Mental landscape: landscape as idea and concept

It is argued that the protection of landscape diversity is as important as the protection of bio-diversity, in a world where an accelerating rate of technological change is forcing cultural landscapes to change in the direction of greater uniformity.     

Local and landscape scale variables impact parasitoid assemblages across an urbanization gradient

Urbanization is a major driver of land cover change worldwide, yet little is known about how urbanization affects beneficial arthropod communities. This study examined how local and landscape scale variables associated with urbanization influenced parasitic Hymenoptera abundance and diversity in residential and commercial properties along a rural to urban landscape gradient in Wisconsin. At a landscape scale, 300 m surrounding sites, land cover percentages were calculated for five cover classes: impervious cover, forest, grassland, agriculture, and urban green space. In addition, habitat diversity (Simpson's index) was calculated for the landscape surrounding study sites. At a local scale (within the boundaries of an individual property), flower diversity, flower area, tree density, and hardscape were measured and related to parasitoid abundance and diversity. During 2006 and 2007, parasitoids were sampled twice a month June-August using yellow sticky cards. Parasitoid abundance was a positive function of flower diversity, a local scale variable. The positive relationship between parasitoid abundance and flower diversity only occurred in areas containing high to moderate levels of urban development, suggesting parasitoids locally benefited from the increased availability of floral resources in urban but not rural sites. Parasitoid diversity decreased as impervious cover increased in the surrounding landscape. Parasitoid diversity decreased by approximately 10% in highly urbanized sites relative to rural sites, a pattern driven by several parasitoid families not detected in urban sites. These results suggest conservation strategies that focus on landscape variables at multiple scales can play an integral role in preserving beneficial arthropods across urban landscapes.     

Socio-natural interaction and landscape dynamics in the Burren,Ireland

This paper examines the entwined nature–culture relationship within the context of the Burren. The Burren, situated on the west coast of Ireland, is a high value landscape in terms of both its natural and cultural diversity. It is also a deeply humanised landscape, with archaeological evidence of human settlement going back over 6000 years. Consequently, the landscape and ‘nature’ that we are attempting to conserve in the Burren today, is as much a product of the hand of its agrarian ‘craftsmen and women’, as it is due to a combination of environmental factors. In recent years changes in farming systems, along with depopulation, have had an important impact on the Burren’s landscape, ecology and society. After exposing the temporality of the landscape, the paper addresses issues of contemporary landscape protection and management practices on the ground.     

Refining landscape change models through outlier analysis in the Muskegon watershed of Michigan

Balancing natural resource protection and urban development is of concern to researchers, planners and citizens who are aware of the environmental, social and economic impacts of urban land use. Land-use change models can assist in finding this balance. An objective of this research was to build a better model of land-use change by integrating quantitative and qualitative techniques. A modelling approach is presented that combines statistical logistic regression with field-based outlier analysis. To this end, a collaborative effort between researchers, who are adept at building models, and local experts, who better understand the dynamics of landscape change in their communities, was undertaken. The findings indicate that this modelling approach is successful in improving overall model performance, as measured by pseudo r-squared value, and identifying additional drivers of land-use change, namely zoning, soil suitability and distance to highway interchange. Most importantly, this collaborative modelling process, involving researchers and local planners, has practical utility for land-use decision making.     

Relationships between visual landscape preferences and map-based indicators of landscape structure

There is increasing awareness of the need to monitor trends in our constantly changing agricultural landscapes. Monitoring programmes often use remote sensing data and focus on changes in land cover/land use in relation to values such as biodiversity, cultural heritage and recreation. Although a wide range of indicators is in use, landscape aesthetics is a topic that is frequently neglected. Our aim was to determine whether aspects of landscape content and configuration could be used as surrogate measures for visual landscape quality in monitoring programmes based on remote sensing. In this paper, we test whether map-derived indicators of landscape structure from the Norwegian monitoring programme for agricultural landscapes are correlated with visual landscape preferences. Two groups of people participated: (1) locals and (2) non-local students. Using the total dataset, we found significant positive correlations between preferences and spatial metrics, including number of land types, number of patches and land type diversity. In addition, preference scores were high where water was present within the mapped image area, even if the water itself was not visible in the images. When the dataset was split into two groups, we found no significant correlation between the preference scores of the students and locals. Whilst the student group preferred images portraying diverse and heterogeneous landscapes, neither diversity nor heterogeneity was correlated with the preference scores of the locals. We conclude that certain indicators based on spatial structure also have relevance in relation to landscape preferences in agricultural landscapes. However, the finding that different groups of people prefer different types of landscape underlines the need for care when interpreting indicator values.     

