Introduction to a special issue: the future of landscape characterisation,and the future character of landscape – between space,time, history,place and nature

Abstract

In any discussion of landscape characterisation the elephant in the room is the question of just what is landscape? Another way of putting this question is to simply ask: ‘How would you characterise landscape?’ What this implies is that there is a certain circularity in landscape characterisation because, through the very act of characterising landscape, one is also defining what one means by landscape. The European Landscape Convention’s definition of landscape as ‘an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors’ suggests a similar circularity because the character of an area, as it results from the action of natural and/or human factors, is dependent upon human perception, which is presumably also, in addition, one of the human factors acting upon the landscape. This circularity, or ‘circulating reference’, to use Bruno Latour’s term, is fundamental to Denis Cosgrove’s analysis of the origin of the modern concept of landscape as scenic space, and his analysis, we would suggest, helps explain some of the questions raised in this special issue concerning landscape characterisation and the future character of landscape .     

L山海之间的风景-福建省邮电培训中心设计随笔

该文介绍了福建省邮电培训中心（厦门）的方案设计,从造景、入境、情调、观景四个方面探讨了时代性海滨度假场所的设计要点,作为对厦门建筑时尚的反思,它对现代海滨建筑风格也作了初步尝试。     

Geological factors of the Guadalajara landscapes (Central Spain) and their relevance to landscape studies

The landscapes of a territory are the consequence of its history; overlapped geological, vegetable and cultural histories usually exist on a landscape. At the Mediterranean domain, however, a translucent vegetation exists, and its history is closely related to the geologic and cultural histories, because low-technology agricultural uses on a different hardness rock background control vegetation. Thus, in areas like the Guadalajara province, the geologic composition and the human activities can be considered the primary conditions for landscape configuration. Both condition the typologies, distribution and relative importance of the geotic, biotic and anthropogenic components of landscapes. A complex network of interrelations among all them exists but, in the base of which lie the geology of the territory, included relief, because it has a more independent influence since man cannot modify the geologic factors; such as the colour of the rocks, the size and distribution of rock bodies, the palaeogeographic domains and the tectonic structure all which control landscape development and configuration. Moreover, geology influences conditions and even limit, the presence, typologies and development of the biotic and anthropogenic elements. These factors also have a major relevance for environmental management, educational and economic policy, and, in some cases, for environmental impact assessment.     

欧盟景观政策发展研究

对欧盟景观政策产生的背景和过程进行分析和阐述,总结了欧盟政策产生的阶段和特点。对欧盟景观政策发生、发展及背景进行解析有助于对欧洲景观学科研究现状的了解,有助于我国景观政策的研究,进而推动景观政策的形成与发展。欧盟景观政策使我们认识到综合协调环境政策的重要性,为景观保护、管理和规划提供了一个新工具,也为我们提供了一个重要的、思考景观未来的新出发点。     

自然康复中室外环境、设施和项目标准的质量保证框架

目的在瑞典斯科讷省,自然康复（nature-based rehabilitation, NBR）项目的创新性体现在医疗保健方面,该项目倡导自然环境的疗愈潜力。作为基础医疗保健服务的组成部分,NBR项目旨在满足人们面对与压力相关的复杂心理健康挑战时的个人需求。方法/过程在将NBR概念应用于医疗保健之前,基于在阿尔纳普康复花园（Alnarp Rehabilitation Garden）生活实验室进行的全面的实证和描述性研究以及一项为期2年的试点研究,对NBR项目进行了测试,并根据在NBR项目中获取到的个人从与压力相关的精神疾病中恢复的最新证据对其定期更新。该项目由斯科讷省区域办事处（Region Skåne）促成,旨在促进与10家精选的NBR服务供应商的合作,战略性地提供全面和整体的恢复方法。结果/结论与传统医疗不同,NBR项目侧重于康复,希望通过自然（即支持性户外环境）支持的活动,增益身体、心理和社会福祉。NBR体系强调参与者的休息、有意义的参与和支持性户外环境。与自然相结合的日常活动为个人喜好提供了灵活的选择。NBR体系化的恢复方法包括晨会、参与者自己的时间、基于自然的活动、闭幕集会。维持NBR的质量需要详细的记录,定期现场访问以鼓励公开对话,并确保NBR项目的合规性。这一质量要求可以确保参与者在他们的自然疗愈（nature-based intervention, NBI）之旅中获得高质量的服务。     

场所的记忆——景观设计中的场地精神的延续

目前声势浩荡的“刷城运动”带来的是一片新鲜的陌生景观,使人丧失一种归属感和亲切感。景观设计和建筑设计都是通过物化的形式传递情感,景观设计中的文脉主义就是尊重地域性和场地精神的内在表达,如何体现场地文脉,创造健康的生活空间,使其符合地域人们的情感需要,重构场所精神,值得我们探讨。     

《欧洲风景公约》:关于"文化景观"的一场思想革命

《欧洲风景公约》对欧洲的景观有了一个较之从前更为全面的理解。这个公约所包含的思想已开始反映在欧洲各国政府、环境机构以及欧洲大多数对景观感兴趣的相关团体的工作中。景观没有必要划分为"自然的"或"文化的"2类,因为欧洲所有的景观都已经或多或少地受到人类的影响。因而",文化景观"的术语显得过于累赘,所有欧洲景观都具有不同程度的文化性。然而,对景观进行分类仍然是个复杂的问题。不同的个人、组织和文化往往依据自身对自然长期的、不同程度的干预和联想发展出自身的价值。《欧洲风景公约》不期望一种景观价值凌驾于另一种之上,事实上《,欧洲风景公约》认识到,与那些通常被标识为具有全球重要性的景观一样,地方的和退化的景观对于社区或文化、社区居民或外来的造访者具有同样的重要性。这个公约在全欧洲的政府中将"普通"景观与"特殊"景观同等对待,这是具有革命性的创举。     

