基于环境卫星CCD影像的薄云去除研究

云雾覆盖是光学遥感影像的主要噪声之一,它严重影响了遥感影像的判读和使用。如何降低或去除薄云的影响,恢复云下地表信息,成为提高遥感影像可用性的重要环节。本文分析了环境卫星CCD影像的特点,基于BSHTI(Background Suppressed Haze Thickness Index)云检测方法,对BSHTI方法进行了适应性改进和完善。通过目视评价和统计分析,表明该方法不仅能够有效地降低薄云雾的干扰,而且可以在很大程度上减少遥感影像信息的损失,同时较好地保持了原始影像的清晰度和连续性,是一种有效可行的薄云去除方法。     

新世纪遥感与林业信息需求

举例说明遥感与林业信息需求的关系，分析了不同目的的信息需求类型，以及遥感所能满足的实际应用的可能性。对最近的林业遥感应用进行 了回顾和总结。引述实例来说明基于用户和市场需求的新的地球观测技术应是什么样的。结果表明，遥感技术的开发需要考虑能否解决信息需求问题、如何评价遥感数据生产和分发基础的问题，如何平衡从遥感数据获取林业资源信息的费用和效益问题等。最后对我国目前林业遥感应用中的问题进行了分析和探讨。     

Extraction of bridges over water from IKONOS panchromatic data

Compared to remote sensing images of medium or low spatial resolution, high‐resolution remote sensing images can provide observation data containing more detailed information for georesearch. Accordingly, an important issue for current computer and geoscience experts is to develop useful methods or technology to extract information from these high‐resolution satellite images. As part of a series of research into object extraction, this paper focuses mainly on the extraction of bridges over water from high‐resolution panchromatic satellite images. Since bridges over water are obviously adjacent to water in remote sensing images, this paper proposes a practical knowledge‐based bridge extraction method for remote sensing images of high spatial resolution. The steps involved are: water extraction based on Gauss Markov Random Field (GMRF)‐Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification methods which use a SVM to classify the image based on textural features expressed by a GMRF; image thinning and removal of fragmented lines; main trunk detection by width; vectorization; and feature expression. Finally, tests are described for two pieces of panchromatic IKONOS satellite images with a 1 m resolution. The experimental results show that the proposed method is suitable for images with a single‐peak histogram (contrast between water and land is sharp) or a multi‐peak histogram (greyscale value of water is close to that of land).     

秘鲁中南部奥马斯地区铜多金属遥感找矿预测研究

利用ASTER多光谱卫星数据,根据研究区内蚀变矿物的波谱特性,采用特征波段组合的主成分分析方法进行蚀变矿物组合信息提取,分别提取了绢云母、高岭石、蒙脱石、伊利石和明矾石等Al-OH类蚀变矿物组合信息,以及绿泥石、绿帘石和碳酸盐化(方解石和白云石)等青磐岩化类蚀变矿物组合信息。同时采用人机交互解译技术在研究区开展了遥感地质解译,结合区域成矿地质特征,综合分析了研究区控矿线性构造、环形构造、赋矿岩层和蚀变矿物组合等遥感示矿信息,并基于遥感示矿信息进行了综合找矿预测,圈定出遥感找矿有利区,经地面水系沉积物化探填图和高分辨卫星影像佐证,研究表明圈定的遥感找矿有利区为研究区开展地面矿产勘查工作提供重要的参考依据。     

A review of regional science applications of satellite remote sensing in urban settings

This paper reviews the potential applications of satellite remote sensing to regional science research in urban settings. Regional science is the study of social problems that have a spatial dimension. The availability of satellite remote sensing data has increased significantly in the last two decades, and these data constitute a useful data source for mapping the composition of urban settings and analyzing changes over time. The increasing spatial resolution of commercial satellite imagery has influenced the emergence of new research and applications of regional science in urban settlements because it is now possible to identify individual objects of the urban fabric. The most common applications found in the literature are the detection of urban deprivation hot spots, quality of life index assessment, urban growth analysis, house value estimation, urban population estimation and urban social vulnerability assessment. The satellite remote sensing imagery used in these applications has medium, high or very high spatial resolution, such as images from Landsat MSS, Landsat TM and ETM+, SPOT, ASTER, IRS, Ikonos and QuickBird. Consistent relationships between socio-economic variables derived from censuses and field surveys and proxy variables of vegetation coverage measured from satellite remote sensing data have been found in several cities in the US. Different approaches and techniques have been applied successfully around the world, but local research is always needed to account for the unique elements of each place. Spectral mixture analysis, object-oriented classifications and image texture measures are some of the techniques of image processing that have been implemented with good results. Many regional scientists remain skeptical that satellite remote sensing will produce useful information for their work. More local research is needed to demonstrate the real potential and utility of satellite remote sensing for regional science in urban environments.     

