西安市街区尺度绿色空间景观连接度 距离阈值的梯度分析

景观连接度距离阈值的选择直接决定着景观连通性的评价标准。若以鸟类、哺乳动物等物种的扩散能力作为景观连接度距离阈值的参照,通常会超出城市建成环境中小尺度绿色空间景观连通性评价的阈值范围。以西安市4种典型街区样方为研究对象,基于昆虫扩散能力,选取25、50、75、100、125、150、175、200m共8个距离阈值,采用整体连通性指数、可能连通性指数和斑块重要性指标,对研究区域内绿色空间景观连接度距离阈值进行分析和筛选。结果表明：1)不同研究与实践尺度下应选取适宜的指示物种,以其扩散能力作为景观连通性评价的参照,其中,城市街区尺度绿色空间景观连接度的相关研究宜选择昆虫作为指示物种;2)2020年西安市街区尺度城市绿色空间景观连接度的适宜距离阈值范围为50～150m,以125m为宜;3)西安市4种典型街区样方的绿色空间格局对景观连接度距离阈值的选择存在一定影响,景观连接度距离阈值的选择可依据城市绿色空间景观连通性的优化目标适当增减。     

The response of ground and bark foraging insectivorous birds across an urban–forest gradient

This paper assesses the response of four common species of forest dependant insectivorous birds to an urban–forest gradient. The presence or absence was recorded for each species in landscapes that varied in landscape and site level attributes. Landscapes were classified into three categories based on their level of urbanisation. Broad comparisons across the landscapes were used to determine species specific response to increasing levels of urbanisation. Site level attributes were modelled to predict the patch occupancy for each species in each of the landscape types. Two broad trends were identified: the superb fairy wren (Malurus cyaneus) and white-browed scrubwren (Sericornis frontalis) displayed a tolerance to urbanisation and the eastern yellow robin (Eosaltrica australis) and white throated treecreeper (Cormobates leucophaeus) demonstrated a threshold response to urbanisation. The density of roads (−ve) and the extent of tree cover (+ve) in a landscape were highly correlated with the occurrence of urban sensitive species while at the site level the density of roads and density of rivers were the strongest contributors to their presence. The marked differences in the isolation and connectivity of patches where the threshold for urban sensitive species ceases are the likely contributors to their decline and sensitivity to suburban habitats. Conservation and management of urban sensitive species is largely dependant on the way urban development is managed. Of critical importance is careful planning in urban-fringe environments.     

The application of focal species knowledge to landscape design in agricultural lands using the ecological neighbourhood as a template

The focal species approach to nature conservation provides a method for identifying management actions required to meet the needs of the most vulnerable species in a landscape with respect to the threatening processes responsible for their decline. For each threat, a focal species is identified as the one with the most critical requirement pertaining to the threat. With multiple threats, the resulting suite of focal species can be regarded as a “focal community”, whose combined needs are used to address a range of management actions. In this paper, the critical requirements of a focal community of resident land birds are identified with respect to the threats arising from the loss, fragmentation and degradation of habitat in the central wheat-belt of Western Australia. This knowledge of their critical requirements is then used to guide a landscape design procedure for the enhancement of bird habitat in the Gabbi Quoi Quoi sub-catchment of Western Australia. The landscape design procedure is framed against the concept of the ecological neighbourhood, where the necessary size, spatial arrangement, area of influence and connectivity of existing landscape elements are used as a starting point for habitat restoration and re-vegetation.     

浅谈高速公路绿化景观设计

研究了高速公路绿化景观的作用,指出了绿化景观应满足安全驾驶功能、美化景观功能和环境保护功能,并阐述了高速公路绿化设计的原则及要点,从而揭示了高速公路绿化景观设计的必要性。     

Planning an ecological network of Xiamen Island (China) using landscape metrics and network analysis

