Rooted in the home garden and in the nation's landscape: Women and the emerging Hebrew garden in Palestine

In the early 20th century, the Hebrew women in Palestine found the fulfillment of their economic, social, and emotional needs in gardening. Their gardens were women's means of shaping their surroundings, mainly in the family sphere but also in the community sphere (school and kindergarten gardens, kibbutz gardens). The project was an outcome of the shared interests of pioneer women, city dwellers, and Jewish women's organizations, which differed in their social status and life goals, yet shared a common fertile ground. Through the investigation of primary and secondary sources that deal with women, gardens and the history of the Zionist settlement in Palestine, this paper argues that planting gardens was the Hebrew women's modest way of creating a 'space of their own', where they nurtured and fostered beauty, productivity, self-esteem, mutual help and friendship, while overcoming class distinction. Meanwhile, in planting gardens, women gained a share in the Zionist nation-building project, which was primarily male dominated.     

Rural ethos and urban development: the emergence of the first Hebrew town in modern Palestine

Since the late nineteenth century, the Zionist movement emphasized ruralism not only for the pastoral areas of Palestine, but also for its urban centres. This paper explores the emergence of Tel Aviv, the first Hebrew town, in the light of the Zionist rural/pastoral ideology and within the late nineteenth century discourse on city planning. It discusses early Tel Aviv’s rural images and the various means that were implemented by local and international planners, Zionist cultural agents, volunteer organizations and residents in order to materialize the green vision for the first Hebrew town. This paper argues that till the mid‐1930s, the development of Tel Aviv discarded the common modern dichotomy of nature/culture or pastoral/urban, proving that the development of the rural, agricultural landscape and the construction of the urban metropolis were complementary facets of the Zionist dream.     

晚明夫妻偕隐园寒山别业映射下的女性文化景观

古典园林是女性文化景观生发的重要场所,其中夫妻偕隐园更是具有丰富女性特质的园林类型。论文选取晚明江南山地园林的代表——寒山别业为考察对象,以历史文献和图像语境为基本研究途径,融合女性史、园林史、社会生活史等学科内容。通过对该园林中的两位女主人——陆卿子和文俶笔下的文字、画作结合园记、史志等文献进行提取,探讨了女性意识对园林营构的影响以及园林对女性生活实践的作用;揭示了晚明时期夫妻偕隐背景下女性文化景观呈现的特点,拓展了园林研究的维度。     

Garden cities in the Jewish Yishuv of Palestine: Zionist ideology and practice 1905–1945

The Garden City Movement is recognized as a dominant forerunner of modern urban planning. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the broad popularity and selective adoption of Garden City concepts in Zionist circles and the Jewish Yishuv (Community) in Palestine, to document their implementation in Jewish urban settlement in Palestine, and to follow their local evolution into the creation of a unique urban fabric. We show how the Garden City ideology and its implementation in England and Germany influenced the Zionist movement, its leaders, and settlers in Ottoman and British Mandatory Palestine, and led them to adopt and adapt concepts of the Garden City model as the ‘national paradigm’ of the new Jewish urban planning in Palestine. The planning was influenced by Garden City ideas, with modifications to Ebenezer Howard's original model made to suit local traditions, public demand, and Zionist goals. The application of the message of the Garden City movement to the physical model beginning unintentionally with the building of Ahuzat Bayit (Tel Aviv) in 1909, created a guiding principle for Jewish urban development in Palestine from 1905 until 1945, and continues to exert its influence on current planning. In conclusion, the article adds a dimension to the emerging picture of early twentieth-century Zionist settlement in Palestine as a laboratory for implementing novel planning ideas of international importance.     

