushered in by changes to the institutional arrangements signalled more significant changes to natural landscapes, highlighted by the acceleration of infrastructure construction to harness water supplies and more intensive use of water. As water-supply development became more intense, the natural landscape changes that accompanied this development led to the alteration of delicate ecological systems that had evolved over thousands of years, leading to an acceleration of environmental degradation. The link between changes in institutional structures for water development and the impacts of this on natural landscapes in terms of the promotion of degradation is a much-neglected yet significant part of understanding current environmental problems. In this way, this analysis can provide knowledge regarding how institutions can have significant impacts on the state of nature.     

基于叙事空间的文化景观保护研究 # ——以苏州木渎山塘街为例

我国文化景观保护的主流理论强调以人为本,通过挖掘情感记忆和历史价值,重塑地方认同,坚定文化自信。以往保护策略更重视景观空间的塑造,忽略其背后历史故事以及使用者的情感偏好,这是造成当前文化景观空间意义丧失的重要原因。鉴于此,本文以木渎山塘街为例,基于叙事空间理论,借助地图标绘解构文化景观物质、意识、情感层面的形态特征,重构文化景观的叙事空间,为传统文化景观的 保护研究提供一个新的视角与切入点。     

Ecological Planting Imperative: Functional Systems,Not Stylized Ecologies

The ability of landscape architectural projects to mitigate the worst effects of climate change will depend upon designed ecological systems. These systems will be built with plants. Despite the recognition of ecology as an essential driver of landscapes, the professionals of landscape architecture too often lack the knowledge and practical skills to create robust vegetative systems. New approaches and tools are required. This article outlines principles and methods for designing biodiverse plant systems for urban sites. Planting methods that increase species richness, functional diversity, and spatial complexity are emphasized as a way of developing more resilient plantings. Selecting species with similar evolutionary adaptions to stress, disturbance, and competition—as well as creating multi-layered compositions of diverse plant morphologies—allows designers to create compatible, long-lived plant mixes. To balance the increased visual complexity of diverse plant mixes, the article explores design techniques to make plantings more appealing to the public. The strategies explored here are based on the projects, experience, and research of Phyto Studio, a Washington, D.C. based studio. The methods build on work described in the author’s book, Planting in a Post-Wild World, an exploration of how to create designed plant communities.     

基于生态系统的适应在气候变化适应性城市多尺度合作雨洪管理中的实践——以哥本哈根为例

气候变化已成为城市可持续发展的关键挑战。面对该问题,越来越多的学者和从业者关注了基于生态系统的适应（EbA）概念,将其作为管理区域生态系统服务、提高生态系统服务适应能力的高效并且可持续的手段予以推广。然而,目前鲜有研究关注EbA措施在气候变化适应性城市建设中在多尺度上与各利益相关者的合作规划实践。通过定性方法弥补EbA在城市多尺度气候适应计划实践这一领域应用研究的缺失,以欧洲著名的气候变化适应性城市以及欧洲绿色首都哥本哈根市为研究对象,分析了EbA如何纳入当地气候变化适应计划并在多个尺度上予以实施。回顾了EbA发展与其在欧洲的应用现状,分析了哥本哈根市气候变化适应政策以及EbA在市域、社区、单体建筑3个尺度的合作应用,并且通过分析哥本哈根市第一个气候弹性社区的案例,阐释哥本哈根市如何通过政府、企业、公民等多方利益相关者的合作规划将EbA措施应用于当地气候变化适应性城市建设。最后,总结了哥本哈根市多尺度气候变化适应合作规划中的EbA实践经验：1）项目前的深入数据准备和分析;2）EbA措施与城市空间景观设计的紧密结合;3）多个利益相关方协调,促进公众参与。加深了对EbA提升城市生态系统服务建设适应气候变化的城市的理解,并在面对气候变化挑战问题上,为包括中国城市在内的其他城市提供了启示与借鉴。     

Landscape Policy and Planning Practice: the gap in understanding, Ontario, Canada