Most Chinese municipal governments and urban planners have attempted to conserve and create urban greenspace in response to rapid urbanization. It is a major task for urban landscape planners to construct an effective and harmonious urban ecological network and maintain a sustainable urban development environment. In this paper, the present situation and a recent greenway augment plan of Xiamen Island were assessed using a series of landscape metrics. The results showed that the recent greenway augment plan could improve the present greenway system considerably. The improvements were indicated by decrease in patch density, and increase in total class area and edge density on the patch level, landscape diversity, landscape evenness and landscape connectivity on the landscape level. On the basis of these analyses, a number of alternative planning scenarios were designed by using network analysis methods for improving the ecological network of Xiamen Island. An alternative planning scenario was proposed to decrease the degree of landscape fragmentation, increase the shape complexity of greenway patches and enhance the landscape connectivity. The results indicated that methods which integrate landscape metrics with network analyses could not only quantitatively assess the present situation and the rationality of planning for urban greenway systems, but also facilitate the design of planning scenarios for urban ecological networks, enabling them to meet the principles of conformity, harmony, circulation, safety, diversity and sustainability. The principles and methods of landscape ecology, and the greenway concepts that have originated in the West can be useful for Chinese landscape planning and can be applied to greenway development in China.     

Landscape Application of Ground Covers in Beijing Highway

Ground cover is a necessary component of highway green space, and as a background color of landscape, it enriches landscape hierarchy, reflects regional characteristics, and reduces maintenance cost. By analyzing application of ground covers in some sections of 6 highways in Beijing, China, selection standards, application species, and planting designs of ground covers in highway green spaces of Beijing were explored, so as to enrich the application species, optimize landscape designs, and enhance the application of under-bridge ground covers.     

Rural road networks as barriers to gene flow for amphibians: Species-dependent mitigation by traffic calming

Population structuring based on mitochondrial DNA variation along the rural landscape of the Trubia valley in North Iberia revealed significant association between road density and genetic distance between populations of two amphibian species, the midwife toad Alytes obstetricans and the palmate newt Lissotriton helveticus. Traffic calming (concentration of flows on minor rural roads at a few highways to decrease volumes and speeds) near urban settlements mitigates the population fragmentation of L. helveticus but not that of A. obstetricans, indicating that even small roads with low-intensity traffic act as barriers for the latter species. We suggest that the construction of passages for amphibians across rural roads would potentially mitigate population fragmentation of endangered species like the anuran A. obstetricans.     

New landscape spatialities: the changing scales of function and symbolism

Current local-scale changes in the landscape interweave with larger forces of globalization, time-space compression and media proliferation altering the face of landscape, both rural and urban, around the world. These larger forces span all sectors of human activity and inform a new cultural economy of space, creating new landscape spatialities that require a reformulation of landscape definitions, as well as new conceptual models and methodological approaches. This paper aims to contribute towards this objective by investigating such ongoing change and proposing new conceptual tools for the articulation, analysis and planning of the contemporary landscape at new geographical scales. Perhaps the most significant variable in these new landscape spatialities is geographical connectivity. Landscape may no longer be viewed as a segment of the geographical world—real, perceived or imaginary—but rather as a situated image or system at the interface of different scales of contact with an “observer”. In specific, landscapes today appear no longer spatially enclosed, restricted and tied to locality. Both in terms of function and of symbolism, they are increasingly characterized by processes, forms and signs with external, rather than internal, references. Empirical examples are drawn from the rural landscape of Greece.     

基于功能连接度的城市生态廊道空间范围 划定研究

如何科学确定城市生态廊道空间范围是城乡规划和风景园林领域最为关心的问题之一。基于电路理论模型量化源地间物种转移廊道的功能连接度,引入经济学“效益成本比”思想构建城市生态廊道空间范围划定模型,提取生态廊道功能连接度效益成本比的拐点作为该条廊道规划建设的参照宽度。结果显示：1)研究区共识别59个30hm2以上的生态源地,其中大型生态源地多处在研究区外围,景观阻力面空间分布特征具有明显地“核心-边缘”特征;2)基于最小成本路径模型与电路理论提取出126条生态廊道,并识别了重要生态源地、夹点及障碍点,发现障碍点与夹点空间存在明显拮抗关系;3)整合电路理论(Circuitscape平台Pairwise模式)与分段线性回归模型划定研究区城市生态廊道的参考宽度范围处于60.27～371.83m,并对比了现有功能连接度量化方法对廊道参照宽度有潜在影响。以上研究结论可为今后城市乃至区域生态网络构建提供科学借鉴。     