改进卷积网络的高分遥感图像城镇建成区提取

目的 城镇建成区是城镇研究重要的基础信息,也是实施区域规划、落实城镇功能空间布局的前提。但是遥感影像中城镇建成区的环境复杂,同时不同城镇建成区在坐落位置、发展规模等方面存在许多差异,导致其信息提取存在一定困难。方法 本文基于面向图像语义分割的深度卷积神经网络,使用针对特征图的强化模块和通道域的注意力模块,对原始DeepLab网络进行改进,并通过滑动窗口预测、全连接条件随机场处理方法,更准确地实现城镇建成区提取。同时,针对使用深度学习算法容易出现过拟合和鲁棒性不强的问题,采用数据扩充增强技术进一步提升模型能力。结果 实验数据是三亚和海口部分地区的高分二号遥感影像。结果表明,本文方法的正确率高于93%,Kappa系数大于0.837,可以有效地提取出大尺度高分辨率遥感影像中的城镇建成区,且提取结果最为接近实际情况。结论 针对高分辨率遥感卫星影像中城镇建成区的光谱信息多样化、纹理结构复杂化等特点,本文算法能在特征提取网络中获取更多特征信息。本文使用改进的深度学习方法,提出两种处理方法,显著提高了模型的精度,在实际大幅遥感影像的使用中表现优秀,具有重要的实用价值和广阔的应用前景。     

多源卫星绿潮遥感信息提取易混淆因素分析

针对绿潮遥感信息提取过程中容易出现的几种易混淆因素,开展了多源卫星绿潮遥感信息提取易混淆因素分析研究。基于多源遥感卫星图像,分析了光学和微波遥感数据在提取绿潮过程中常见的几种易混淆因素。结果发现：（1）HJ 1卫星CCD遥感影像上,岛屿、船只、堤坝、云都是易混淆因素。在信息提取中,需结合基础地理资料或“天地图”,将岛屿识别出来,此方法同样适用于MODIS和SAR数据。对于堤坝、船只和有云覆盖的绿潮区域,则需要通过人机交互的方式进行识别。（2）MODIS遥感影像中散布的小面积云和条带噪声是易混淆因素,因此需在MODIS数据预处理中进行云掩膜和条带噪声去除。（3）ENVISAT ASAR遥感影像中船只是易混淆因素,需通过人机交互的方式进行区分。     

基于多源遥感数据的区域景观格局尺度效应

无论在景观生态学还是在遥感领域,尺度问题都是非常重要的问题,目前已有的研究主要考虑景观的粒度效应,很少涉及遥感影像空间分辨率对景观格局的影响。在遥感和地理信息系统软件的支持下,利用多源遥感影像,结合研究区的特点进行了景观分类,并从不同遥感数据的空间分辨率角度进行空间粒度放大试验,探讨景观格局的尺度效应。研究结果表明：基于不同空间分辨率遥感影像的土地利用空间数据具有尺度效应,其所反映的区域土地利用景观格局在宏观上是一致的,但类型的边界、形状和数量均产生较大的差异;景观格局指数能反映不同遥感影像所记录的地表信息,从不同遥感数据源、不同空间分辨率的角度定量化判断尺度放大过程中区域土地利用景观特征信息的尺度效应。     