《红楼梦影》作者顾春的纸上园林创作与 园林实践考析

《红楼梦》中园林的塑造及女性园林活动描写影响了清代女诗人顾春的园林创作。通过对她在《红楼梦》续书《红楼梦影》中塑造的5座园林的分析,以及参与家族园林营建情况的梳理,总结其园林创作成果并解析文化背景和园林思想,借此探究清代女性具体参与造园的情况,并揭示《红楼梦》与女性园林活动的内在联系,梳理女性参与造园背后的文化脉络。     

风雅的养成——园林画中的古代女性教育

园林作为居住空间的特殊品类,是传统社会重要的女性教育空间,在园林画中多有体现。以传世的园林绘画为考察对象,结合文献史料,从女性的自然常识教育、劳动技能教育和文化艺术教育3个方面探讨园林空间对于古代女性健康成长与人格完善的作用。可以发现,园林空间在古代女性教育中占有特殊地位,它是女性认识自然世界的窗口、学习生活技能的场所,以及提高文化和艺术造诣的环境。     

Better Options: Young Women Speak Out!

The objective of Better Options, a young women's training project (Miles et al. 1993) was to improve the service to young women provided by housing workers. The training project sought to do this by developing workers skills', knowledge and understanding of the different and specific needs of young women. The rationale behind this objective was the recognition of the inability of current accommodation services to meet the needs of young women accessing their services.     

At home in inner-city immigrant community gardens

This paper extends the definition of the domestic sphere to include urban community gardens, which I argue serve as critical “home-like” places that marginalized Latina/o immigrants use to sustain themselves and to re-create homeland in urban Los Angeles. Based on over 1 year of ethnographic and interview research at the gardens, I argue that the immigrant community gardeners are creating new homes, attachments and means of livelihood that link their past with the present, restoring them during this historical moment of the US immigration crisis in deportations and detentions. A range of social reproductive and restorative activities normally associated with the private domestic sphere unfold at these community gardens, allowing us to see these sites as shared open-air domiciles, hybrid-domestic places, set among plant nature. I suggest that focusing on the everyday practices, the materiality and meanings of place may productively shift our theoretical gaze from understanding migration experiences only through the lens of assimilation or transnationalism, and toward one that acknowledges active assertions organized around the right to home-making.     

权力、场域与公私之变：民国无锡园林 转型的社会学解读

民国时期,无锡开创私人建园向公众免费开放之先 河,是中国近代园林史上一个极具代表性的缩影。而作为园主 的民族资产阶级,也以园林搭建了一个复杂的社会关系网。为 了研究园林转型背后的权力斗争,以布尔迪厄的场域理论进行 分析,链接了以往被忽视的零散非体系性史料。发现在权力、 经济与园林场域的交叠下,无锡的民族资产阶级对自我身份认 知发生变化,从而顺应时势而调整自身的位置。园林作为场 域,以争夺景观资本为中心,以交换经济与政治资本为目的, 使场域内的行动者形成了文人、社会教化者与商人3个方面取 向的惯习,从而促成了无锡民国园林中多样的布局与风格。     

晚明清初淑媛倪仁吉香草园意匠及其 女性特质

实地考察位于浙江义乌大元村由晚明清初士绅阶层女性倪仁吉营造的香草园遗址,并结合史料复原其景观原貌及示意平面,发现香草园意匠虽与明清江南士人园林有相似性,但倪仁吉可以自由出入中门,园内主体建筑以她女性化特质强烈的号"凝香"命名,体现出女性对园林空间的主导意识;多用男性士人视野下颇具女性特征的花木造景,植物配色较明清男性在园林中为女性营造的女性空间更多彩,造景植物的选择因她所属士绅阶层而在品赏及情感表达层面有别于平民阶层女性;她的园居生活兼具男性士人情致与女性趣味,具有代表士绅阶层女性园林活动的典型性,且依据园居类型的不同选择或开敞或隐蔽的活动空间,与多被安置在男性所造园林边缘区域内的女性活动空间的遮蔽性相区别。     

The experience of homeless women: An exploration of housing histories and the meaning of home