基于景观生态学的旅游公路路域景观现状与生态敏感性研究

选取青海扎碾旅游公路为研究对象,充分考虑其路域景观环境的特点,从景观生态学的角度,基于遥感影像和ArcGIS软件,在景观格局空间分析的基础上,分别从可视视域、丹霞地貌面积比、喀斯特地貌面积比、草地面积比、林地面积比、农田面积比、居民点密度和景观综合指数几个方面对路域景观进行分析与评价,从而得出扎碾旅游公路沿线路域景观特点。研究成果可为旅游公路的后续景观设计与营造、生态恢复等方面提供数据参考。     

Birds of Siberian-pine (Pinus sibirica) forests of the south-east part of Western Siberia (Tomsk Region)

Abstract

The article examines the fauna and bird population of Siberian-pine forests in Tomsk Region (the south-east part of Western Siberia) in the summer period. The article is based on data collected by the authors over many years in 12 areas of Siberian-pine forests in various forest subzones. The taxonomical structure of avifauna, the landscape and ecological structure, and species distribution are examined. A comparison has been made of species diversity and population density for birds of sub-taiga Siberian-pine forests in the southern and middle taiga. The authors have identified the leading species of birds in terms of population density in various forest subzones. A tendency towards latitudinal changes in species diversity and population density in Siberian-pine forests has been discovered. The authors have identified the species of birds whose diet includes the nuts of Siberian pines. Data on the bird species of Siberian-pine forests listed in the Red Data Book of Tomsk Region have been included.     

景观设计师在高速公路设计中的作用

从20世纪20年代开始,美国的景观设计及相关研究人员,对景观设计师在高速公路中的作用,做了大量的研究和工程实践,他们认为景观设计师在高速公路设计中的作用,不仅仅是“美化”,更应在选址规划、安全使用和愉悦、环境保护与生态设计中,起重要作用,欧洲的景观设计师在这些方面也做了大量的工作。     

基于遗传算法和云模型的公路沿线泥石流灾害危险性区划

 公路沿线泥石流灾害危险性区划可以明确不同地区灾害防治的轻重缓急和设防标准,为宏观政策的制定提供理论基础。从地形地貌、降水、岩土和植被4方面开展公路沿线泥石流灾害危险源辨识,根据潜在公路沿线泥石流灾害调查结果,采用遗传算法提取危险性评价指标,通过云模型改进AHP算法计算各指标权重,基于ArcGIS软件绘制各评价指标的基础图件并进行公路沿线泥石流灾害危险性空间分析,以公路沿线泥石流灾害危险度为主导依据,编制中国公路沿线泥石流灾害危险性区划方案。结果表明：中国公路沿线泥石流灾害危险度为1.000～7.900,危险度较高的区域为浙闽东南山区、台湾山区、昆仑山脉、天山山脉、太行山、黄土高原、横断山脉和青藏高原东部等;中国划分为低度危险、中度危险、重度危险和极重度危险4个等级、14个危险区,其中极重危险区为黄土高原-秦巴山区、武夷山-台湾山区、川滇山区和天山-昆仑山区。     

A landscape ecological model for wildlife enhancement of stormwater management practices in urban greenways

A spatial distribution model has been developed to predict the pattern of stormwater catchment facilities in developing urban areas. The model has been validated through comparison of predicted results with historical data in Guelph, Canada, using nearest neighbour analysis. The validated model has been applied to developing urban-rural fringe lands in Guelph to illustrate land use patterns likely to occur under different scenarios. Simulations of various scenarios for incorporating stormwater catchment facilities into greenways have been tested with the model and the resultant land use patterns compared with the status quo, through measures of landscape ecological integrity such as connectivity and porosity. The model was applied to an area on the edge of Guelph scheduled for development. The predicted land use patterns of various planning scenarios were generated and analysed. The results demonstrated that landscape integrity could be increased, urban wildlife habitat enhanced, and opportunities for residential non-consumptive wildlife recreation improved through integration of the evolving ‘blue-green’ open space provided by urban stormwater management facilities into existing greenways.     