Residents’ sense of place and landscape perceptions at the rural-urban interface

Rural residents have different expectations concerning what the rural landscape should be like and what it should be used for. This is especially the case at the rural-urban interface, where the characteristics of rural and urban landscapes have become blurred. In this article, the concept of sense of place is used to explore the relationship between humans and landscape at the rural-urban fringe. Based on a quantitative survey data set, this article examines how the landscape perceptions of local residents can be understood from the basis of their sense of place in Nurmijärvi, a municipality located close to the Helsinki Metropolitan Area in southern Finland. A factor analysis revealed four clusters: Socially connected, Weak bonds, Roots and resources and Committed to place. The clusters differed by their socio-economic profiles as well as their sense of place. The Roots and resources cluster differed most of the other clusters, but in general the differences between the clusters in general landscape perceptions were relatively small. Although a strong sense of place is often assumed to lead to care of place, the willingness to contribute to the landscape did not differ significantly between the clusters. In addition the study revealed the existence of two different approaches to landscape in the rural-urban interface: landscape as a scenery and landscape as a dwelling place.     

Towards a Polytheistic Relationship to Landscape: Issues for Contemporary Art

The paper examines the concerns of the art critic and environmentalist Rebecca Solnit with the myth of Eden in the book of Genesis, the assumptions of a Judaeo-Christian monotheism and its secular inheritance, as a means to introduce the need for a 'polytheistic' psychology to advance a genuinely radical understanding of the relationship between issues of place, identity and contemporary landscape art. Drawing on the work of Peter Bishop and Edward S. Casey to identify a body of thinking related, via issues of metamorphosis and ambiguity, to both art historical and geographical contexts relating to a 'conversational' aesthetic are identified. This is seen as making possible a polytheistic conception of art based on imaginal space as an alternative to the dominant traditions of conceptual and Minimal art since the 1960s. Finally, the approaches of specific artists, and in particular the world of Sian Bonnell, are examined in relation to garden traditions in the UK.     

原乡风景背后的场所依赖、地方精神与文化认知研究

目前,针对乡愁的相关研究以文学领域和文化地理学居多,建筑学领域内对城乡改造过程中乡愁、原乡风景的研究还是有限的,与“乡愁”、“原乡风景”相关的设计与规划实践在理念上也大致浮于表面,没能够透彻地将原乡风景背后的场所依赖、地方精神、文化认知注入地方土地,项目实践者尝试以同理心去感受“乡愁”、“原乡风景”在当地人情感与生活中的价值,但仍旧与本土的契合性不高。研究试图从建筑学的视阙,针对原乡风景背后的场所依赖、地方精神和文化认知三个方面进行分析,把原乡风景置于乡愁的情感语境中,通过研究文献解读对“乡愁”研究现状以及“原乡风景”的各个方面进行分析和阐述,为研究者提供一个新的思路。     

Distribution and dynamics of birds in a rural sub-Mediterranean landscape

The richness and abundance of birds in a sub-Mediterranean rural landscape (north Italy, Massa Carrara Province) were investigated across two spatial scales (10 km × 10 km and 5 km × 5 km), two functional scales (land use mosaic and ecotope) and two temporal scales (annual and seasonal).Information on birds collected using the line transect method was compared with some landscape attributes (altitude, orientation, patch size, distance from cultivations).Distribution, abundance and seasonal turnover of birds were described efficiently by land use cover and ecotopes, but altitude, orientation, patch size and neighboring patch types were also important.Pure crop areas and crops mixed within woodlands and farming villages were the areas preferred by birds especially out of the breeding period, although woodlands supported more stable birds assemblages over the year. The multiscalar approach proposed was an efficient strategy to investigate these bird assemblages living in a patchy rural mosaic in which resources were made seasonally available by agricultural practices.The recent landscape change due to abandonment of agriculture in most of the sub-Mediterranean mountainous rural areas and the consequent woodland encroachment were expected to produce impoverishment of both diversity and abundance of resident and migratory birds.     

The European Landscape Convention

Adopted in Florence (Italy) on 20 October 2000, the European Landscape Convention is aimed at promoting the protection, management and planning of European landscapes and organising European cooperation on landscape issues. It is the first international treaty to be exclusively concerned with all dimensions of European landscape. It applies to the entire territory of the Parties and relates to natural, urban and peri-urban areas, whether on land, water or sea. It therefore concerns not just remarkable landscapes but also ordinary everyday landscapes and blighted areas. The Convention represents an important contribution to the implementation of the objectives of the Council of Europe: these seek to protect Europeans' quality of life and well-being, taking into account landscape, cultural and natural values. The member states of the Council of Europe signatory to the European Landscape Convention declared their concern to achieve sustainable development based on a balanced and harmonious relationship between social needs, economic activity and the environment. The cultural dimension is also of fundamental importance.     

中国山水画对现代景观设计的启示

在现代西方景观设计师们为古代东方顺应自然进行规划的魅力所赞叹不已时。我们当前的许多城市建设却在一味地步西方原来那种几何式,面向街道安排住宅的后尘。(事实证明这种规划方法对人类的生活环境产生了恶劣的影响)在设计中不断调整人与环境的关系,以求得人与自然达到真正的协调已成为现代景观设计人员的一项迫切的任务。然而在中国很早就出现了相关的思想, 并在山水画这一艺术形式上得以体现。不同于英国水彩画起源于地形画,中国山水画的目的并非记载地形而是“澄怀观道”。山水画超脱于一般意义上的技艺,成为一种哲学的化身。这对现代景观设计无疑是一种启示。