The exploratory study with homeless women presented in this paper aims to highlight two shortcomings in the current literature on homelessness, which accompany the predominant conceptualisation of ‘home’ as a place of safety and security, and homelessness as a primarily structural issue characterised by ‘residential instability’. The first is the paucity of research on homeless women in their own right and the second the lack of studies which examine underlying reasons for residential instability from homeless women's own perspectives. An intensive, small sample interview study was carried out with 12 regular women users of a day centre for homeless people (Brighton, south of England). They were asked about their patterns of residence, reasons for moving, definitions of ‘house’, ‘home’, and ‘ideal home’, and they gave their housing histories in some detail. In a quantitative analysis, their patterns of moving and definitions of ‘home’ were compared to those of a group of securely housed women. Number of moves was comparable in both groups, but for the homeless women the majority of moves had been made to avoid abuse and social services relocations. Whilst all of the securely housed women could confidently define a difference in meaning between a ‘house’ and a ‘home’, only 3 of the 12 homeless women did. They equated ‘home’ with safety and security, the same terms used in the literature to define what housing means, and the two most salient features largely absent in homeless women's experience of housing. The meaning of home is further explored in a qualitative analysis, where the themes of safety and security—or rather their absence in abusive relationships—are traced through the homeless women's childhood, adolescence and adulthood. These exploratory findings question an easy equation between ‘residential instability’ and homelessness, and highlight the need to investigate further the reasons why women leave housing, and the relationship this has to an understanding of what ‘home’ means. Whilst current formulations suggest that the homelessness of women is a problem, and housing the solution, this study suggests that housing is the problem—homelessness may well be a solution.     

From Nahalal to Danesfahan: the transfer of Israeli modern rurality to village planning in Iran

In 1963, the State of Israel sent a technical assistance mission to the rural region of Qazvin, Iran. Exporting its newly developed knowledge of rural regional planning was Israel's way of securing the fragile relationship with Iran. The mission's objectives included the development of a comprehensive regional plan, and designs for three villages, planned anew, which were to serve as prototypes for other villages to be constructed in the region. The mission's architects noted the need to create a rural character for the villages, and had a clear image of what would create this —trees. This was despite the fact that trees were not a common feature of the region's villages.

This article describes the landscape planning of the modern villages conceived for Qazvin by the Israeli mission. It reveals that, while the Israeli architects were committed to planning villages that related to local ways of life and traditions, the image of the village they proposed for Iran was based on the rurality that villages in Israel encompass. The text explores the formation of this image of rurality. It locates the origins of this image in the 1920s Zionist colonisation of Palestine, tracing its development as an important frontier during Israel's nation-building period: one that with time came to symbolise Israel as a rural-yet-modern new nation. This concept, of ‘modern rurality’, was thus transferred to the modernisation of rural Iran. The architects failed to see rurality as specific to a place; they did not recognise that their image of rurality was a modern construct developed in Israel. Along these lines, the article reflects on the transnational effect of the creation of a modern village.     

Book review

In response to impending skills shortages and changing employment patterns, the UK construction industry recently has made considerable efforts to attract more women to its professions. However, despite their increasing representation, there are indications that women experience difficulties in developing their careers within the industry. This research investigated the careers of men and women working for large construction companies, in order to establish the gender determined influences on women's career progression. A primarily qualitative methodology was employed for the research, in which career profiles were developed through ethnographic interviews with 41 matched pairs of male and female employees. This allowed the gender specific determinants of careers to be established across a range of different organizations, and from informants at different vocational and life-cycle stages. The analysis resulted in the formulation of a set of eight interrelated theoretical models, from which a theory of women's career development was constructed. The theory reflects the belief that the construction workplace is a competitive and conflictual environment, where women are overtly and covertly discriminated against by men, who use structural systems to undermine their participation. The women interviewed were found to have dealt with these barriers in a way which perpetuated existing work cultures. If reflected throughout the industry, this would suggest the existence of a self-fulfilling cycle of women's continued under-achievement. The paper puts forward the radical proposition that women should not be attracted to the industry unless steps are taken to moderate its exclusionary and discriminatory culture.     