基于深度学习的高分辨率卫星遥感影像围填海检测识别

基于高分辨率卫星遥感影像自动、准确提取围填海土地利用现状,是实现围填海集约使用的重要技术手段。针对高分辨率卫星遥感影像地物特征复杂,依赖人工提取特征的传统方法较难满足业务部门实际需求的问题,提出了基于深度学习的围填海检测识别技术框架,该框架使用UNet网络的多约束变体结构,并针对高分辨率遥感影像地物特征复杂导致地物分类不一致的问题,引入全连接条件随机场和图像腐蚀运算对分割结果进行后处理。以天津市滨海新区2016年和2020年高分辨卫星遥感影像为数据源进行了验证,实验表明围填海地物分割整体准确率、F1-score、Kappa系数以及mIoU分别达到96.73%、92.87%、90.28%、86.82%。在此基础上,分析提取了该围填海区域土地利用动态变化特征,为围填海集约使用管理提供了有效技术支撑。     

基于稠密残差网络的多序列卫星图像去云

遥感影像中最常见的问题是云层污染,它会导致图像信息缺失,降低遥感数据的可用性。针对该问题,提出了一种基于稠密残差网络的多序列卫星图像去云算法。首先,该网络使用多序列的有云卫星图像作为输入,能为网络提供更多的时序特征信息,提升去云效果;其次,在网络中段使用稠密残差层,以保证卷积层之间最大程度地传递和使用特征信息,让生成的修复图像整体结构合理、边缘细节更加清晰;最后,使用像素上采样来增强空间信息的利用,提升修复效果。该方法在欧洲"哨兵-2"遥感卫星图像数据集上进行验证,峰值信噪比和结构相似度指标为27.59和0.854 0,两项指标均超过了该数据集的原处理方法STGAN,提升了遥感图像去云的效果。     

Geomorphological changes associated with underground coal mining in the Fushun area,northeast China revealed by multitemporal satellite remote sensing data

Fushun is a famous coal-mining city in northeastern China with more than 100 years of history. Long-term underground coal mining has caused serious surface subsidence in the eastern part of the city. In this study, multitemporal and multisource satellite remote sensing data were used to detect subsidence and geomorphological changes associated with underground coal mining over a 10-year period (1996–2006). A digital elevation model (DEM) was generated through Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry processing using data from a pair of European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS) SAR images acquired in 1996. In addition, a Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) DEM obtained from data in 2000 and an Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) DEM from 2006 were used for this study. The multitemporal DEMs indicated that the maximum vertical displacement due to subsidence was around 13 m from 1996 to 2006. Multitemporal ASTER images showed that the flooded water area associated with subsidence had increased by 1.73 km² over the same time period. Field investigations and ground level measurements confirmed that the results obtained from the multitemporal remote sensing data agreed well with ground truth data. This study demonstrates that DEMs derived from multisource satellite remote sensing data can provide a powerful tool to map geomorphological changes associated with underground mining activities.     

MODIS图象的云检测及分析

云一直是遥感图象处理、图象分析的一大障碍.为了解决这一问题,试图探讨利用中分辨率成像光谱仪MODIS检测云的方法,该方法充分考虑到MODIS数据具有36个光谱通道,特别是红外波段细分的特点,先是基于云的波谱特性采用多光谱综合法、红外差值法及指数法来对MODIS图象上的云点进行检测,鉴于这些方法有一定的局限性,因而还运用了一种基于空间结构分析和神经网络的云自动检测算法;最后将各种方法的云检测结果进行相互映证和对照分析,结果表明,这些方法检测到的云互相吻合,说明利用MODIS图象可成功地检测云点像元.这不仅为云的去除奠定了良好基础,而且也可以提高图象识别、图象分类及图象反演的精度.     

面向对象的高分辨率影像采煤塌陷地提取

煤炭开采引起了塌陷等一系列的地质环境问题,与常规监测方法相比,遥感技术可以实现大范围、高效率、周期性的动态监测。在遥感影像分类方法中,面向对象的遥感影像分类方法能更好地利用高分辨率遥感影像中丰富的纹理和几何结构信息。针对煤炭开采导致的地表塌陷地的特点,在归纳整理遥感影像中塌陷地判识准则的基础上,重点探讨了面向对象的遥感影像分类方法中塌陷地的自动提取规则。综合利用ERDAS IMAGINE9.2、ENVI4.7和ENVI4.4 ZOOM进行数据处理,以安徽省淮南矿务集团潘三矿区为实验区,用该方法利用SPOT５影像进行了塌陷地信息提取实验,结果证明,面向对象分类方法能有效地从高分辨率遥感影像中自动提取塌陷地相关信息。     

