SAR image processing using adaptive stack filter

Stack filters are a special case of non-linear filters. They have a good performance for filtering images with different types of noise while preserving edges and details. A stack filter decomposes an input image into several binary images according to a set of thresholds. Each binary image is filtered by a Boolean function. The Boolean function that characterizes an adaptive stack filter is optimal and is computed from a pair of images consisting of an ideal noiseless image and its noisy version. In this work the behavior of adaptive stack filters on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data is evaluated. With this aim, the equivalent number of looks for stack filtered data are calculated to assess the speckle noise reduction capability of this filter. Then a classification of simulated and real SAR images is carried out on data filtered with a stack filter trained with selected samples. The results of a maximum likelihood classification of these data are evaluated and compared with the results of classifying images previously filtered using the Lee and the Frost filters.     

改进非局部均值滤波的SAR图像降噪

在非局部均值滤波(NLMF)的基础上,通过预生成相似集与2DPCA(two-dimensional principle component analysis)对NLMF进行改进,提出一种新的SAR(synthetic aperture radar)图像降噪方法。在NLMF算法框架下,针对SAR图像噪声的特点,首先经预处理选择邻近的子图像生成相似集,然后通过2DPCA提取子图像的主要特征,此过程减小了斑点噪声对相似性度量的影响,最后在降维后子图像的基础上进行相似性度量。通过仿真SAR图像和真实SAR图像的降噪实验,将本文方法与经典Lee滤波、Kuan滤波、Gamma-Map滤波和NLMF滤波相比较,结果表明,该方法无论在边缘保持还是一致区域的平滑上,都能取得较好的效果,是一种有效的SAR图像降噪算法。     

SAR图像MAP降噪的精细研究

本文推导出基于最大后验概率(MAP)滤波的一般形式,给出不同噪声分布和真实图像先验分布条件下的MAP滤波方程.从滤波方程在特定区间上解的分布情况以及区域统计特性分类两方面分析了MAP降噪性能,由此给出了MAP滤波的阈值表达形式.最后给出合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像的MAP降噪试验以及噪声滤除能力的量化指标.为了消除噪声强度对试验结果的影响,全面反映MAP降噪性能,本文给出了降噪能力随噪声大小的动态变化关系.结果表明,真实图像的先验分布对MAP滤波性能有着直接的影响,不合理的先验分布假定会严重降低MAP滤波的降噪能力.     

基于鸡群优化算法的SAR图像快速分割

为提高SAR图像分割的速度和质量,利用鸡群优化算法,提出了一种SAR图像快速分割方法。该方法使用二维灰色Otsu模型作为鸡群优化算法的适应度函数,利用鸡群中公鸡、母鸡和小鸡的角色分工、协同工作快速逼近最佳阈值。实验结果表明,该方法在收敛速度和分割效果两方面均优于基于遗传算法、人工鱼群算法等群体智能优化算法的分割方法。     

An adaptive order-statistics filter for SAR images

An algorithm based on local order statistics is proposed for adaptive reduction of speckle noise in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. A selective smoothing is obtained by replacing a pixel value belonging to either of the tails of the local histogram by its percentile, whose area is adaptively defined by a Gaussian function of the Local Variation Coefficient. The filter can fit the actual noise level and preserves structures, textures, and point targets, as well as the local mean without introducing any blur on the edges, mostly due to its closure property. Comparisons with algorithms suitable for speckle smoothing are performed on true SAR images and show selective signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancements.     

Edge-detection-based filter for SAR speckle noise reduction

Some adaptive filters, such as the Kuan, Lee, minimum mean square error (MMSE) and Frost filters, have been tested on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data without considering the level of homogeneity in the pixels. Therefore, they degrade the spatial resolution of images and smooth details, while also decreasing the speckle noise level. There are other filters, such as the enhanced Lee and gamma maximum a posteriori (MAP), that utilize the level of homogeneity, but they cannot adequately suppress speckle noise. In addition to these weaknesses, pixels surrounding a point scatterer are also treated as point scatterers due to inadequacy of the method based on evaluating the coefficient of variation for differentiating between them and the point scatterer. We have developed a new method based on the assessment of similarity of homogeneity levels in the image, incorporating edge-detection filters to identify meaningful features and an algorithm to filter the pixels surrounding point scatterers. This method, called the UNSW (University of New South Wales) adaptive filter (UAF), was compared to nine filters using different quantitative and qualitative methods. The results show the ability of the UAF to simultaneously reduce speckle and preserve details as well as its ability to filter more pixels. The effect of increasing the damping factor on speckle noise reduction performance has also been assessed using this method.     