TOWARD A SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE CITY: Race and Dimensions of Urban Poverty in Women's Lives

ABSTRACT: Focusing on processes of racialization in the lives of women in lowincome households, this article aims to contribute to a social geography of the city through a study of the feminization of poverty. Data were collected from a snowball sample of approximately 100 African- and Anglo- American women in Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1989. Emphasizing the need for localized accounts of the feminization of poverty, attention is paid to specific aspects of these women's daily lives, namely their racialized experiences of economic restructuring, sources of income and household structures. Their division into “work-rich” and “work-poor” households is revealed further through an examination of their participation in formal and informal local social networks. I argue that their everyday experiences leave the weight of poverty falling more heavily on African-American women: living in the same place can take on different meanings for racialized social groups.     

The impacts of rail transit on the lives and travel experiences of women in the developing world: Evidence from the Delhi Metro

In response to the rapid rates of urbanization and motorization, cities in the developing world have increasingly invested in urban rail transit systems in recent decades. Using participant observation and in-depth interviews with 51 female passengers in the Delhi Metro, we provide empirical evidence of the impact of rail transit on women's lives in the developing world, which is lacking in the existing literature. We adopt the notion of empowerment as a theoretical framework. The findings of the study reveal that the Delhi Metro provides a comparatively empowering and positive travel experience for women, which is mainly enabled by safety measures and women's relative sense of safety in transit compared to other public spaces. However, this does not mean that female passengers are free from the threats of harassment in the Metro, and thus they adopt behavioral strategies to avoid risk. These results suggest that implementing policies that address women's safety concerns and needs are key to mass transit's success in the developing world.     

遗址公园——天津曹家花园的园景分析

天津曹家花园初为清末买办孙仲英于光绪二十九年在津辟建的私家园林，后为直隶军阀曹锟所有，更名曹家花园。通过对相关史料《天津市河北区历史遗迹》《津门谈古》的梳理、归纳及现场勘查、考证，针对曹家花园的历史沿革、造园风格、造园要素、空间关系等进行深入研究，充分证明了曹家花园具有鲜明的造园特征，为一座既有象征晚清权贵的官式建筑风格，又具欧式建筑特色的中西合璧式私家园林。研究曹家花园不仅是为再现其历史风貌，而是要通过保护公园所处的自然、历史环境，彰显其历史文化内涵和特定的历史文化氛围，发挥遗址公园的文化影响力及与之正相关的经济拉动作用，从而提升城市的软实力。     

Half-Full or Half-Empty? Planning for Women's Safety in Victoria,Australia

Over the past two decades there has been an emerging international consensus that locally coordinated efforts are effective in addressing violence and insecurity. Promoting “women's safety” has become a recognized international planning and governance strategy. There are, however, concerns about how the “women's safety” approach can address intimate partner violence, incorporate diversity between women from different cultures, and integrate a gender mainstreaming approach to male on male violence. Finally, there are challenges in evaluating these initiatives. The paper will use the Gender, Local Governance, and Violence Prevention (GLOVE) research project in Victoria, Australia as a case study to examine these tensions.     

明代江南园林植物配置的数字文化探析

中国传统的"数字"文化具有广泛的影响,在城市、建筑和园林中皆有体现。植物作为古典造园的四大要素之一,也受到"数字"文化的影响,孕育出独特的审美理念。本文以明代江南园林的植物配置为对象,结合明代的园记、园图和画论等资料,在孤植、对植、丛植和群植等常规分类的基础上,梳理出与各种配置方式相对应的数字,讨论数字影响下的植物配置方式,并进而从植物习性、传统文化、画意追求和空间营造等方面,探讨形成各种植物配置数字的原因。