基于SPOT影像的水体信息提取以及在湿地分类中的应用研究

利用SPOT影像数据,对研究区进行遥感图像融合处理实验,探讨了基于SPOT影像的水体信息提取的方法,以及在湿地分类中的应用。     

高分辨率光学遥感影像变化检测算法在地震灾情调查中的应用

遥感卫星可快速、动态地获取地震灾区大范围的高分辨率影像,已成为快速获取震后灾情信息的主要技术手段之一。基于震后灾情调查中广泛使用的光学遥感数据和变化检测算法,首先对遥感数据及其产品进行了归纳总结,在此基础上综述了基于高分辨率遥感影像的变化检测算法在震害提取中的应用,阐述了基于像元和面向对象两类变化检测方法的基本原理和优缺点,讨论和总结了应用中存在的问题和不足,以期为未来地震应急中的灾情调查工作提供参考。     

Satellite radar and optical remote sensing for earthquake damage detection: results from different case studies

In case of a seismic event, a fast and draft damage map of the hit urban areas can be very useful, in particular when the epicentre of the earthquake is located in remote regions, or the main communication systems are damaged. Our aim is to analyse the capability of remote sensing techniques for damage detection in urban areas and to explore the combined use of radar (SAR) and optical satellite data. Two case studies have been proposed: Izmit (1999; Turkey) and Bam (2003; Iran). Both areas have been affected by strong earthquakes causing heavy and extended damage in the urban settlements close to the epicentre. Different procedures for damage assessment have been successfully tested, either to perform a pixel by pixel classification or to assess damage within homogeneous extended areas. We have compared change detection capabilities of different features extracted from optical and radar data, and analysed the potential of combining measurements at different frequency ranges. Regarding the Izmit case, SAR features alone have reached 70% of correct classification of damaged areas and 5 m panchromatic optical images have given 82%; the fusion of SAR and optical data raised up to 89% of correct pixel‐to‐pixel classification. The same procedures applied to the Bam test case achieved about 61% of correct classification from SAR alone, 70% from optical data, while data fusion reached 76%. The results of the correlation between satellite remote sensing and ground surveys data have been presented by comparing remotely change detection features averaged within homogeneous blocks of buildings with ground survey data.     

基于对象关系特征的高分辨率光学卫星影像水上桥梁目标识别方法

利用卫星遥感技术对大中型桥梁进行识别定位,在民用上和军事上都具有很重要的意义。本研究提出了一套利用基元对象关系特征提取高分辨率卫星影像中水上桥梁的技术方法。首先利用多尺度分割算法对高分辨率卫星影像进行分割,利用水体指数或GLCM同质性纹理特征区分河水和陆地;其次,利用对象形状特征和相邻的关系特征提取桥梁潜在区;将河流片段和桥梁潜在区专题二值化,利用数学形态学算子实现河流水面的连续化;最后利用叠加分析的方法获得最终的桥梁目标。本方法充分利用了桥梁与河流相邻和相交的空间关系特征,利用QuickBird和IKONOS高分辨率卫星影像进行实验,证明所提出的方法可以高精度的实现大中型水上桥梁的识别定位。     

Efficient parallel algorithm for pixel classification in remote sensing imagery

An important approach for image classification is the clustering of pixels in the spectral domain. Fast detection of different land cover regions or clusters of arbitrarily varying shapes and sizes in satellite images presents a challenging task. In this article, an efficient scalable parallel clustering technique of multi-spectral remote sensing imagery using a recently developed point symmetry-based distance norm is proposed. The proposed distributed computing time efficient point symmetry based K-Means technique is able to correctly identify presence of overlapping clusters of any arbitrary shape and size, whether they are intra-symmetrical or inter-symmetrical in nature. A Kd-tree based approximate nearest neighbor searching technique is used as a speedup strategy for computing the point symmetry based distance. Superiority of this new parallel implementation with the novel two-phase speedup strategy over existing parallel K-Means clustering algorithm, is demonstrated both quantitatively and in computing time, on two SPOT and Indian Remote Sensing satellite images, as even K-Means algorithm fails to detect the symmetry in clusters. Different land cover regions, classified by the algorithms for both images, are also compared with the available ground truth information. The statistical analysis is also performed to establish its significance to classify both satellite images and numeric remote sensing data sets, described in terms of feature vectors.     