Perceptual hashing for SAR image segmentation

Image segmentation is an important step in the implementation of the interpretation of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image due to speckle. This article proposes a SAR image segmentation method based on perceptual hashing. The new algorithm is divided into two phases. The first phase is to obtain initial regions with multi-thresholding based on histogram after reducing the speckle noise. The initial regions are used as input data. And the next phase is to merge regions according to the similarity between regions. In this phase, to segment SAR image effectively, the proposed hashing algorithm is used to obtain hash value and similarity between regions, which preserve the texture features of SAR images. In addition, we can obtain a smooth segmentation result by reducing the redundant information with principal component analysis. Furthermore, morphological methods are used to eliminate the uneven background in the segmentation results. These improvements make our algorithm more effective to segment the images with high speed. The experimental results of four real and one synthetic SAR images verify the efficiency of our algorithm.     

SAR复图像数据的CCSDS-IDC编码性能分析与四叉树编码

目的：CCSDS-IDC (国际空间数据系统咨询委员会-图像数据压缩) 是NASA制定的基于离散小波变换(DWT)尺度间衰减性的空间图像数据压缩标准,适用于合成孔径雷达(SAR)幅度图像及各类遥感图像的压缩。然而,与光学图像不同,常见的SAR图像都是复图像数据,其在干涉测高等许多场合具有广泛应用,分析研究CCSDS-IDC对SAR复图像数据的编码性能具有重要的应用价值。方法：由于SAR复图像数据不具有尺度间的衰减性,因此将其用于SAR复图像数据编码时性能较低。考虑到SAR复图像数据DWT系数呈现出聚类特性,提出将四叉树(QC)用于DWT域的SAR复图像数据编码,发现QC对SAR复图像数据具有高效的压缩性能。结果：实验结果表明,在同等码率下,对基于DWT的SAR复图像数据压缩, QC比CCSDS-IDC最多可提高幅度峰值信噪比4.4dB,平均相位误差最多可降低0.368;与基于方向提升小波变换（DLWT）的CCSDS-IDC相比,QC可提高峰值信噪比3.08dB,降低平均相位误差0.25;对其它类型的图像压缩,基于聚类的QC仍能获得很好的编码性能。结论：CCSDS-IDC对SAR复图像数据编码性能低下,而QC能获得很好的编码性能。对应于图像平滑分布的尺度间衰减性,其在某些特殊图像中可能不存在,而对应于图像结构分布的聚类特性总是存在的,故在基于DWT的图像编码算法设计中,应优先考虑利用小波系数的聚类特性,从而实现对更多种类图像的高效编码。     

SAR图像幅度关联去斑算法

在合成孔径雷达（Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR）图像相干斑抑制过程中,如何在去斑的同时保持图像的边缘和结构信息是一个难点问题。针对此问题提出了SAR图像幅度关联去斑算法,该算法基于幅度关联,通过全局幅度关联阈值将滑窗内像素分成两个部分,选取像素数目较多的一部分使用最大似然估计方法估计出中心像素的真实值。提出了一种基于频谱统计相似度的评估方法,并利用该评估方法及一些经典的去斑性能评估方法,分别通过仿真数据和实测数据处理结果验证了所提去斑算法的有效性。     

Histogram-based fuzzy filter for image restoration

In this paper, we present a novel approach to the restoration of noise-corrupted image, which is particularly effective at removing highly impulsive noise while preserving image details. This is accomplished through a fuzzy smoothing filter constructed from a set of fuzzy membership functions for which the initial parameters are derived in accordance with input histogram. A principle of conservation in histogram potential is incorporated with input statistics to adjust the initial parameters so as to minimize the discrepancy between a reference intensity and the output of defuzzification process. Similar to median filters (MF), the proposed filter has the benefits that it is simple and it assumes no a priori knowledge of specific input image, yet it shows superior performance over conventional filters (including MF) for the full range of impulsive noise probability. Unlike in many neuro-fuzzy or fuzzy-neuro filters where random strategy is employed to choose initial membership functions for subsequent lengthy training, the proposed filter can achieve satisfactory performance without any training.     