基于Maxent模型的深圳湾鸟类热点生境 判别及修复研究

鸟类热点生境判别对于掌握鸟类空间分布格局、 识别保护空缺及指引生境修复策略具有科学价值。采用最大 熵模型确定深圳湾2000与2020年的鸟类热点生境,分析鸟 类生境的变化及其与景观格局演变的关系。结果表明：1)各 环境因子对不同生态类群的鸟类影响程度各不相同,除鸣禽 以外水源距离对其他类群鸟类的影响较大,其次为高程和 年降水量;2)2020年深圳湾的鸟类热点生境占总研究区的 3%(22km2),呈现从自然保护区向城市内陆逐渐减少的趋 势,存在2km2的保护空缺;3)20年间深圳湾鸟类的热点生 境减少了7%,热点生境下降的地区主要集中在深圳湾沿海滩 涂、香港山贝河与屯门河流域中,且猛禽与游禽的生境退化最 为严重;4)鸟类热点生境面积随斑块的数量、密度、形状与用 地类型等景观指数的增加而降低,景观破碎化和景观连通性降 低是导致鸟类生境退化的主要原因。研究为深圳湾鸟类多样性 保护及生境修复提供了参考,对粤港澳大湾区协同生态保护与 城市建设的关系具有重要意义。     

基于InVEST模型和最小成本路径的城市绿色空间生境网络构建方法研究——以南京为例

提出以城市绿色空间为载体,选取不同生境类型、对城市化适应能力不同的物种为目标物种,结合物种观测数据和InVEST模型生境质量评估模块进行生境源地的识别及成本面信息的提取,应用最小成本路径综合模拟出城市绿色空间生境网络的方法。以南京为例,选取了9种鸟类作为目标物种,分析了其现状城市绿色空间网络结构。结果表明,迁移能力和城市化适应能力对物种分布的范围和生境类型的广泛程度影响较大。现状网络对城市化适应能力强或迁移能力强的物种较友好,对城市化适应能力差且迁移能力弱的物种有严重不良影响。对于综合的网络,中部的核心区多但被建设区割裂,北部的核心区少而分散,南部的核心区少但联系紧密,三部分的主要连通性结构为滁河、溧水河、秦淮河、秦淮新河和较连续的山林地或水库坑塘。此外,在半自然生境斑块内也生成了许多分散路径,部分联系紧密的斑块形成了组团结构。最后,根据以上结果提出了相应建议。     

Do landscape factors affect brownfield carabid assemblages?

The carabid fauna of 28 derelict sites in the West Midlands (England) were sampled over the course of one growing season (April-October, 1999). The study aimed to investigate the relationship between carabid assemblages and five measures of landscape structure pertinent to derelict habitat. At each site measurements of landscape features pertinent to derelict habitat were made: (i) the proximity of habitat corridors; (ii) the density of surrounding derelict land; (iii) the distance between the site and the rural fringe; and (iv) the size of the site. Concurrent surveys of the soil characteristics, vegetation type, and land use history were conducted. The data were analysed using a combination of ordination (DCA, RDA), variance partitioning (using pRDA) and binary linear regression. The results suggest that: 1. There is very little evidence that the carabid assemblages of derelict sites were affected by landscape structure, with assemblages instead being principally related to within-site habitat variables, such as site age (since last disturbance), substrate type and vegetation community. 2. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that sites away from railway corridors are impoverished in their carabid fauna than sites on corridors. 3. There are some suggestions from this study that rarer and non-flying specialist species may be affected by isolation, taking longer to reach sites. We infer from this that older sites with retarded succession, and sites in higher densities of surrounding derelict land may eventually become more species rich and that these sites may be important for maintaining populations of rarer and flightless species. 4. Conservation efforts to maintain populations of these species should focus principally on habitat quality issues, such as maintaining early successional habitats that have a diversity of seed producing annuals and perennial plants and enhancing substrate variability rather than landscape issues.     

"生态城市设计"专题系列之六区域尺度的城市化与生态效应:地理信息系统的应用

本文探讨如何应用地理信息相关技术以及空间化的景观生态学量化方法,来分析城市与区域空间形式的变化及不同生态效应之间的复杂关系。结合地理信息技术及景观生态学有关斑块、廊道、基质(patch-corridor- matrix)所组成的土地嵌合体理论(land mosaic),以台北盆地东半部基隆河流域为个案对城市与区域空间形式进行演算,包含了斑块紧密性程度、城市斑块形状及景观碎形向度等景观生态指针的应用;配合可视化空间资料的呈现,以此来掌握不同程度的城市及自然景观形式在时间与空间上的变化与分布状况,并衡量其生态影响的相关性及程度。