美国州立公园规划探析——以北卡罗来纳州 州立公园为例

美国州立公园作为国家公园体系的重要补充,其规 划管理体系完备,兼具生态保护、游憩与环境教育功能。以美 国北卡罗来纳州州立公园为例,探究美国州立公园户外休闲规 划、战略规划、总体规划和管理规划的内容层级,评析美国州 立公园的规划特征与要点：即清晰明确的规划层次、独立的综 合管理规划、多方合作与协调、多元公众参与等,以期对完善 中国公园规划体系与规划实施管理提供借鉴。     

中国、美国与野心勃勃的城市

文章试图探究城市、野心与国家命运之间的联系,阐述如今中国之于美国来说就像是当初美国之于"旧世界"——明日的工厂、大胆的城市未来的熔炉。文章在将上海浦东的天际线比作中国城市激变的标准案例的同时,归纳出它与美国城市的黄金时代——20世纪30年代的纽约之间的类似之处。文章继而描述了汽车与郊区的诱惑如何平息美国的城市期望,并导致美国进入一个低效的、不可持续的城市无序蔓延的时代。文中痛惜怯懦与短视已经成为如今美国的建筑文化特色,无数障碍在阻挠建筑建起来。但文章依然意识到这种发展的缓慢未必是有害的,并总结出一个真正进步的社会是那些拥有人本主义的"软件"的社会——例如保护市民不被野心过大的发展计划所伤害,以及其他对社会的平等与公正的保障——这与高耸的摩天楼和耀眼的公共建筑等"硬件"同样重要。     

浅探央企国外项目HSE管理与欧美企业HSE管理模式接轨

HSE更加注重企业的安全管理。近些年来,我国央企海外投资不断扩张,很多企业按照 HSE 的管理体系来进行海外项目的管理。本文就 HSE 管理体系的现状进行了分析,并提出了央企在海外与欧美企业在 HSE 安全管理上接轨的策略。     

高昂的美国酒店特许经营费

对于酒店业主而言，加入酒店特许经营联盟费用不菲。但在当今酒店业激烈竞争的市场环境下，酒店特许经营能够让业主充分利用品牌的固有价值和已建立的市场地位，在更广的范围内提升入住率，并能够共享酒店连锁集团所创造的优势资源的实惠，牢牢吸引着酒店业主，让他们为加入酒店特许经营联盟许下重金。     

Variations on economic convergence: The case of the United States

This paper tests the hypothesis of conditional β-convergence in per capita income across the United States by extending the neoclassical growth model to incorporate public capital, government taxation, and human capital, and controlling empirically for technology growth. We expand the period of analysis from the late 1980s when studies using public capital stock have stopped, investigate spatial variation across the United States under various cross-sectional and panel spatial models, and tackle the issue of nonlinearities. All model variations provide evidence of economic convergence across the United States over the period 1960–2005.

Resumen

Este artículo evalúa las hipótesis de beta-convergencia condicional en renta per cápita en los Estados Unidos, ampliando el modelo de crecimiento neoclásico con la incorporación de capital público, tributación gubernamental y capital humano, y controlando empíricamente el crecimiento tecnológico. Hemos ampliado el periodo de análisis desde finales de los ochenta, momento en que se suspendieron los estudios que utilizaban reservas de capital público, hemos investigado la variación espacial para los Estados Unidos de acuerdo con diferentes modelos transversales y espaciales de panel, y hemos abordado el tema de las no linealidades. Todas las variaciones del modelo aportan pruebas de convergencia económica dentro de los Estados Unidos para el periodo 1960-2005.

     

Labor force mobility in the United States: migration,unemployment, and remigration

"This study examines the relationships between pre- and post-move unemployment and interstate migration of the United States labor force for the period 1965 to 1970. Multivariate analyses are conducted for several large occupation groups. The results indicate a strong link between unemployment and migration. Unemployment increases migration possibilities for each large occupation group considered. Substantial post-move unemployment exists, but there is a significant link between migration and such unemployment only for blue-collar workers who are repeat migrants."     