The compression of raw SAR and SAR image data

Space-based instrumentation is often capable of generating more data than the spacecraft telecommunications downlink can handle. This means that potentially valuable data has to be discarded before it can be looked at, or that expensive instrumentation is not working to full capacity. Data compression can help to increase the effective productivity of space-based instrumentation. However data compression is not free: it requires additional on-board processing to perform the compression and may result in some degradation of image quality. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) instruments with high resolution and all weather, day and night capability produce very large volumes of data on-board a satellite. This paper looks at several different methods of raw SAR data compression. These methods were implemented and tested on a set of raw SAR data. The effects of the different forms of data compression on final SAR image quality were assessed. The results of this evaluation are presented here together with comparable results from other groups investigating raw SAR data compression. Data compression techniques which operate directly on the raw SAR data, on partially processed data or on image data are considered.     

一种新的SAR图像边缘检测算子

Canny算子是边缘检测的重要方法之一,对于含有高斯加性噪声的图像非常有效.从SAR图像乘性噪声的特点出发,通过增加前处理和更改核函数的方法对Canny算子进行了改进,改进后的Canny算子可以应用到SAR图像边缘检测.实验结果表明该算子对图像噪声干扰有较强的抑制能力,提取的边缘定位准确、结构细腻.     

一种新的SAR图像无监督分割方法

马尔可夫随机场（MRF）在SAR图像分割中有着广泛的应用。由于合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像本身所固有的相干斑噪声的影响,传统方法很难获得准确的分割,因此提出了一种新的基于MRF（Markov Random Field）融合Gaussian-Hermite矩（GHM）的SAR图像无监督分割算法。利用Gaussian-Hermite矩的不同阶矩作为SAR图像特征得到初始分割;将得到的初始分割结果作为MRF随机场的先验模型,通过引入一个基于两成分权重参数的能量函数,利用最大后验概率（MAP）得到最终的分割结果。通过对合成图像及SAR图像分割实验结果的比较,表明了该方法在误分率、抗噪性以及视觉效果上具有更好的效果。     

改进的ROEWA算子用于SAR图像的海陆分离

加权指数平均比率（ROEWA）边缘检测算子是一种较好的适用于SAR 图像的边缘检测算子,但是使用梯度计算的方法不能准确地确定边缘的方向。针对这一问题,由于SAR图像受乘性噪声干扰,对图像取对数,将乘性噪声转化为加性噪声的形式,结合Canny算子计算边缘方向。根据陆地图像边缘丰富,海洋区域平滑的特点,以及陆地和海洋在灰度上的差异,结合区域生长完成海洋和陆地的分割。实验表明将改进的ROEWA算子用于海陆分离,检测效率和精度都比较高,且鲁棒性好。     

一种新的图像混合自适应滤波器*

为了更好地滤除图像中多种类型的噪声污染,提出了一种新的图像混合自适应滤波器。该滤波器首先基于图像中每个像素八个方向上的基本梯度,及其3×3邻域窗口像素的结构和连通特性,提出了九条像素类型判别规则,把图像中的像素划分为脉冲噪声污染像素、边缘或细节像素和平滑区像素三类;然后,采用不同的子滤波器对这三类像素分别进行处理。同时,滤波器处理窗口的尺寸根据其处理像素的邻域结构和连通特性自适应选择。实验结果表明,提出的滤波器不仅能够有效滤除图像中多种类型的噪声,而且具有良好的边缘细节保持能力,性能优良。     