Distortions inevitably occur between the creation of policy and its practical application. The gap that exists between the understanding of landscape held by the policy writers and that of the implementers of land-use planning legislation in Ontario, Canada is revealed. The story is told over a nine-month period between the passing and defeat of one planning act, and the introduction of another. A change of government and a substantive shift in governing ideology resulted in the radical transformation of the policies protecting landscapes in this Canadian province's land-use development process. The research documented took place over that crucial period and gives a window into the dynamics of landscape conservation that is created by upper- and lower-tier differences. Higher-level policy makers have a considerable task in protecting landscapes within land-use planning that demands rational and bounded terminology and processes. Conversely, the local implementers of that policy need more flexible and site-specific strategies to conserve those landscapes on the ground. It is this gap that has stalled the protection of landscapes in Ontario, where governments and communities struggle to conserve their valued landscapes - a phenomenon not uncommon in other locations. Some strategies on how to bridge that gap in understanding and improve the prospects for landscape conservation are given.     

Designing Aesthetic Experiences for the Cultural Sustainability of Ecological Health

Ensuring human wellbeing and promoting ecological health are two central objectives in contemporary landscape architecture practice and adaption to climate change. Cognitive sciences recognize that affect and emotion play a critical role in human decision-making. This article describes how aesthetic experiences could affect decisions that support or undermine ecological health. While the wellbeing benefits of pleasant landscape experiences have been demonstrated empirically, aesthetic experiences may or may not promote ecological health. The question of how to better align the two remains under debate and investigation. Building on the concept of cultural sustainability, this article elucidates how aesthetic experiences can be used in design tactics to encourage societal acceptance for highly functioning ecosystems that otherwise may be destroyed or resisted for their unappealing or unfamiliar appearance. With examples from China and the United States, this article illuminates how fine-scale, immediately noticeable landscape characteristics, such as “cues to care,” can change perceptual and affective responses to promote ecological health. This article invites readers to reflect on what role aesthetic experiences may play in conserving, restoring, and creating ecologically sound landscapes as we face new challenges in the urban era of climate change, and how design can help construct aesthetic experiences with immediately noticeable landscape characteristics.     

Historic cultural landscapes and emerging heritage values: and Australian perspective

The theme of the paper is the emergence in Australia of the recognition that rural cultural landscapes are important historical documents and form a significant part of Australia's cultural heritage. Attention is drawn to the special niche occupied by the pastoral landscapes of southeastern Australia through the historical construction of an Australian landscape identity in art and literature. An overview is given of the need to conserve exemplars of Australian rural cultural landscapes and of initiatives by government agencies and community groups such as the National Trust of Australia in cultural landscape conservation within a framework provided by Australian ICOMOS Guidelines to the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance (Burra Charter).     

Environmental cognition in the vernacular landscape: assessing the aesthetic quality of Al-Alkhalaf village,Southwestern Saudi Arabia

Changes in socio-cultural patterns, economic activities, and the technologies for agricultural productions and climate controls are bringing new patterns of visual qualities to the age-old vernacular landscape of Saudi Arabia's Asir region. Unfortunately, the lack of reference between old and new is threatening to destroy the overall environmental quality that is one of the region's greatest economic and cultural assets. Through detailed examination of Al-Alkhalaf vernacular landscape in Asir, one of the largest villages, this paper defines the major components of the landscape and assesses the basis for their aesthetic qualities and values. Throughout the traditional era, a sense of beauty was imparted to this vernacular landscape through an unconscious balancing of natural systems and human needs. Such result owed much to the management efforts of a homogenous group of villagers expressing consensus about their place in the world. Today, in the more complicated context of modern Saudi Arabia, a new appreciation for landscape traditions arises and vernacular invites pertinent commentaries. A more conscious effort is needed to achieve the same old sense of regional and aesthetic values. The paper suggests that such an effort should begin by employing concepts like aesthetic values, aesthetic qualities and visual qualities when searching for new expressions of the relationship between people and nature.     