发达国家郊区发展系列谈之十美国的郊区——以奥兰治县和费尔法克斯县为例

一、“后郊区”：奥兰治县 奥兰治县（Orange County）是位于美国加利福尼亚州南部的一个县,濒临太平洋,在洛杉矶的东南部。面积2,455平方公里。2007年人口3,098,121人,是加利福尼亚州1人口第三大县,人口密度为1,392人／平方公里。     

The politics of preservation: Creating national parks in Canada,and in the United States,England and Wales

The national parks now in existence all over the world have supposedly been created for purposes of preservation. However, those who would create national park programmes must also contend with political and economic realities. The national park programmes of the United States, of England and Wales and (in more detail) of Canada are reviewed. In each instance the national parks reflect the dominant political ideology, and have come into being through political processes typical of that country. In the United States the dominant liberal ideology has led to neglect of the collective interest on which parks creation depends. Many competing interests are involved in the creation of a national park, making it difficult to set aside a piece of land for park purposes. In England and Wales the collective interest is given more recognition, and has resulted in general legislation to protect the countryside, and to guarantee people access to it. However, there is little additional protection for areas known as national parks. In Canada, which is the primary focus of this paper, the national parks were created not for preservation, but for economic and political reasons. An activist government, in a country with much Crown land and sparse population, used national parks as part of a policy of economic development and to reward those who supported them at the ballot box. Only a few national parks have been created for preservation rather than for more pragmatic reasons of politics or economics.     

美国质量管理一瞥

依据考察印象谈美国的质量管理情况。     

理论知识与政策的衔接:美国社区指标的前景

美国目前已认定的基于社区的指标项目已超过200个.文章回顾了社区指标项目成败的要素,讨论了社区努力达到的预期结果.文章特别探讨了组织和政策这两个对社区指标项目成功至关重要的因素.对于准备开展指标项目的社区,文章也给出了相应建议.     

美国国家风景道体系与计划

风景道具有交通、景观、游憩、生态和保护等多种功能。美国是风景道的发源地、主要实践地和研发基地。深入探讨了美国国家风景道体系建立的发展历程,阐述了美国联邦交通管理局管辖下的"国家风景道计划"的形成、目标、意义及主要内容,在借鉴美国国家风景道体系经验与启示基础上,提出了建立中国国家风景道管理机构和开展国家风景道体系创建工作的建议。     

AMERICA'S CHANGING POPULATION: Census Monograph Series,The Population of the United States in the 1980s

ABSTRACT: This commentary reviews six of the 11 monographs in the Census Monograph Series, The Population of the United States in the 1980s. The series was written for the National Committee for Research on the 1980 Census. The several volumes were published in 1986, 1987, and 1988 by the Russell Sage Foundation.     

Comparative Room Burn Study of Furnished Rooms from the United Kingdom,France and the United States

The wide variety in country specific fire codes can dramatically affect the fire safety of home furnishings resulting in more or less escape time from structure fires. This study uses three replicates of identical rooms for each of the countries tested (France, United Kingdom, US) to increase reliability of data for a more reliable comparison. France and the US rely on smolder only furniture flammability standards while the United Kingdom relies on a combination of smolder and open flame ignition test. Each test room contained a 3 cushion couch, chair and flat panel television of identical models/manufacturers purchased from the respective countries. Additionally, each room was fitted with an identical coffee table, end table, curtain, and bookcase obtained from Walmart in the United States and 12 kg of books. All rooms were meticulously set-up to ensure comparability of results. Flat panel televisions were purchased from electronic stores in the three countries, all were 1.4 m (55 inch) Samsung FPD LED models of as similar design as possible in the markets purchased. The couches and chairs were the same Ektorp furniture line of identical color purchased from Ikea. All FPD TVs and furniture appeared to be identical. All room burns were conducted in a standard ISO 9705 room. Heat release was measured by oxygen consumption calorimetry and smoke development by light dispersion in the ventilation duct. Acute toxicity measurements were made using FTIR at two collection points, the door way and at crawling height in the center of the room. Other smoke constituents were measured for concentration of PAH, VOC, SVOCs and chlorinated and brominated dioxins and furans. Two separate collection events were performed, before and after white smoke transitioned to black smoke. The time to transition from white to black smoke for the British furnishings was five times as long as that observed for the French and US models. The same is true of the time to flashover. The average pHHR for the British rooms was 200 KW less than the US and 400 KW less than the French rooms. All rooms had pHHR between 2.5 MW and 3.3 MW. Total smoke produced for the British rooms was half that of the French and US and the Peak Smoke was delayed for the British rooms by approximately 12 min. This study illustrated that the UK standard does provide a significantly better performance for an identical size and shaped couch based on time to pHHR, pHHR, time to peak smoke, and total smoke. In addition, the chemical composition of the smoke generated in the room burns featuring UK furniture were less acutely toxic based on HCN and CO emission. The time to toxic levels for these gases was delayed 15 min. The French and US rooms reached 1200 and 1600 ppm for HCN at the doorway in 6 min. The chronic toxicity of the UK rooms also appears to be less based on the lower molecular weight and lower concentration of PAH produced. These results directly contradict results published by Stec and Hull. The condition of the test do affect the results. It is critical to test under realistic conditions to be able to predict the performance of materials in home fires.