迭代自适应权重均值滤波的图像去噪

针对现有滤波方法滤除图像椒盐噪声的性能不理想和耗时长等缺陷,提出了一种迭代自适应权重均值滤波的图像去噪方法（IAWF）。首先,利用图像邻域像素与处理点的相似性采用新型方法构建邻域权重;然后,将此邻域权重与开关裁剪均值滤波结合形成新型权重均值滤波方法,充分利用像素间的相关性和开关裁剪滤波的优势,有效提高了算法的去噪效果,同时采用自适应的方式调整滤波窗口大小,以便尽可能地保护图像细节;最后,采用迭代式滤波方法,即如果上述操作还没有处理完噪声点,则迭代去噪直至噪声点处理完毕,实现自动处理。仿真实验结果表明,在各种不同噪声密度下,IAWF在峰值信噪比（PSNR）、失真度,以及视觉效果等方面均优于现有的几种优秀的滤波算法,且具有更快的运行速度,更适用于实际应用场合。     

图像降噪的自适应高斯平滑滤波器

作为去除图像中噪声的图像增强技术,常用的图像平滑方法在提高局部信噪比的同时,也使图像产生模糊。为克服上述缺点,引入了自适应高斯滤波器,它结合了高斯滤波器和梯度倒数加权滤波器的特点,同时考虑了图像局部的空间距离和像素距离,以确定参与局部平滑的像素及其权值。该滤波器算法牺牲了简单平滑滤波器的计算性能,但很好地保留了图像的局部特点,特别是边缘和细节。实验比较了该方法与其他常用滤波器的性能,结果证实了该方法的有效性。     

基于图像局部几何结构的SAR图像降噪与增强*

研究了基于图像局部几何结构对SAR图像进行各向异性扩散滤波降噪。首先,回顾各向异性扩散滤波的PM模型、Weickert模型和Tschumperle的迹模型,分析指出迹模型能够依据图像局部几何结构进行定向扩散滤波且扩散程度由扩散率函数决定,扩散过程可控,意义直观;继而,根据扩散系数的构建原则,构建了新的兼容图像增强、扩散幅度可调整的扩散率函数,并用于SAR图像降噪。实验结果表明,运用此函数不仅有效抑制了相干斑噪声,还保持并增强了边缘细节,取得了理想的效果。     

SAR图像相干斑抑制研究进展

相干斑抑制是SAR图像处理领域的研究热点之一,也是SAR图像解译和应用中的关键步骤,因此SAR图像的相干斑抑制算法具有重要的研究价值。在简要介绍SAR图像相干斑的产生机理和数学模型的基础上,综述了国内外相干斑抑制的最新研究成果,重点分析了空域滤波和变换域滤波两类方法。从算法的可行性角度出发,分析了几种具有代表性的相干斑抑制方法及其优缺点,总结了常用相干斑抑制效果评价指标,最后对今后工作方向进行了展望。     

SAR图像目标识别的卷积神经网模型

目的 合成孔径雷达图像目标识别可以有效提高合成孔径雷达数据的利用效率。针对合成孔径雷达图像目标识别滤波处理耗时长、识别精度不高的问题,本文提出一种卷积神经网络模型应用于合成孔径雷达图像目标识别。方法 首先,针对合成孔径雷达图像特点设计特征提取部分的网络结构;其次,代价函数中引入L2范数提高模型的抗噪性能和泛化性;再次,全连接层使用Dropout减小网络的运算量并提高泛化性;最后研究了滤波对于网络模型的收敛速度和准确率的影响。结果 实验使用美国运动和静止目标获取与识别数据库,10类目标识别的实验结果表明改进后的卷积神经网络整体识别率（包含变体）由93.76%提升至98.10%。通过设置4组对比实验说明网络结构的改进和优化的有效性。卷积神经网络噪声抑制实验验证了卷积神经网络的特征提取过程对于SAR图像相干斑噪声有抑制作用,可以省去耗时的滤波处理。结论 本文提出的卷积神经网络模型提高了网络的准确率、泛化性,无需耗时的滤波处理,是一种合成孔径雷达图像目标识别的有效方法。