Land-use mapping and change detection in a coal mining area - a case study in the Jharia coalfield,India

In an area like the Jharia coalfield (JCF), where extensive and rapid underground and opencast mining is going on continuously, land-use studies are of paramount importance. This paper discusses the remote sensing-GIS techniques used for identification of various land-use classes on satellite imagery and enhanced products and identification of time-sequential changes in land-use patterns. The various land-use classes, recognised from satellite image data and field surveys, are dense vegetation, sparse vegetation, fire, opencast mining (coal), overburden dump, subsidence and barren wasteland, settlement, transport network, river and water pond. A number of image processing operations have been carried out on remote sensing data for enhancing land-use patterns. It has been found that Landsat TM false colour composites (FCC) of bands 4, 3 and 2; FCC of bands 7, 5 and 3; FCC of bands 5, 4 and 2 and ratio images provide very useful information for land-use mapping. The normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) images have been used for vegetation studies. Image characters of various land-use classes on black-and-white and enhanced colour products have been tabulated. Land-use maps of selected windows have been prepared and examples given. Time-sequential surface changes that have occurred in the JCF since 1975 and particularly between November 1990 to November 1994 have been investigated. For change detection analysis, data manipulation in several steps involving preprocessing, processing and colour display have been carried out. Land-use changes have been detected by (a) image differencing, (b) image ratioing, and (c) differencing of NDVI images. It is inferred from the remote sensing images that extensive mining, establishment of communication networks, expansion of settlements, decrease in the vegetation cover etc., have remodelled the face of the JCF.     

A new method of data transformation for satellite images: I. Methodology and transformation equations for TM images

These two papers deal with a new method of data transformation. By analysing grey level curves (broken lines) of various ground features in image bands of different satellites, we have found that, inherent in 3‐ or 4‐band satellite images (SPOT, IKONOS, Quick Bird, OrbView, FORMOSAT and MSS) there are three basic remote‐sensing characteristics as follows: (1) the general radiance level L; (2) the visible–infrared radiation balance B; and (3) the band radiance variation vector (direction and speed) V. However, inherent in 5‐ or 7‐band satellite images (NOAA, TM), besides the above three, there is an extra basic remote‐sensing characteristic, i.e. the thermal radiation intensity I. This is denoted by thermal bands, i.e. the TM band 6 or NOAA (AVHRR) bands 4 and 5, which are relatively independent and can be used directly, and hence are unnecessary for information extraction or data transformation. Therefore, the data transformation only lies in extracting the L, B and V from original satellite images. Furthermore, we have also found that there are three basic ground‐cover elements on the Earth's surface: i.e. the bare land (in a broad sense), the vegetation and the water body, which, in different proportions, constitute all ground cover. Moreover, there are three basic (primitive) colours on colour image (including colour composite of satellite images): i.e. red, green and blue, which generate all colours on the colour image. Further research has revealed that the three basic remote‐sensing characteristics, the three basic ground‐cover elements and the three basic colours on the composite can conceptually constitute a three‐to‐three corresponding regular triangle scheme. Perhaps a good method of data transformation should make the scheme realistic, i.e. make the three ‘threes’ all correspond to each other. The research presented here has completed this task by regression calculations and selection of specific variables. First, the methodology and transformation equations for TM images are discussed. The transformed L, B and V images have relatively independent and equally distributed information as well as clear and definite physical, mathematical and geographical significance. They can be used effectively for generating high‐quality colour composites, on which the red, green, blue, yellow, pink, cyan and other colours of various kinds are all generated and all pure, saturated, equilibrated, meaning‐definite and close to the colours of ground features in nature. As a result, interpretations and discriminations of ground features can be easier and conducted not only by experience, but also by logic. The L, B and V images can also be used effectively for classification and digital analysis of ground features. With regard to the transformation equations for SPOT, NOAA, IKONOS, Quick Bird, OrbView, FORMOSAT and MSS images and the method application will be dealt with in the second paper.