Integrating time and the third spatial dimension in landscape structure analysis

Over the last decades, landscape metrics have been increasingly used to describe and analyse landscape structure. This article highlights some limitations of standard landscape structure analysis approaches and examines four major developments in this field: ways of integrating the height dimension of surface and vegetation into landscape metrics, the delineation of ‘meaningful’ landscape units comprising the relief, the problem of relating pattern and scale, and the challenges posed by the analysis of the temporal dimension of landscapes. We demonstrate that (1) the integration of height information and gradients into the approach of landscape metrics is both necessary and possible by means of using digital elevation models from remote sensing and novel analysis techniques, (2) the delineation of 3-D landscape units has enormous potential and (3) there are useful methodical extensions for two-dimensional objects in spatiotemporal investigations of landscapes, namely for analysing land use change and for exploring the interrelations between landscape diversity and species diversity.     

Relationships between visual landscape preferences and map-based indicators of landscape structure

There is increasing awareness of the need to monitor trends in our constantly changing agricultural landscapes. Monitoring programmes often use remote sensing data and focus on changes in land cover/land use in relation to values such as biodiversity, cultural heritage and recreation. Although a wide range of indicators is in use, landscape aesthetics is a topic that is frequently neglected. Our aim was to determine whether aspects of landscape content and configuration could be used as surrogate measures for visual landscape quality in monitoring programmes based on remote sensing. In this paper, we test whether map-derived indicators of landscape structure from the Norwegian monitoring programme for agricultural landscapes are correlated with visual landscape preferences. Two groups of people participated: (1) locals and (2) non-local students. Using the total dataset, we found significant positive correlations between preferences and spatial metrics, including number of land types, number of patches and land type diversity. In addition, preference scores were high where water was present within the mapped image area, even if the water itself was not visible in the images. When the dataset was split into two groups, we found no significant correlation between the preference scores of the students and locals. Whilst the student group preferred images portraying diverse and heterogeneous landscapes, neither diversity nor heterogeneity was correlated with the preference scores of the locals. We conclude that certain indicators based on spatial structure also have relevance in relation to landscape preferences in agricultural landscapes. However, the finding that different groups of people prefer different types of landscape underlines the need for care when interpreting indicator values.     

How a riparian landscape finds form and comes alive

If we consider riparian areas as landscapes it means that we consider them as entities whose survival depends on ecological as well as on cultural sustainability. Ecological sustainability requires people’s understanding of the role of both diversity and connectivity of riparian areas. Cultural sustainability requires people’s attention and care towards diversity and connectivity. It is argued that interaction between ecological and cultural sustainabilities governs riparian management, and that we still have to promote such an interaction.     

宁波老外滩滨水景观与建筑评论

提出了宁波滨水区的改造规划方向，详细地介绍了宁波江北外滩的保护与改造，研究了宁波老外滩历史保护区的规划设计，探讨了宁波滨水空间开发的途径，从而促进城市滨水空间规划的发展。     

自然景观与人文景观的交融

通过对江阴中山公园现状的分析,详细地介绍了江阴中山公园扩建工程的内容,指出通过对中山公园的保护和扩建,完善了景区的基础建设,保护了自然资源,取得了良好的社会效益和环境效益。     

Spatiotemporal changes of landscape pattern in response to urbanization

The combined method of urban gradient analysis and landscape metrics in analyzing the changes of landscape pattern has been widely applied since its introduction by Luck and Wu (2002). In order to address the temporal dynamics of landscape change, this study integrated transect analysis with temporal trend analysis and specifically discussed how changes of residential pattern are related to forms of urban growth. Using Dane County, Wisconsin, USA as an example, a 60 km transect passing through the City of Madison was set up to represent a continuum of rural-urban-rural landscapes. Changes of landscape pattern from 1968 to 2000 were analyzed by FRAGSTATS with four metrics—percentage of landscape (PLAND), Shannon's evenness index (SHEI), patch density (PD), and mean patch size (MPS). Findings from metric analyses revealed that the degree of land-use diversity and landscape fragmentation is positively related to the degree of urbanization.Specifically, at the class-level, residential land-use type shows the strongest positive relationship to the degree of urbanization in all of the class-level metrics adopted. Changes in residential land-use pattern were further analyzed with the number of housing units. The analyses revealed that there are different patterns of residential development along the transect in the study area—with the core urban area expanding outward in a contiguous manner while the rural areas have scattered development. This study demonstrated the additional insights into landscape change by integrating the spatial and the temporal perspectives and by targeting the forms of residential developments.     