基于产业类型的粤西硇洲岛海岛聚落景观研究

硇洲岛作为中国第一大火山岛,是中国南海生态景观和传统文化景观保留较好的岛屿。岛内传统聚落数量众多,对其进行保护和研究对可持续性岛屿景观规划具有重要意义。运用风景园林学、人文地理学、海洋地理学等多学科交叉的方法,通过田野调查和GIS对硇洲岛101个聚落进行落点,结合传统时期聚落的产业属性,分析海岛产业的开发时序。选取“滨海距离”“火山地质地貌”“岛屿土壤类型”“地下水资源”“岛礁空间分布”为敏感因子。探讨主要因子对聚落空间分布的机制,总结归纳出海岛聚落的景观格局特征。试图通过对硇洲岛传统聚落景观的分析,解析海岛先民是如何适应海岛恶劣的自然地理环境,发展适宜的海岛产业景观,并建立较为宜居的人居环境。     

The cultural landscape of slavery at Kormantsin,Ghana

Kormantsin is a coastal town in Ghana with a ruined fort, a remnant from the Atlantic slave trade. Kormantsin is an important cultural landscape—of slavery. Landscapes of slavery are cultural landscapes because they involve poignant human history, significant land manipulation, and human perceptions/ideologies regarding land use and race. Kormantsin's cultural landscape is documented and discussed using images and accounts from 17th- and 18th-century travellers, and contemporary photographs and texts; the landscape image (including a fort) at the slave trade's zenith is ascertained, and it is suggested how landscape may have been used to facilitate the trade. The study reveals a pathway possibly traversed by slaves from this fort. It is determined that the fort's landscape has changed relatively little since the slave trade. It is suggested that this historic landscape be preserved for future use and interpretation.     

Connecting landscapes: examining and enhancing the relationship between stakeholder values and cultural landscape management in England

In England’s post-Brexit environment, as the nation’s approach to cultural landscapes is reassessed, understanding what stakeholders value and how they currently engage with landscape management is likely to be increasingly important. This study explores this at a localised scale. Examining the value of an ecosystems services perspective, it focuses on two case-study landscapes in Gloucestershire. Using interviews, focus groups, mapping tasks and questionnaires it examines how stakeholder values intersect with current policies and practices. Based on this analysis, it suggests the need for greater integration and knowledge exchange between stakeholders to ensure the sustainability of landscape management. It suggests new strategies, such as a centralised e-portal of resources, are required to ensure awareness and dialogue between stakeholders. This study is part of a larger European project comparing how the values of stakeholders in heritage landscapes can be better integrated into cultural landscape management.     

Landscape identity,before and after a forest fire

Our identity is tied to where we are and how we engage with the landscapes in which we find ourselves. But what happens if the landscape which we use for our everyday life is drastically altered by a catastrophic upheaval, for example, when forest fires ravage the landscape? In this paper, interviews with individuals affected by the largest forest fire in modern Swedish history are used to exemplify our conceptualisation of how landscape identity is impacted by dramatic change. We address the phases of stability, change and progression in relation to the case. Finally, we propose that landscape identity can be utilised as a central concept for engaging with the social aspects of the impact of forest fires.     

深远未来: 2200,爱尔兰与北爱尔兰边境的设计幻想

The long-term effects of climate change will supersede the implications of political demarcations and divisions. Within this context, “Fantastical Borderlands” proposes a rewilded territory, a landscape of slowness, for the Irish Northwest that encapsulates the northern borderlands between Ireland and Northern Ireland. This landscape emerges as a result of the significant reduction of grazing and the anticipated flooding of low-lying lands between Lough Foyle and Lough Swilly. The narrative process considers how flood risk might be managed in conjunction with the initiation of an ambitious rewilding scheme, while remaining sensitive to landscapes of deep cultural connection. By the “reverse time capsule” with performance and exhibition, “Fantastical Borderlands” is narrated from 2200 via a series of vignettes that reflect actions taken during the two centuries prior; the years surrounding Brexit serve as a catalyst for landscape change for the border landscape. The project is liberated from its constraints to near-term planning propositions, instead enabling a focus on landscape impacts that are revealed only at extended timeframes. Ultimately, the project asks: What is the role of storytelling and mythmaking in illuminating current realities and distant futures?