Landscape Planning for Biological Diversity in Europe

The European landscape reflects its agricultural legacy, but agriculture is losing its dominant position in the rural economy. The rural landscapes of Europe are in a process of polarization between intensive land use and naturalistic areas. In addition to this process, fragmentation of the landscape is also taking place. Regional distinctiveness is disappearing due to the impact of globalization on food production. If regional differences are not maintained and protected then the cultural landscapes of Europe and their biological diversity will decline and only remnants will remain. It is argued that regional differences can only be maintained through conscious environmental and ecological planning. Concepts for this, such as ecostabilization and ecological networks, have been developed in many European countries. The role of the landscape planner should be one of integrating knowledge and functions by designing new functions in existing landscapes and new landscapes with regional character.     

Defining Biological Diversity and the Agony of Setting Priorities

This paper focuses on some important problems which policy makers are facing in the pursuit of protecting biological diversity: Defining and clarifying the concept of biological diversity and developing appropriate measurements, setting conservation priorities and identifying protected areas.     

Fragmentation of a Landscape: incorporating landscape metrics into satellite analyses of land-cover change

The relationship between trajectories of forest-cover change and the biophysical and social characteristics of the landscape in the mountains of Western Honduras is addressed. Metrics of land-cover change were used to infer patterns of land-use change, using Landsat TM imagery from 1987, 1991 and 1996. With 15-20% of the land cover changing across each two-date period, the study landscape was very dynamic. Areas of reforestation were significantly larger than areas of deforestation, across all dates. Patch size was a good indicator of economic activity. Stable patches of forest and agriculture were fewer and larger, compared to forest regrowth and clearing. Small patches of swidden agriculture were found close to roads, at lower elevations and on more gradual slopes between 1987 and 1991. Between 1991 and 1996, expansion of export coffee production resulted in forest clearings on steeper slopes and at higher elevations. Results highlight the importance of landscape metrics in monitoring land-cover change over time.     

从北京园林绿地植物使用现状看城市园林植物的多样性

论述了北京市园林植物的应用现状，分析了城市园林植物应用较少的原因，主要有3个方面：绿化植物选择上具有随意性与盲目性，缺少大量、丰富、现成的用于绿化的苗木，以及市场经济方面的原因。指出了北京市园林植物资源，对开发利用这一资源提出了建议。     

Planning for spatial equity in Europe

Since planners plan, they claim that their local, regional or national spatial plans are crucial for achieving spatial equity. Starting from the difficulties of defining spatial equity, the paper explores some European dimensions of spatial equity, thereby referring to three recent documents: the Commission's First Report on Social and Economic Cohesion, the Opinion on Spatial Planning of the Committee of the Regions and the draft European Spatial Development Perspective, having been approved by the Ministers of the Member States of the European Union in June 1997. This is followed by a brief assessment of the role of existing European networks of infrastructure, production, information and power, or those of memories and images, in creating spatial equity in Europe. The paper ends with a presentation and brief justification of the normative concept of the European Bunch of Grapes as a mental vision for spatial equity in Europe.     

景观规划设计与城市动物多样性的保护与恢复

城市是一个高度人工化的生态系统,人类的干扰使动物失去了原本属于它们的家园.现代景观多从人的角度进行设计,忽视了其他生物对生存空间的需求.合理地进行城市动物多样性的保护与恢复是建设高质量城市环境的迫切要求.城市动物多样性的保护与恢复工作应从宏观与微观两方面入手,采用正确的理论指导,制定严格的法律保障体系,采用科学的方法和技术,加强城市生态环境建设.     

景观指数在景观规划中的作用

景观规划的中心任务是通过组合或引入新的景观要素调整或构建新的景观结构,以增加景观异质性和稳定性,从而实现景观的可持续发展。用景观指数描述景观格局能使我们对具有一定统计性质的数据进行比较和分析。     

面向可持续的区域景观规划中的生态规划决策探析

区域景观生态营建是区域生态文明建设的主要组成部分,同时也是风景园林学科需要重点关注的内容。当前,区域景观破碎化程度连续走高对区域整体生态安全格局造成了严重威胁。同时,以科学实证为基础的区域景观生态知识积累及其与区域景观空间规划间的转换反馈、评估应用进程均显滞后。从可持续区域景观生态规划目标确定、条件选择2个方面入手,阐述可持续区域景观规划中生态规划决策框架的搭建过程,对区域景观空间可持续性与生态功能决策两者间的关系进行初步探索。     

Fluvial Landscapes,Catchment Administration and Land-use Planning: Experience based on two rivers in Spain

The differences between urban, rural and fluvial landscapes pose challenges for land-use planning. In particular, the stable character of urban settlements and cultural landscapes contrasts with the instability of fluvial ones. In Spain, the administration of fluvial landscapes, via the main legal instrument (the Hydraulic Public Domain) and land-use plans, is conducted on the basis of administrative boundaries which cut across hydrological units. The characteristics and dynamics of fluvial landscapes (in particular two Spanish rivers) are studied and it is argued that land uses established within them should be compatible with their characteristics and dynamics. In order to implement this objective, two new concepts are proposed for adoption by the river agencies and for incorporation in local land-use plans—the Area of Fluvial Freedom and the Area of Flooding.     