城市理水景观系统整体协同发展的理想模式

根据目前城市理水的变化趋势和发展动向,构建了城市理水景观系统整体协同发展的理想模式,将水景观规划、水环境保护、水生态恢复、水工程建设、水文化传承与水经济开发等涵盖其中,为水景观的规划设计提供了一定的理论与实践指导和支持。     

阳泉市城市历史风貌保护规划

介绍了阳泉市城市历史风貌环境构成要素,并对其特征进行了分析,结合风貌保护原则,构制了城市风貌保护框架,提出了风貌保护策略,以推动历史文化风貌区功能升级,使其满足现代社会、经济、文化发展需要。     

历史古镇中的农业景观研究

分析了历史古镇中农业景观产生的原因,阐述了农业景观在历史古镇中的重要价值,并针对农业景观的特点,就古镇农业景观的保护与利用提出了若干建议,以延续古镇的历史传统,为古镇的保护与更新拓展思路。     

浅谈城市基础建设与城市景观的有机结合

以长沙市新建的湘江风光带为例，从节约用地，有利防洪、稳定堤防、兼顾洪枯水位等原则，探讨了城市沿江防洪和景观建设有机结合的途径，从而确保了城市生存并持续发展的支撑体系。     

On change in the landscape

Research in landscape history/archaeology frequently concerns studies of human interventions in the cultural landscape. Decisions are seen to produce interventions that change a setting in some way, and each combination of decision, intervention and result tends, often sub-consciously, to be regarded as an episode of change or a discrete chapter in the evolution of a locality. Research will conventionally culminate in the completion of such an episode. The habit of perceiving landscape change in terms of discrete chapters or episodes distracts attention from the on-going nature of changes that reverberate around a landscape causing adjustments and compensations long after the termination of the initial intervention. The processes of adjustment and compensation endow landscape change with the character of a continuum rather than that of an episode. Examples from a long-term and highly detailed investigation of landscape evolution at Ripley, North Yorkshire, are used to illustrate the need for more refined perspectives on change. These perspectives should embrace continuing consequences of change as well as the initial impact of a decision upon a location.     

On change in the landscape

Research in landscape history/archaeology frequently concerns studies of human interventions in the cultural landscape. Decisions are seen to produce interventions that change a setting in some way, and each combination of decision, intervention and result tends, often sub-consciously, to be regarded as an episode of change or a discrete chapter in the evolution of a locality. Research will conventionally culminate in the completion of such an episode. The habit of perceiving landscape change in terms of discrete chapters or episodes distracts attention from the on-going nature of changes that reverberate around a landscape causing adjustments and compensations long after the termination of the initial intervention. The processes of adjustment and compensation endow landscape change with the character of a continuum rather than that of an episode. Examples from a long-term and highly detailed investigation of landscape evolution at Ripley, North Yorkshire, are used to illustrate the need for more refined perspectives on change. These perspectives should embrace continuing consequences of change as well as the initial impact of a decision upon a location.     

景观照明设计浅谈

探讨了景观照明设计基本理念、设计流程等过程;给出了灯具及光源选择原则;对景观照明配电系统保护方式、电缆选择、接地形式选择等作了详细阐述,以完善景观照明设计,使城市的夜空越来越美丽。     

Red Books for threatened Mediterranean landscapes as an innovative tool for holistic landscape conservation. Introduction to the western Crete Red Book case study

In view of the alarming threats to our planet Earth and its natural and cultural diversity, the IUCN World Conservation Organization must broaden the scale of its efforts from the species and ecosystem level to the landscape level. For this purpose new, more comprehensive strategies and powerfuls tools, based on holistic landscape planning and dynamic conservation management, are urgently needed. The Mediterranean Basin, presently undergoing an alarming process of biological, cultural and scenic degradation can serve as a good example for these needs. Here, as elsewhere, almost all conservation efforts have been devoted to the protection of restricted areas such as nature reserves or parks without much regard for the fate of the open landscape as a whole and the need for the conservation and restoration of its great natural and cultural assets. In order to gain greater public awareness and apprehension of these threats, to change the attitudes of politicians and decision-makers, and to provide practical guidance for holistic, sustainable and multibeneficial land use planning and management, a new tool of ‘Red Books for Threatened Landscapes’ is offered. These should present in clear non-technical terms, with ample maps and illustrations, recent, adverse biological, ecological, cultural and socio-economic changes in highly valuable and not yet irreversibly despoiled landscapes and their future threats, and suggest alternative, sustainable land use strategies with sounder conservation and restoration options. The Western Crete study, is the first Mediterranean Red Book case study, carried out by a multinational and multidisciplinary team. It will serve as an important example for a Red Book blueprint, to be prepared by the IALE-IUCN-CESP Working Group on Red Books for Threatened Landscapes.     

美国麦迪逊野餐点人文景观解读

以野餐点的历史解读为例，对美国人文景观的演变以及各个时期的景观形态和内涵进行了叙述，并总结了给我国文化景观保护提供的一些启示，从而使人们进一步了解人文景观和文化遗产的保护。