借中留山水,筑特色仙城——以武宣县城总体规划修编为例

以武宣县城总体规划为例,结合县城发展实际,在分析城市山水特色的基础上,从城市规模、城市形态、旧城保护与更新及城市绿化等不同角度对特色仙城塑造进行积极的探索,充分体现武宣山水园林城市的仙城特色。     

基于行动规划的城市风貌规划编制方法研究--以《铜陵市城市风貌规划》为例

城市风貌规划作为彰显城市个性、避免千城一面、一城千面的重要抓手,正日益被城市建设规划部门重视。本文以《铜陵市城市风貌规划》为例,介绍一种以行动规划为理念的城市风貌规划编制思路,希望为读者提供借鉴意义。     

管道煤气供销差率的校正

本文对影响管道煤气供销差率的状态因素(压力、温度)以及抄表与供气计量不同期因素对供销差率的影响进行了分析,并给出了可供实用的修正方法。     

区域规划和建设应对气候变化与能源问题的策略 以德国IBA汉堡为例

全球气候变化威胁日益严重,景观规划工作者有责任运用专业知识应对气候变化威胁,国际上具有前瞻性的景观规划学者已开始运用区域景观规划应对气候变化与能源问题;但在此过程中,常常会与经济发展、规划建设品质等方面发生矛盾。本文着眼于国际领先应对气候变化的区域景观规划项目——德国IBA汉堡,通过分析其典型项目,总结了其应对气候变化与能源问题的策略,探究了其在规划过程中应对气候与能源问题难点的处理方法。本文旨在为今后以应对气候变化与能源问题为目的的区域景观规划提供一些思考。     

绿色的飘带 城中绿岛——山西晋城东河景观整治规划

晋城市两河整治背景东河和西河是山西晋城市贯通市区南北的两条历史悠久的河道。由于年久失修,造成了污水横流、周边环境脏乱的局面。河道环境整     

Landscape diversity and land use planning: a case study in Bavaria

A maximum of landscape diversity is to be regarded as a helpful target as well as an analytical tool to detect actual planning deficits. First of all, specific indicators and targets for ecosystem and landscape levels will be defined. Ecosystem types are derived from landscape ecological site conditions, and are combined with the demands of minimal areas related to present and potential ecosystem types.The suitability of management practices for the site conditions, and the requirements mentioned above, will together form the basis on which a target landscape in its pattern, and the management practices suggested can be mapped. In comparison with the present use of the landscape, measures are derived which indicate that the target of a high landscape diversity has real practical meaning: conversion of about 15% of the arable land into forests and grasslands as one result of this study fits into the political and administrative programmes already established. In addition, four modification categories of the actual usage are mapped and described in size and number in this case study. The basic assumptions of this approach will be explained, to provide further working hypotheses for an interdisciplinary and integrative research into landscape ecology in rural landscapes.     

潍坊市白浪河滨水区域景观规划设计

本文以潍坊市白浪河滨水区域景观规划设计为例,探索了如何使滨水空间与周边环境相联系、具有标志性和生态性的特点。     

公共建筑的多样性及其能效理论的初探

本文分析既有公共建筑的用能特点及其多样性。即地域的用能差异、不同类型公共建筑用能的特点和同类公共建筑运行能耗的差异性。试图对建筑负荷公式按建筑功能的特点加以变量划分和扩展,以变量理论指导各类公共建筑提高运行能效。,最后．提出当前建筑能耗统计中存在的问题,建筑智能化在提高建筑能效中不可替代的作用。     

Landscape change and the urbanization process in Europe

Urbanization is one of the fundamental characteristics of the European civilization. It gradually spread from Southeast Europe around 700 . ., across the whole continent. Cities and the urban networks they formed were always an important factor in the development and shaping of their surrounding regions. Polarization of territory between urban and rural and accessibility are still important aspects in landscape dynamics. Urbanization and its associated transportation infrastructure define the relationship between city and countryside. Urbanization, expressed as the proportion of people living in urban places shows a recent but explosive growth reaching values around 80% in most European countries. Simultaneously the countryside becomes abandoned. Thinking, valuing and planning the countryside is done mainly by urbanites and future rural development is mainly focused upon the urban needs. Thinking of urban places with their associated rural hinterland and spheres of influence has become complex. Clusters of urban places, their situation in a globalizing world and changing accessibility for fast transportation modes are some new factors that affect the change of traditional European cultural landscapes. Urbanization processes show cycles of evolution that spread in different ways through space. Urbanization phases developed at different speeds and time between Northern and Southern Europe. Main cities are affected first, but gradually urbanization processes affect smaller settlements and even remote rural villages. Functional urban regions (FURs) are a new concept, which is also significant for landscape ecologists. Local landscape change can only be comprehended when situated in its general geographical context and with all its related dynamics. Patterns of change are different for the countryside near major cities, for metropolitan villages and for remote rural villages. Planning and designing landscapes for the future requires that this is understood. Urbanized landscapes are highly dynamic, complex and multifunctional. Therefore, detailed inventories of landscape conditions and monitoring of change are urgently needed in order to obtain reliable data for good decision-making.     

棕地景观规划设计中的土壤修复方法——以首钢二通机械广改造景观规划设计为例

棕地改造受到国内外人士越来越多的关注和重视,对于棕地改造而言,土地污染是改造、开发再利用首要解决的问题,在首钢二通机械厂改造项目中,尝试将土壤修复与景观规划相结合,采用最佳修复方法,在土壤修复的同时具有一定的景观性.     

有限的土地无限的景观--荷兰高柏伙伴公司多维景观规划

荷兰土地十分紧缺,多维的规划和利用昂贵的土地是可持续发展的关键.荷兰高柏伙伴公司通过"多维景观规划" 的设计哲学,在有限的土地上创造出无限的景观.他们并不单纯局限于土地的高效功能规划,同时还关注于多样化、人性化、文化延续、可持续发展、人工与自然和谐等多维景观层面.